英语论文-英汉亲属称谓的文化差异与互译

中西称谓用语的文化差异及翻译作者：吴丹来源：《现代企业文化·理论版》2010年第07期摘要：文章从中西方传统文化的不同来探讨跨文化交际中英汉称谓用语体系的差异以及造成差异的原因，并对其翻译方法略作介绍。

关键词：跨文化交际；中英称谓用语；英汉互译中图分类号：H313文献标识码：A文章编号：1674-1145(2010)11-0191-02称谓用语是社交用语的重要组成部分，是社交过程中必不可少的工具。

称谓用语有确定、建立和改进人际关系的作用，因为交际双方所使用的称谓用语是双方身份、地位、角色、友好程度及亲疏关系的重要标志。

汉英称谓用语体系具有同样的交际功能，但由于汉英语言文化有着不同的历史背景、文化传统、政治制度、社会关系、价值观、伦理观念和人际关系。

所以这两种称谓用语体系必然有着相当大的差异，只有了解差异以及造成差异的原因才能得到正确的翻译，才能在跨文化交际中避免失误。

一、中英称谓用语差异(一)家庭、亲属称谓用语差异在英语亲属语分类中，伯、叔、舅、姑父、姨父、姐妹、兄弟只有一词表示，伯母、婶母、姑母、舅母、姨母也只有一个词。

而汉语自古采用叙述法称谓用语，把各种亲族关系表达得很具体准确。

例如：父之兄称伯，伯之妻称伯母，父之弟本人称叔，叔之妻称婶母，母之兄弟皆称舅，母之姊妹皆称姨。

汉民族严格区分亲属关系，源于汉民族的家庭变化，这种严格区分导致了汉语亲属称谓用语的复杂化。

《红楼梦》里贾氏大家族的几百个错综复杂的称谓用语常常让外语翻译者不知所措。

英语用头衔称呼别人的方式也与汉语不同，在英语中，虽有一些官职可作称呼语，女Queen Elizabeth(伊丽莎白女皇)、President Cliton(克林顿总统)等，但远没有汉语用头衔称呼那样普通。

如：组长、村长、队长、乡长、科长、主任、主席等，不论官职大小都可以作称谓用语，新词有经理，局长，厂长，上级、师傅、大亨、要人、老板等，甚至于皮包公司的经理们，小得只有一张办公桌也得照样称呼“某某经理”、“某某老板”等。

中西称谓的文化差异信电08-3班姚远04081444一、中西称谓之差异学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。

英语的亲属以家庭为中心，一代人为一个称谓板块，只区别男性、女性，却忽视配偶双方因性别不同而出现的称谓差异，显得男女平等。

如：英文“grandparents，grandfather，grandmother”，不论父母其父亲共用一个词“grandfather”，而“grandmother”既指奶奶亦指外婆，简单又笼统。

而中文“祖辈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆”却将父或母的双亲分得很清楚。

再如，父母同辈中的称谓：英文中的“uncle”和“aunt”。

，对应于中文的“伯伯、叔叔、舅舅、。

姑父、姨夫等，姑妈、婶婶、舅妈、姨妈”等，既要分出父亲的兄弟姐妹及其配偶，又要分清母亲的兄弟姐妹及其配偶，甚至还分排行大小。

还有，英文中的表示下辈的“nephew”和“niece”是只分性别不分甥侄的，表示同辈的“cousin”一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等，不分堂表和性别。

而汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。

为了表示礼貌，对陌生人也要以亲属关系称呼。

如：“大爷、大娘、大叔、大婶、大哥、大姐等”。

英语中的称谓却为数不多，除“dad，mum，grandpa，aunt，uncle”等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。

在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来似乎有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。

年轻人称老年人，直呼其名，通常只在其姓氏前加“Mr.”“Mrs.”，男子统称“Mr.”，称已婚女士“Mrs.”未婚女士“Miss”。

二、中西文化差异现象语言是文化的载体，是文化的主要表现形式。

语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。

不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。

英汉亲属称谓语差异浅析摘要：称谓语是民族的传统文化和历史积淀的反映，不同称谓语分别体现了不同的民族文化。

该文拟从英汉亲属称谓的差异比较及翻译处理手法上，探讨英汉两种不同的民族文化。

关键词：亲属称谓；差异比较；处理亲属称谓语是指以本人为中心确定亲族成员和本人关系的名称，是一种普遍的语言现象，是人们血缘或婚姻关系的一套特殊的语言符号的反映。

中西方传统文化与历史发展的差异，孕育了汉英两种语言在亲属称谓语上的民族特色与语言特征的不同。

当今世界有大小2000多个民族2000多种语言，各种语言，无论大小都相应地具有表示家庭成员关系的亲属称谓系统，大致包括父系称谓、母系称谓、姻系称谓和类亲属称谓四种。

