中南大学考博英语题型分析

2022年考研考博-考博英语-南昌大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled pain-free life equals to happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true; more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment, and self-improvement.Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment, for commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features.Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night’s sleep or a three-day vacation.I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children will never know the joys of watching a child growing up or of playing with a grandchild.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying a new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all.1. According to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because .2. Raising children, in the author’s opinion, is .3. From the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from .4. To understand what true happiness is, one must .5. What is the author trying to tell us?问题1选项A.he is reluctant to take on family responsibilitiesB.he believes that life will be more cheerful to remain singleC.he finds more fun in dating than in marriageD.he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement问题2选项A.a moral dutyB.a rewarding taskC.a thankless jobD.a source of inevitable pain问题3选项A.hatredB.misunderstandingC.prejudiceD.ignorance问题4选项A.have as much fun as possible during one’s lifetimeB.make every effort to liberate oneself from painC.put up with pain under all circumstancesD.be able to distinguish happiness from fun问题5选项A.iIt is pain that leads to happinessB.One must know how to attain happinessC.It is important to make commitmentsD.Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。

医学考博英语复习攻略英语是阻碍博士生入门的一个门槛，虽然随着目前考生整体英语水平的提高，些考生外语也很好。

但对相当一部分人来说，外语还是个拦路虎。

有些院校或学科初试只考一门公共外语，如复旦上海医学院;浙江大学英语听力单独划线，这无疑进-步增加考博英语的难度。

医学考博英语由卫生部组织，统一命题、统一考试，但也有些学校的医学专业博士不参加统考，而是由各招生院校自主命题，这些学校有复旦大学医学院、中南大学医学院、北大医学部、西安交大、四川大学华西医院、山西大学医学院、南京大学医学院、暨南大学医学院、大连医科大学、福建医科大学、同济医学院、浙江大学医学院等。

考生需要了解学校的考博英语的命题规律。

招生单位在博士研究生入学考试英语试题的题型设置上略有差异，考生一定要做报考学校的往年真题，熟悉该校的题目设置，并有针对性地复习;此外，多了解考博论坛中的经验交流，听取别人的-一些经验，要考博，至少你应该了解之前考过什么，怎么考的，真题就是你最好的复习资料。

用好真题、吃透真题，是快速提分、顺利通过博士考试的最快捷、最有效的途径。

考博英语考察的重点是什么?对于考生，必须明白以下三个问题:1)考什么?怎么考?是首先要解决的问题，要把精力放在最容易迅速提高的、分值高的项目上。

2)哪些是重点、难点?哪些是误区?有什么方法?这是必须十分清楚的问题。

考博英语考的是实际运用能力，听力、阅读比重比较大，其次是写部分的摘要。

医学考博英语的基础——词汇医学考博英语的重点——听、读、写医学考博英语的难点——阅读、写作3)为什么要学?如何提升自己的能力?这是是考生必须明白的问题，绝不是为了考试而考试。

态度一重视:英语无用论是一种懒惰的借口，或者是失败者的宣言。

笃信这种看法的人有必要对自己的思维进行一番脱胎换骨的改造。

改造不了，那这样的人我相信是永远不会在任何英语考试中取得好成绩的。

态度决定一切，假如有人考英语仅仅是为了考试的话，那么很难取得好成绩，即便这一-次取得好成绩，那么下次就未必。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Her husband is interested in designing electronic（）.问题1选项A.managementB.safetyC.devicesD.routine【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。

management“管理，经营”；safety“安全”；device“设备”；routine“例行公事，常规”。

electronic devices“电子设备”。

句意：她丈夫对设计电子设备感兴趣。

故C项符合题意。

2.写作题Directions: Nowadays, traffic problem remains one of the most serious situations in urban areas. Write an essay of 180-200 words to discuss this topic. Your essay must include the instructions as follows:1. Present situations2. Possible reasons3. What should be done to solve this problem【答案】略3.单选题Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability（）emotional depth to her songs.问题1选项A.be givingB.are givenC.to giveD.being given【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。

have ability to do sth有能力做某事。

句意：比利霍乐迪，作为一位伟大的爵士布鲁斯歌手，她的盛名在于能将感情融入到歌曲中。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.问题1选项A.calmB.upsetC.steadyD.severe【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。

tranquil“安静的，平静的；安宁的”；A选项calm“平静的；沉着的”；B选项upset“心烦的；混乱的；弄翻的”；C选项steady“稳定的；不变的；沉着的”；D选项severe“严峻的；严厉的；剧烈的；苛刻的”。

句意：当事情突然改变你的生活时，保持平静是不容易的。

根据句中“It is not easy不容易的”与“when events suddenly change your life当事件突然改变你的生活时”可知tranquil在这里的意思应为“平静的”，因此A选项正确。

