高中英语阅读理解之主旨题(思维导图+练习含答案)

阅读理解之主旨题（解析版）主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。

主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。

主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。

文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。

此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。

要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。

正确选项特征干扰选项特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。

2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。

3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。

1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。

2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。

3.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。

4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。

类型一标题归纳题一、提问方式·The best title of the passage is ________.·Which of the following is the best title of the passage?·What would be the best title for the passage?·The most appropriate title of the passage is ______.二、解题必备知能(一)理解标题的3大特点一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1．概括性——准确而又简短；2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。

(二)巧用3大方法确定文章标题1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。

例子1Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.27．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB．Balancing Our Daily DietC．Making Yourself a Perfect ChefD．Cooking Well for Less[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括文意本文是一篇新闻报道。

《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜·瑞德新推出了一档节目——Save Money: Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。

第二步：析选项，斟酌判断提问方式·What's the main idea/point of the passage?·The passage is mainly about ________.·The passage is mainly concerned about ________.·Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?·Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?·In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.·The subject discussed in this text is ________.·The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.二、解题必备知能掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。

段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。

理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。

找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。

有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。

观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。

用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。

以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。

2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。

4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。

例子2Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.31．What is the main idea of the text?A．New languages will be created.B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.C．Human development results in fewer languages.D．Geography determines language evolution.[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括文意文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。