据调查，汉语现代标准亲属称谓语共363个，其中父系245个母系65个，妻系44个，夫系9个。

亲属称谓语作为一种基本词汇在民族语言中形成一个严密的系统，相对稳定，反映着一个民族的社会生活、文化传统、民族心理等特点。

虽然民族与民族之间有类似的文化现象，但类似并不等于完全相同，存在的差异是辨别这些亲属称谓的关键。

1.汉、英语言亲属称谓比较汉英中常见的表示亲属关系的词如表：从表中对比可以看出，英语亲属称谓分割词义以性别和辈分为准，比较笼统模糊，汉语则更明确、具体。

语言中表示亲属关系词的语义分割也因在一定社会关系中亲属之间的亲密程度和重要性的不同存在很大的差异。

汉英两种语言中亲属称谓词的不同也从一个侧面反映出东西方社会家庭文化的差异性。

汉语亲属称谓词可分为“明谦敬：拙荆，令尊”、“明亲疏：堂兄，族兄”、“明内外：祖父，外公”。

这些有谦敬、亲疏、内外之分的汉语称谓语在英语中相对少的称谓语中就找不到相对等表达的词汇，两种语言在此方面产生词汇空缺。

因而在做这种亲属称谓语的英汉翻译时常会出现翻译不对等现象。

《红楼梦》中宝玉称自己母亲王夫人为“太太”，三十九回中，宝玉与李纨她们在聊天，提到：“太太屋里的彩霞，是个老实人。

”这里“太太”用作他称，译文里处理为“my mother”。

On the Cultural Differences in the Family Concepts between Chinaand AmericaⅠ.The Root Causes of Sino-US Cultural DifferencesII. The Definition of Family between Chinese and American2.1 The Definition of Family in China2.2 The Definition of Family in America2.3 The Contrast resultⅢ. The Comparison of Family Concept between China and America3.1 The Comparison of Family System3.1.1 The Comparison of Family Size3.1.2 The Comparison of the Relationship of Family Member3.1.3 The Comparison of Family Function3.2 The Comparison of Children’s Education3.2.1 The Comparison of the Concept of Children’s Education3.2.2 The Comparison of the Methods of Children’s Education3.3 The Comparison of Old Folks' Support3.3.1 The Comparison of the Concept of Old Folks' Support3.3.2 The Comparison of the Methods of Old Folks' SupportⅣ. ConclusionOn the Cultural Differences in the Family Concepts between China and AmericaThis is China, an ancient nation with 5000 years of history, glorious past and advanced civilization. That is the United States, a young, multi-culture country which soon became the leader of the world. Compared with these two countries, there are many different aspects between them. Language is the first distinction, along with different skin color, hair color, and facial features. According to the bible, God creates the world, and he has wills for every creature below him. Humans are too far away from him to clearly see his will. But history and tradition of a society can tell what God’s wills are. From the past it tells that human gather around to form society. In a society, humans experience different version of God’s wills, and then write downGod’s wills as history. Without a society, human cannot move on; human cannot protect each other; human can not survive. Family is one of the fundamental elements that ma ke up a society, and without individuals, there’s no such thing called home. So here’s the answer, besides the biological differences between the Asians and Westerner, what makes Chinese and American culture unique and stand out are their own tradition, history, and family.Ⅰ.The Root Causes of Sino-US Cultural DifferencesIn general, the cultural difference is at first comes from to the natural world understanding difference, the physical geography condition has decided the various national various areas culture development initial direction. Three plateau sea's relatively unenlightened region characteristic, caused ancient times the Chinese culture basically to isolate at the same time with outside, but this has also provided the advantageous condition for the agricultural civilization's growth, and has formed take this as the foundation and the small peasant economy as the characteristic economic form. At the same time, the river continental environment and creates the self-sufficient natural economy causes the Chinese to approve that sentiment of the natural, fetters firmly the people on the land, but the agricultural society's stability, family member relatives and friends' long-term living together, who will enable the Chinese to be reluctant to part ways since old times looks heavily, this let the Chinese nation display happily to the thought emotion one unhappy many, with unhappy different, happy static is unhappy moves happily, steady is unhappy changes happily. But the Western culture's running water source is the ancient Greece culture, the ancient Greece civilization originates in Mediterranean Sea, its locates the marine environment has raised the Western nationality primitive risk flare national disposition. In their opinion, humanity's strength and the sea compare appear are very tiny and are frail, but the humanity depended upon bravely, resolute, the great struggle spirit which own had to conquer the sea, therefore humanity's breadth of spirit was greater than the sea, all these also molded the Western nationality to open, the brave disposition. Therefore, looked from the entire ancient times society and the cultural phenomenon that the Western is take individual as a beginning, develops outward, unceasingly self-pursue, self-development, simultaneously also self-innovation. But because China the enclosed type, satisfies-like the agricultural society, displays intensely to local thinking of fondly, to peaceful life yearning.II. The Definition of Family between Chinese and American2.1 The Definition of Family in ChinaIn China, The family not only means the opposite sex and the people to breed the community which the children compose, but also means the collection blood relationship inherits, the marital union, the production operation, the finance expends, the social enlightenment etiquette control and so on many functions are even a body's social smallest unit. Generally, the family member lives together, carries on the production and the expense together, moreover unifies according to the blood relationship, which is also called the human society the biological reproduction unit.The family is forms economical division of taking men and women's labor as the foundation. Outside including in the higher paraffin in the geographical groups, between the same-type geographical groups, take avoids the marriage and the close relative marriage as the principle, and maintains the close neighbor is relating, is one kind of