2.单选题The severance of church and state is a basic principle of our government.问题1选项A.integrationB.discriminationC.separationD.exposition【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。

severance“分离；断绝；隔离”；A选项integration“集成；整合”；B选项discrimination“歧视；区别，辨别”；C选项separati ons“分开；间隔”；D选项exposition“博览会；阐述；展览会”。

句意：政教分离是我国政府的一项基本原则。

severance在这里是“分离”的意思，因此C选项正确。

3.单选题He must not allow this unusual barrier to stop him from fighting against the enemy.问题1选项A.interiorB.obstacleC.interruptionD.interference【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。

考博后记：湘雅考博关键在英语心里很平静的经过了等成绩和出复试分数线的过程。

当输入准考证号的那一瞬间又经历了一把心跳加速，扫眼过去，发现了有80几分的，有70几分的，最后看到了60分的。

有一种莫名的失落的感觉。

英语60，免疫学74，内科学87,。

这个成绩也对得起江东父老了，每科都是100分的，而且本人决无内部资料可言，咱导师是何人，又不是不知道，还是得靠自己，在千方百计的努力下（托付同学的同学）才提前1个月买回中南大学的历年真题，也怪自己之前太轻视了，原来买个试卷也是那么麻烦的事。

当然也非常感谢帮助的同学，真的帮了很大的忙。

大学本科俺考试厉害，不是靠日积月累，而是靠会猜题，所以这次也把这一本领发挥的淋漓尽致，免疫学考的5道大题，猜中4道，还有1道出的实在是太偏了，其实免疫得74分也是不容易的了，5道大题，1道就是20分，就是说只要你有2道题没看中，上60分的机会都难。

能拿这个成绩也是很安慰了。

再说说内科学，其实今年考的不难，但却也很偏，就连淀粉样肾病都考到了，不过上80分也是有难度的，我都不敢奢望有80分，突然得了87分，一个说明我能答的都答了，一个就是改试卷不严。

最后就是这个该死的英语了，其实英语我从来都不觉得是什么难题，也不惧怕他，更有热爱之处，去年的英语线是69分，这个虽然吓人，但是题目相对容易，作文好写，阅读也比较简单。

考之前自己觉得做好了很充分的准备，但是去考了之后，才发现，准备工作还是没到位，今年的作文就出了些难题：题目是“继承与创新”，让你写250-300字来论述他们之间的关系，还要举自己的科研实验的例子。

一上来就被唬住了，脑子里好像没什么储备，要知道去年考的是大学生找工作的事，这种话题简直就是信手捏来，可没办法啊，这回只好硬着头皮上了，边打草稿边写，自己心理都发慌，不是紧张而是肚子里没墨水啊，举得例子自己都感觉太简单了，所以最后花了整整1个小时才写完，写了300个字，所以我估计最后也就是得了个居中的分数14分。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题She should have been here but she’s ______ flu that is going around recently.问题1选项A.gone through withB.gone down withe in fore up against【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。

A选项gone through with“将（决定的事）做了”；B选项gone down with“得病”；C选项come in for“遭到（批评），受到（指责）”；D选项come up against“面临，碰到”。

句意：她本应该来的，但她______最近肆意横行的流感。

这里对流感进行搭配，B选项gone down with“得病”符合题意。

因此B选项正确。

2.单选题Stevenson found no（）to carry on the work of his father.问题1选项A.aptitudeB.reactionC.arrangementD.polarization【答案】C【解析】 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONEaptitude天资, 自然倾向；reaction反应；arrangement安排, 打算；polarization两极化。

have no arrangement to do“没有……的打算”, 选项C符合句意。

3.单选题The virus is usually blood-borne and may ______ almost any organ in the body.问题1选项A.patronizeB.infectC.engraveD.enroll【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。

山东大学考博英语试题分析应某网友的要求，现在对山东大学的考博英语试题做一下分析：近三年山大的考博英语试题的题型是比较固定的，主要包括以下部分：第一部分听力15%（15题）第二部分词汇 15% （30题）第三部分阅读理解 30%（4篇20题）第四部分选择句子填空7选5 10%第五部分英译汉10%第六部分作文 20% （命题作文）总的来说山大的考博英语还是很有难度的，首先考听力而且听力的录音一般都直接来自VOA 等的常速英语，这对在工作中很少接触英语或者多年未进行听力考试的考生来说是很有难度的。

第二个难点是词汇题。

因为没有词汇大纲，词汇题的出题范围很广，而且经常是把容易弄混的词语放在一起考，考的是对词语特别准确的记忆，因此词汇题是很有难度的。

第三个难点是阅读理解，一般来说阅读理解应该是考试中拿分的题目，但是山大的考博英语阅读文章有时会选择一些比较有难度的文章，比如会选择专八考试中的文章，这无疑增加了难度，一个是在词汇量上遇到的生词会比较多，另外一方面是文章中的常难句也会更难理解一些。