institution social unit. Therefore, it is humanity's unique universal unit. Chinese's attachment to family, blood relationship, dear ones ethics, in brain ingrained, parents, children throughout whole family. Even if gets married and begins a career, in addition supposes the gateway, still shared everything with the parents, the support parents, attends on one's parents, regards as itself should the completely responsibility.Home is like a tree; Home is like a machine, it is made up of many different parts. In this machine, every part is as important as others. That is home, that is family. You can leave your home, you can hate your home, you can curse your home, but you can never forget about your home. Someday, you will think about your home when you feel lonely. In China, people tend to view home as their heart of love, home is the soul of a family.2.2 The Definition of Family in AmericaFamily, defined by the United States Bureau of the Census, is a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Accordingly, unmarried people (either heterosexual or homosexual) living together and foster families are excluded and this is disagreeable to many. In fact, in many cases, the definition of a family is more flexible. For example, courts have ruled that the definition of a family may include two adult partners whose interdependent relationship is long-term and characterized by an emotional and financial commitment, rather than view family members as partners exclusively related by blood, marriage, or adoption.In American people’s opinion, families are to provide love, w armth, and support to every member of it. The ideal of the family is group cooperation to help achieve the fulfillment of each individual member, and shared affection to renew each member’s emotional strength. In contrast to that of many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as s group, either socially or economically, nor to bring honor to the family name. A family is considered a very important institution where the fundamental values and traditions of certain social group is taught and passed down from generation to generation.2.3 The Contrast resultAccording to an international survey, Asian children tend to live longer with their parents and contribute income to the household than the Am erican’s. Because of the unique tradition, Chinese children are more dependent on their family. The definition of home to them is a place once they will stay and depend on it for the rest of their life. In China, home is home. Once it becomes their home, no matter how busy they are, they will always come back and visit their home. American children are not like the Chinese. In westerner’s mind, home is just a place they used to grow up with, and they do not wish to always stay at their home. So as they grew older, they will leave their home, and find some other places to start their own “love net.”Chinese tend to contribute more incomes to its family than Americans. Because in China, family still plays a strong role, the family’s income depends on the pare nts when the children are still young, and the income will depends on the children when they grew up and their parents will retire. The unique Chinese tradition indicate when girls are married, they will live with their husbands’ family and contribute inco me to them. That’s why for almost five thousand years, the conception of boys are always more important than girls. Many families desire to have boys rather than girls. There’s an old saying, “a married daughter is like some spilled water, can never come back.” That’s why now in China, there are more boys and girls and a lot of boys with poor condition cannot marry a girl to have a family. Once the girl is married, she can sometimes visit her parents home, but most of the time, she will live with her husband, and her husband’s parents.Ⅲ. The Comparison of Family Concept between China and America3.1 The Comparison of Family System3.1.1 The Comparison of Family SizeIn China, because of the overpopulation during the mid-20th century, the government has to introduce and apply the “One Child Policy” to each new married couple beginning in 1979. Since the policy is introduced, each married couple can only have one child unless the child has disability or is deceased, then, the couple can have a second child. This policy is somewhat violate the human rights but after the implement of this policy, the population of China is under control. Anyway, because of the One Child Policy, each family can only have one kid. However, this doesn’t mean the size of a family in China is smaller than the U.S. When most of the couple got married, they will live with their parents and contribute income to the household. So generally, the family size in China is about 5, includes father, mother, one child, grand parents from father’s side. The family size will m ostly remain 5 unless the grandparents are deceased or if the grandchild gets married.There is not such policy in the U.S. to restrict how many kids each couple can have. Therefore the size of family in the U.S. can be varied by the couple’s own will. Generally, each couple will have 2 or more children. However, also because the U.S. is a multi-culture society, there are many different immigrants migrate to this nation, and they also brought many different traditions to this country. According to a national survey, non-Latino whites (also called the Anglo-Saxon core) tend to have fewer descendants for each family, and most of the children are better educated. However, Mexican-Americans, African Americans and Russian-Americans will have more children in each household compare to the whites and Asian Americans. Compare to the one-child-per-family in China, the family size in the U.S. is a lot different than China’s. Generally, non-Latino whites, Arab Americans and Asian Americans’ family size in the United Sta tes are about 5, including father, mother and 2 or 3 children. However, Mexican Americans, Russian Americans, Puerto Rican Americans, and African Americans can have a family size of up to 10. Interestingly, the family income of each subpopulation is inversely proportional to their family size.In the United States, non-Latino whites, Arab Americans and Asian Americans totally have a higher income than Mexican Americans and Russian Americans.In America, it is a lot different. A woman can marry a man and can still live with her parents. However, this situation is also not common seen because most of the married couple will move out and have their own places. They will start their own family. In America, the parents are responsible for their own wellness when they are old. It is not their children’s responsibility to take care of them. Therefore the family income of a house depends on the parents, even when the children grew up and have the ability to make money. If the parents are poor, the children will be poor when they still depend on their parents; if the children are rich, the parents can still be poor if the children are not kind to their parents. There’s no such tradition that grown-ups have to take care of their parents, and contribute income to them. Nevertheless, there law restrictions state that when children are still young, their parents have to take full responsibility for them until they turn eighteen.Though stereotypically man is considered head of a family, one has to remind oneself that the patterns of American families have now dramatically changed. Actually, now three out of every ten American households are headed by a woman. Now more American women are working outside the home. And house chores are shared between man and woman under the same roof. In general, women have the same educational and woman under the same roof. In general, women have the same educational and employment opportunities as men. They hold important positions in companies and other institutions. However, American women still strive to protect their rights and to achieve equal representation of men and women in high-level positions.3.1.2 The Comparison of the Relationship of Family MemberIn China, the family relationship is somewhat complicated than in U.S. Because when the girls get married, they will move to their husbands’ house, and because their husbands are living with their parents, therefore the girls also need to live with them. Once the girls gave birth, the family size will mostly remain 5—two grandparents, parents, and one child. In China, there are always conflicts between the girl and her mother-in-law. When the girl gets married, she moves out and lives with her parents-in-law. Before she got married, she doesn’t even know her mother-in-law, and her mother-in-law also doesn’t know her. When two stranger live together, conflicts arose. There are many movies and TV shows that describe the relationship between the mother and the daughter-in-law.In contrast to China, the family relationship in the U.S. is a lot simpler. Because the married couple doesn’t have to live with their parents, the conflicts between daughter and mother-in-law are very slight. In the U.S., when the son gets married, he will move out from his parents’ house and live with his wife in anothe r place. In generally, they will visit their own parents once in a while and many during big event such as Christmas and Thanksgiving, they will gather together to have a dinner. That’s the American style. Because the daughter and mother-in-law can barely see each other during the year, when they gather around, they tend to be nice to each other and try not to increase the conflicts. The system of family in the United States is notas complicated as the system of family in China. If we have to specify the conflicts of family in the U.S., it would be between husband and wife or parents and children.3.1.3 The Comparison of Family FunctionIn China, there are 5 family functions: economical, generational, educational, bring-up and support’s function. The moder n society tertiary industry's development and the socialization of production degree's enhancement, the family partial functions has the offset, like in the economical function's production function, the education function, supported the function already partially to shift the society, by society's special organization like Production organization, school and old folks home undertook, but the family sentiment careless could and so on actually day by day strengthen.In American, The family function of the household mainly seeks each kind of entertainment in the cultural life, but is not a religion and the educational institution. More importantly, although it is still a Dwelling unit, but no longer is entire family revolves the family type which together the father transfers. The construction family's foundation is the unity and family member's common interest, but non-individual wish and community responsibility. The American family member's primary obligation is not urges the family to become a society or the Economic organization, is also not brings the glory to the family.3.2 The Comparison of Children’s Education3.2.1 The Comparison of the Concept of Children’s EducationIn China, because of the ancient tradition, there’s an old saying about how children should treat their parents. It says, “Among all the good deeds, filial piety comes first.” It means, whatever the kids do, they have to be nice and respect to their own parents. However in the U.S., there’s not such tradition. Sometimes conflicts arose be tween teenager and their parents. The children don’t respect their parents when they were young. There are always problems about teenagers in the society of U.S.In China, because of the 5000 years of history and tradition, Chinese parents tend