最后一个难点是作文，虽然山大的考博英语在作文上出的都是大众化的命题作文，但因为考生在平时很少真正的动手练习，因此在作文上得到高分也是不容易的。

对于备考山东大学考博英语的考生提几点建议：一、重视听力。

从现在开始就坚持每天听，泛听和精听相结合，主要是练习听原版的听力材料，可以从简单的新闻听起，再慢慢增加难度。

二、提高词汇记忆的范围。

为很好的应对词汇和阅读理解题，记忆词汇是必须的，而且光记忆一般性的考博英语词汇是远远不够的，建议记忆一下ＧＲＥ词汇。

三、阅读理解从培养好的英语文章阅读习惯入手。

对于英语文章要学会从整体上把握文章主旨的习惯和能力，而不要一句话一个字地去读那样做会造成只见树木不见森林，对于文章的理解往往是有偏颇的。

四、作文在考试之前应该做好充分的练习，把记忆的模版应用熟练，只有这样在考试中才能得心应手。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-西南财经大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题There is no （）to the house from the main road.问题1选项A.accessB.avenueC.exposureD.edge【答案】A【解析】名词辨析题。

access通道；avenue林荫大道；exposure暴露；edge边缘。

句意：从大路没有通道通往这个房子。

选项A符合句意。

2.单选题Because of the tighter money policy,（）defense for the coming years is greatly cut.问题1选项A.reservationB.budgetC.allowanceD.finance 【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。

reservation “预约”；budget “预算”；allowance “津贴”；finance “财政；金融”。

句意：由于财政政策紧张，来年的国防预算大大缩减了。

选项B符合题意。

3.单选题We must get the trapped victims out at once because the building is in （）danger of an explosion.问题1选项A.opaqueB.vividC.muteD.imminent【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析题。

opaque不透明的，迟钝的；vivid生动的；mute沉默的，无声的；imminent即将来临的，迫近的。

句意：我们必须立即把被困的受害者救出来，因为这个建筑有马上要爆炸的危险。

所以选项D正确。

4.单选题The survey found 80 percent of viewers were （）by the violent scenes in the film.问题1选项A.damagedB.alertedC.offendedD.discouraged【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-四川大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The ties that bind us together in common activity are so （） that they can disappear at any moment.问题1选项A.trivialB.fatalC.tentativeD.feeble【答案】D【解析】trivial微不足道的, 平凡的;fatal致命的, 毁灭性的;tentative尝试性的;feeble微弱的, 软弱的。

句意：将我们维系在一起共同行动的纽带是不牢靠的, 随时都会消失。

2.单选题On his wanderings he's （） Spanish, Italian,French and a smattering of Russian.问题1选项A.woken upB.taken toC.picked upe to【答案】C【解析】woken up醒来，开始警觉；taken to开始从事，喜欢；picked up学会，获得，捡起；come to 回到现实。

句意：他在旅途中学会了西班牙语、意大利语、法语和一点俄语。

选项C符合句意。

3.单选题When the stranger walked towards him, he fled, the door （） behind him问题1选项A.slammedB.to slamC.slantD.slamming【答案】D【解析】slamming做形容词, 修饰door, 表示门的状态。

如果填slammed, 后面构成一个完整的句子, 需要连接词and连接前后两个句子。

4.单选题The basic causes are unknown, although certain conditions that may lead to cancer have been （） .问题1选项A.identifiedB.guaranteedC.notifiedD.conveyed【答案】A【解析】identified识别, 辨认;guaranteed保证;notified通知, 告知;conveyed传达。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题He doesn’t（）much interest in his studies with the result that he fails in exams time and again.问题1选项A.indicateB.exertC.manifestD.express【答案】D【解析】express an interest in... 为固定搭配，意为“对...表现出兴趣”。

所以选项D正确。

2.单选题______ the way, we set of on foot into the dark night.问题1选项A.The guide ledB.With the guide leadingC.With the guide to leadD.With the guide lead 【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词。

句意：在向导的带领下，我们徒步走进了黑夜。

A选项The guide led放进来题目构成两个独立且完整的句子，语法错误。

逗号前是句子的状语部分，guide和lead是主动关系，所以用现在分词形式，B选项With the guide leading正确。

C选项With the guide to lead不定式形式表目的，D选项With the guide lead过去分词形式表被动。

因此B选项正确。

3.单选题Though fined several times, he still （）no importance to his old habits.问题1选项A.adheresB.clingsC.sticksD.attaches【答案】D【解析】attach importance to为固定搭配, 意为“重视, 注意”。