to teach their kids about social education and hence ignore the childhood education. The parents teach their kids how to respect the elderly, how to care the weak and the young, how to listen to the teachers, how to obey laws and orders from other people. Therefore, most of the parents demand unquestioning obedience from their kids. In a family, most of the fathers play the role of commander, and mother always play the role of counselor.In the United States, the family treats their children differently than the Chinese parents. They are more emphasizing on individuality than social education. If families are to work with schools as partners in the education of their children, schools must provide them with the opportunities and support they need to become involved. Too often schools expect families to do it all alone. Developing effective partnerships with families requires that all school staff (administrators, teachers, and support staff) create a school environment that welcomes parents and encourages them to raise questions and voice their concerns as well as to participate appropriately in decision making. Developing partnerships also requires that school staff provide parents withthe information and training they need to become involved and that they reach out to parents with invitations to participate in their children's learning.Schools are most successful in engaging parents and other family members in support of their children's learning look beyond traditional definitions of parent involvement--participating in a parent teacher organization or signing quarterly report cards--to a broader conception of parents as full partners in the education of their children. Rather than striving only to increase parent participation in school-based activities, successful schools seek to support families in their activities outside of school that can encourage their children's learning. Schools that have developed successful partnerships with parents view student achievement as a shared responsibility, and all stakeholders--including parents, administrators, teachers, and community leaders--play important roles in supporting children's learning. Successful school-family partnerships require the sustained mutual collaboration, support, and participation of school staffs and families at home and at school in activities that can directly affect the success of children's learning. If families are to work with schools as full partners in the education of their children, schools must provide them with the opportunities and support they need for success.3.2.2 The Comparison of the Methods of Children’s EducationThe Chinese aspect manifests approximately in the following several points: First, the Chinese guardians undertake to do somebody else's job in the life to child's basic necessities of life, does not let the child do the housework. This kind takes care of everything crosswise involves child's aspects, longitudinal extends to the child grows up. Therefore presented the elementary student also to want the guardian to send and pick up, the middle-school student also wanted the guardian to do laundry, the university newborn matriculation also wanted the guardian to escort. Second, many guardians feared that the child suffers a loss or fails to study, therefore limits the child and the outside contact, once between the child and the child either schoolmate have the dispute or not the happy matter, the most guardians adopt shield oneself child to accuse other child's means. Third, many guardians are obedient to child's request, grant every request, including the economical family in straitened circumstances, the guardian must tighten the belt to save the money to meet child's need, this has encouraged the custom which imperceptibly they waste luxuriously. Forth, the guardian is very high to child's study request, even achieves one kind of harsh degree. Through the ages, has the shopping online deep shackles China guardians' thought that whether been causing the guardians with to be admitted to a school child's academic record the institute of higher education has regarded as the only standard which the child becomes a useful adult.But the American guardians from exercise the child independent viability angle embarking, adopts to child's education drops, but the laissez faire method does not carry on. So-called drops, is lives down from the child, the parents try to give them the self-exercise the opportunity and the condition, lets them obtain the full exercise in each kind of environment. The parents except look after child's safety, in other life's matter, like plays, the study to let the child choose independently. If let them have since childhood deposits individual clothes, the toy and the study materials place,oneself tidy up reorganizes the room, the arrangement belongs to their little world, the parents takes care of everything in no way for the child, reminds the advice at most in the one side. So-called not laissez faire, generally reflection in three aspects: First, rather painstakingly and is not tender. The guardian pays great attention to train the child specially to endure hardship the spirit. Second, the family is rich, but is not extravagant. Many American family, have the strict request and the stipulation to child's spending money. The basic principle is: Issues regularly, amount how many decides according to child's age and household income's actual situation. Third, The westerner does not let matters drift to child's shortcoming mistake, does not shield, but tries to teach the child the knowledge wrong to change wrong. In addition, the American guardians do not bring too many pressures mostly to child's study. Their viewpoint is: The child to will be interested the knowledge to go to study diligently naturally, why can force the matter which they will do originally are not willing to do? Strong is stubborn is doing, instead will injure the child the sentiment and the individuality. Human's interest, the hobby and can originally various, the child suitable to make anything to make anything, the life path must let child go. The success home education, should be the guardian puts out the time to carry on the communication, the exchange with the child by the equal manner, gives the full affirmation to the child correct idea and the behavior, lets the child respect and encourage to hit grows.3.3 The Comparison of Old Folks' Support3.3.1 The Comparison of the Concept of Old Folks' SupportIt used to look to the elderly as really wise people who knew so much about the world. They were the ones who could be relied upon to provide a history lesson of what life used to be like in "their day". But things have changed so much in just a very short space of time. We are now more likely to hear of elder abuse within the family, residential home or a mugging that took place, involving an elderly victim. It is sad to see the elderly being abused and disregarded so much in a society that they once contributed so much to. This article will offer some suggestions on ways in which you should treat the elderly.The population of the elderly (60 or older) in China is about 128 million or one in every ten people, the largest in the world. It is estimated that China could have some 400 million people over 60 years of age by 2050. Nowadays a lot of people are more aware of the nations’ old and people pay greater respect and more attention to them than before. But experts on age point out that the elderly would enjoy greater happiness in old age if everyone was more concerned about them.China has just completed an investigation on the status of its elderly population. Investigating 20 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, the research has showed that the culture and material lives of the elderly, all over China, have greatly improved. Taking a look at their material lives, the average income of the elderly in the cities in 2000 was four times higher than the average income in 1992. In rural areas, the average income in 2000 had increased by 170 percent compared with 1992. Their living facilities included tap water, TV, fans and washing machines. However, gas supply, telephones, fridges and toilets in the house were only added in 2000. Thecultural quality of the elderly has also improved. Illiteracy has decreased by 20 percent and various recreational and sporting activities promoted by the government and non-governmental organizations have improved the quality of their lives. More and more of the elderly come to the recreation rooms for retired cadres in their local community now. Some have even been known to learn how to use a computer. According to the investigation, most of the senior citizens say that they are satisfied with their lives.Different from China’s tradition, the United States have another view for the elderly. The western culture tends to view the elderly as a burden and an inconvenience! The family unit in general is not as solid as Chinese culture. The strong streak of independence that runs through their thinking is definitely an influencing factor. They tend to encourage the break up of the family as part of the natural course of life, whereas the Chinese will tend to work to keep it together as long as possible. Where they will be more likely to bundle their elderly off to rest homes and retirement villages, we the Chinese would live with our elderly under the same roof, so metimes three or even four generations live together. In the Westerner’s mind, they think it's better to send off the elderly to retirement homes than to leave them at home all by themselves. In the retirement homes they remain healthier, happier and they live longer. At the touch of a buzzer, medical help is there in one minute. In the morning they have a bath, breakfast, their therapist is there to see them, later they congregate to look at TV with friends. Later on is lunch, perhaps a trip to the cinema and it goes on and on. They don’t think that a single person can provide all that professional care to their own parents, much less the elderly. In order to live a successful life in the American, People have to work.3.3.2 The Comparison of the Methods of Old Folks' SupportChinese's present retirement way mainly has: Raise children to provide against old age, occupation retirement, government relief, insurance retirement, invest retirement. The raise children to provide against old age, already becomes in the birth control time more and more not realistic. However, can train the riches and honor children, also is too not bitter as for the old age, certainly the premise is the children must be filial. The occupation retirement, is the ideal retirement way which since the ancient times the common people most yearned for. It is only suitable for the human who having the government food, since is very unfortunate, catches up with the State-owned business bankruptcy to come off sentry duty, can also attain the government relief fund. The insurance retirement, divides into two kinds, one kind is individual, the enterprise, the national fellowship society old-age insurance. Another kind is the commercial life insurance, is similar in the investment retirement, because it is one kind of financial managing finances product. The investment retirement, is a broad concept, its core is uses the existing fund to carry on the investment, gains the long-term stable income, the main investment tool has the financial product (for example stock, fund, bond, commercial life insurance), the real estate, business and so on.American's present retirement way mainly has 3 ways. First, is refers to the government to conduct “the society old-age insurance”, is also called the first pr op, it。

从文化角度浅论英汉亲属称谓语的差异语言是文化的重要载体，亲属称谓语也不例外。

本文从英汉亲属称谓语的主要差异、英汉亲属称谓语差异的文化因素、英汉亲属称谓语之差异对于交际的要求三个方面展开论述，认为英汉两种语言都源于不同的社会文化背景，尤其是在称谓方面都蕴含着浓浓的不同的文化内涵，也受到不同文化的制约。

必须在文化教学和交际时注重这一点。

标签：英语汉语亲属称谓语差异前言语言是文化的重要载体，学习和运用外语必须了解与这种外语有密切关系的文化，进而自觉培养一种“文化洞察力”。

索绪尔和乔姆斯基在研究结构语言学和生成语言学时，都没有把语言与文化联系起来。

同时，语言又是一种社会现象。

语言系统不是一种存在于真空中、独立发展、自生自灭的系统，人们的言语表现形式无时无刻不受存在于语言之外的社会诸因素的制约。

语言的这种属性决定了语言研究不能局限于语言本身，必须考虑影响这种语言的文化、社会、心理、民族历史等因素。

如果把语言当作一个内核，那么文化等因素便构成了围绕这个内核的六面体，它们相互交织在一起，形成了复杂的网络系统。

从文化这一侧面来透视语言，便属于文化语言学的范畴。

“如果说我们熟练地掌握某种语言的语法知识有助于保证所造的句子结构正确，那么熟悉有关的文化知识则有助于保证该语言使用得当。

反过来，如我们深入地了解反映某种文化的特有的语言，则有助于我们了解该语言所体现的文化特性。

”由于文化具有鲜明的民族性，不同民族的文化自然会迥然不同。

这种文化形态上的差异，不可避免的会呈现在语言大系统的不同层次上。

词汇是语言的基本构件，是语言大系统赖以存在的支柱，因此文化差异在词汇的层次上表现得最为突出，涉及面最为广泛。

本文主要探讨亲属关系词在英汉两种语言中的文化差异及其社会根源。

一、英汉亲属称谓语的主要差异英汉两种语言中都有一特殊的词汇，称为“亲属称谓语”。

称谓是指人们由于亲属和其他方面的相互关系而得来的名称。

亲属或亲戚是指通过继嗣、亲子连接或通过继嗣和姻亲的结合而相互有关系的人。

校园英语 / 语言文化汉英亲属称谓语的中西文化差异西安电子科技大学外国语学院/鱼云霞一、引言中西文化差异之一就体现在对亲属的称谓方式上。

亲属称谓语是指以本人为中心确定亲族成员和本人关系的名称，是一种普遍的语言现象，是人们血缘或婚姻关系的一套特殊语言符号的反映。

不同文化中，亲属称谓语有着很大的区别。

中西两种文化的亲属称谓语在数量上有着很大的区别。

研究中西亲属称谓语，对于成功进行跨文化交际、翻译、了解地区的文化有着重要意义。

国内汉英亲属称谓语的研究有很多。

研究发现，汉英亲属称谓语在性别、年龄、辈分、血亲、姻亲等方面均具有较大差异。

但是这些研究没能就中、西亲属称谓语系统给出详细清晰的解释，只是对中西亲属称谓语进行了对比，然后举出几个简单例子进行说明。

本文首先对中西亲属称谓系统进行解释，然后对两者进行对比分析，找出了中英亲属称谓语的异同，最后揭示出汉英亲属称谓语差异背后的中西文化差异。

二、中西亲属称谓语系统本文根据张景的分类方式，将中西亲属称谓语分为四大类，分别是：父系，母系，夫系和妇系。

1.父系。

父系是指父亲一方的亲属，从上到下分别是曾祖父母辈、祖父母辈、父辈、我、子辈和孙辈。

2.母系。

母系是指母亲一方的亲属，从上到下分别是曾外祖父母辈、外祖父母辈、母辈、我。

3.夫系。

夫系是指丈夫一方，是妻子对丈夫一方亲属的称呼，从上到下分别是公婆辈、夫辈、侄甥辈。

4.妇系。

妇系是指妻子一方，是丈夫对妻子一方亲属的称呼，从上到下分别是岳父母辈、夫辈、侄甥辈。

三、中西亲属称谓语异同为了更直观地展示中西亲属称谓语的异同，在这里需要援引北京大学中文系贾彦德教授的对比表，将中西亲属称谓语放在一起进行比较，如表1所示。

通过对比，我们可以发现，西方亲属称谓语系统比中国的简单很多。

1.中西亲属称谓语相同点。

我们发现，对于每一辈分，无论是父系，还是母系，是夫系，还是妇系，中西都有特定称谓，在每一辈分层面上，二者都不缺少特定的称谓，存在差异的是每一辈分称谓的多少；中西亲属称谓语都区分性别(英语cousin除外)，性别不同，称谓语不同；中西在丈夫、妻子、父亲、母亲、儿子、女儿、儿媳和女婿这八个称谓上是一一对应的，每个称谓对应一个类别的亲属。

浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文无论是在学习还是在工作中，大家都经常接触到论文吧，通过论文写作可以培养我们独立思考和创新的能力。

相信很多朋友都对写论文感到非常苦恼吧，下面是店铺精心整理的浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助！浅析中西方文化差异与英语翻译论文篇1摘要：翻译的本质是两种文化的交流。

文化的差异是一个译者必须要处理好的问题，如果处理不当就容易让读者产生歧义。

分析了中西方主要的文化差异，并对主要的差异进行了举例说明。

介绍了对于这种差异的基本翻译方法，它们分别是：异化法、归化法和音译法。

并对这些方法进行了解释。

关键词：文化差异；处理方法；异化法；归化法；音译法1、语言是社会的产物，是人类历史和文化的结晶它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识，历史文化，风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。

不同的文化需要沟通。

沟通离不开翻译，可见文化及其交流是翻译发生的本源，翻译是文化交流的产物。

翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础上。

翻译之所以困难，归根结底是语言差异和文化差异。

英汉两种语言在表达方式上有相似之处，但2012年02月13日09时09分，《英语学习：英语论文：简析中西方文化差异与英语翻译[1]》由出国英语编辑整理。

2、译法汉语文化中特有的事物在英语文化中完全空缺，这时可采用音译法将具有特殊文化内涵的词语“移植”到英语文化中去。

如：“功夫”kong fu、“乌龙茶”oolong等。

许多采用音译法翻译的词语已成为英语中的外来词，被西方大众广泛接受。

3、结语语言是文化的一部分，也是文化的传承者。

文化依靠语言进行传播、交流。

东西方文化的差异对英汉互译产生了深远的影响。

因此对于译者来说熟悉中英两种文化甚至比掌握这两种语言更为重要。

翻译离不开文化，没有基于文化的翻译是达不到交流的目的的。

本文只列举了三种基本的翻译方法，对于文化意象处理的问题，并没有统一的翻译方法和公式，译者应根据上下文灵活处理。

英汉亲属称谓语的对比摘要：由于宗教信仰不同。

英汉亲属称谓语存在着种种差异。

本文试将英汉亲属称谓语进行分析，并从宗教信仰角度审视了亲属称谓语在汉语和英语中的差异。

关键词：英汉称谓语；儒家思想；对比前言称谓是人类社会中体现特定的人际关系中的身份角色的称呼，它反映着一定社会文化或特定语言环境中人与人之间的关系。

亲属称谓(kinship term)是一定的亲属制度(kinship system)所产生的文化符号，它以简单的术语形式反映复杂的亲属制度。

不论语言如何发展，亲属称谓语总能体现着彼此之间的性别、年龄、辈分、血缘和婚姻，因而。

英汉亲属称谓语拥有一些相同特征。

当然，亲属称谓语也有着自己的语义，与社会和文化丝丝相连。

不同的文化和社会环境诞生了不同的称谓语。

通过分析英汉亲属称谓语，使我们认识到英汉亲属称谓语存在着种种差异，是由于两国人民的宗教信仰不同。

了解它们的差异，有助于掌握好英语语言。

一、英汉亲属称谓语对比在现实生活中，如果有人说：“Tom’s brother marries John’s sister”。

若没有相关信息，这句话很难翻译成汉语，因为我们不清楚汤姆的兄弟是比汤姆大还是小，同样，约翰的姐妹是比约翰大还是小。

因而，英汉亲属称谓语在表达上是有区别的。

汉语有许多词来表达亲属称谓，而英语相对而言就少一些。

我们来看下面表格：从上面的表格可以看出英汉亲属称谓语的异同之处，最根本的特征是他们之间人与人的称谓关系是建立在性别和婚姻之上的。

比如，英语中的father和汉语中的父亲与英语中的mother与汉语中的母亲形成性别对比，同样，汉语中的丈夫和英语中的husband与英语中的wife与汉语中的妻子形成对比。

但在这两中称谓语体系中，仅仅只有少数几个如父亲、母亲、丈夫、妻子等有相对应的语言，而大部分汉语称谓语在英语中找不到直接的对应语，从而，英汉亲属称谓语是有区别的。

我们很容易发现的一点是：汉语的称谓语比英语复杂。

【关键字】论文英汉语言文化差异的对比,中外文化差异论文[摘要]翻译不只是两种语言的语法、句式、语义系统之间的语系转换,它更是两种文化之间的交际。

英汉两种语言之间有语句差异、思维差异与文化内涵上的差异,这些差异会对翻译造成一定影响。

语言是文化的载体,任何形式的语言都有某种文化内涵。

于是深富特定民族情感、内涵深厚的一种语言就会成为译者极难克服的对手。

有学者把英汉语言与中西思维方式、民族文化联系起来进行单向、双向或交叉对比研究,但“ 至今尚未取得突破性成果。

” [ 1 ]这始终是英汉互译困难的焦点所在。

因此,只有明晰两种语言所承载的文化差异,才能保证翻译的顺利进行。

一、英汉语句差异(一)英汉词汇现象对比1 .意义差异“ 英语是综合型语言,词化程度相当高,即在英语词汇中存在大量分析型语言(如汉语要用一个短语甚至一个句子才能表达单个词)。

” [ 2 ]译者熟练掌握英语的这种特点,就可以使译文简洁。

英语中有不少单个动词隐含着“make +宾语+补语” 的意思,“v . + adv” ,“v . + like” “v .+with” 这些复杂的意思。

英语一个动词,汉语要用一个短语词组来表达。

如果在汉译英中正确运用这种动词,就简洁多了。

由于名词尤其是抽象名词大都是从动词或形容词派生来的,而很多动词或形容词都有自己习惯的主语或并与之搭配, 因此单个抽象名词隐含一个主谓或动宾结构的内容。

2 .词类差异“ 英汉语言的最大差异之一便是体现在动本论文由无忧论文网” [ 3 ]。

汉语动词灵活多变,表现力极强。

沈家煊认为,汉语在句法上遵循时间顺序的相似原则,这是因为汉语缺乏形态变化而采用直接映照的方法。

[ 4 ]汉语句序体现认知次序,多述谓成分线性排列。

因此“ 汉语中动词使用频率远比英语为高。

” [ 5 ]在表达一些复杂的思想时,汉语往往借助动词,按时间顺序逐步交待、层层铺开,给人以舒缓明快的感觉。

从使用方法上来看,汉语动词的连用和叠用非常普遍,而在英语中习惯用非谓语动词形式。