句意：尽管被罚了几次款, 他仍然不重视他的旧习惯。

考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.写作题Directions: For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic of “On the Aging Population”. You should write at least 160-180 words.【答案】略2.单选题The escaped prisoner jumped onto the boat and then（）it away from the seashore with a pole.问题1选项A.pushedB.shovedC.urgedD.pressed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

push“推动，增加”；shove“挤，撞，猛推”；urge“催促，敦促”；press“压，按，逼迫”。

push away=shove。

句意：逃犯先跳上船，然后用杆子将船退离岸边。

只有A项能与away搭配，且符合句意。

故A项正确。

3.单选题In the school library there is a collection of foreign books ___ to the public.问题1选项A.accessibleB.adjustableC.admirableD.adaptable【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. accessible 易接近的；可使用的B. adjustable 可调节的C. admirable 令人钦佩的；极好的D. adaptable 能适应的【考查点】形近词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意应该是有一大批外国图书可供公众查阅。

A选项accessible“可使用的”，accessible to可表示“可得到的”可引申为此句所需要的逻辑。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The work is not very profitable（）cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.问题1选项A.in accordance withB.on the basis ofC.in terms ofD.in the light of【答案】C【解析】考查介词短语辨析题。

A: in accordance with “与……一致” ；B: on the basis of “基于”；C: in terms of “在……方面”；D: in the light of “根据”。

句意：这项工作在金钱方面没什么优势，但是我却从中得到了宝贵的经验。

结合此处语义，C为正确答案。

2.单选题The politician is shrewd and deep; he was（）seldom on what he expected others to do for him.问题1选项A.transparentB.explicitC.prominentD.conspicuous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。

A: transparent “透明的”；B: explicit “明确的；直言的”；C: prominent “突出的，显著地”；D: conspicuous “显著的”。

句意：这位政治家相当精明，城府深，他很少明确表示希望其他人能为他做些什么。

根据句意，B项最符合。

3.单选题When the jury brought in a（）of guilt, the defendant who was overwhelmingly arrogant several minutes ago drooped his head.问题1选项A.judgmentB.appraisalC.verdictD.conviction【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-南京大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The medicine（） his pain but did not cure his illness.问题1选项A.activatedB.alleviatedC.mediatedD.deteriorated【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

activate “刺激，激活”；mediate “调停”；deteriorate “恶化”，alleviate “减轻”。

句意：这种药物减轻了他的痛苦，但是没有治愈他。

选项B符合题意。

2.单选题The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly （） source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.问题1选项A.exploitedB.controversialC.inexhaustibleD.remarkable 【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。

exploited “被利用的”；controversial “有争议的”；inexhaustible “无穷无尽的”；remarkable “卓越的，非凡的”。

句意：热带植物的多样性代表了似乎用之不竭的原材料，其中只有少部分被利用了。

选项C符合题意。

3.单选题（）fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.问题1选项A.LikeB.AlikeC.Asparing【答案】C【解析】考查连词。

Like “像”，可作介词；alike “相同的，相似的”，可作形容词；as “像……”，可作介词；comparing “比较”，可作动词。

此处“fire tests gold” 为一个完整的句子，所以要用连词，句意：就好像真金不怕火炼一样，意志不畏艰难。

武汉大学考博英语-9(总分：86.50，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：31.50)The geology of the Earth"s surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face of the Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs--atmosphere, continent, and ocean--we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.（分数：8.00）(1).According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water ______.（分数：2.00）A.precipitating onto the groundB.changing from a solid to a liquid stateC.evaporating from the oceans √D.being carried by wind解析：根据短文，云层主要是靠海洋中的水蒸发而成的。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-南京师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题People who lack（） core values rely on such external factors as their looks or status in order to feel good about themselves.问题1选项A.genuineB.horizontalC.navalD.pessimistic【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。

genuine“真实的，真正的”；horizontal“水平的，地平线的”；naval“海军的，军舰的”；pessimistic“悲观的”。

句意：缺乏（）核心价值观的人依赖一些外部因素，比如相貌或地位来使自己感觉良好。

能修饰core values的只有A项。

2.单选题I didn’t make out what the professor means because his handwriting is so（）.问题1选项A.eligibleB.illegibleC.KnowledgeableD.vague【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。

eligible合格的，合适的；illegible难辨认的，字迹模糊的；knowledgeable 知识渊博的；vague模糊的，含糊的。

由空格前的handwriting可知能修饰字迹的只有B项，故B项正确。

3.翻译题舞狮是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。

狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物(mascot)。

古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。

据记载，狮舞已拥有了2, 000多年的历史。

在唐代，狮舞就己经被引入了皇室，因此，舞狮成为元宵节和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。

【答案】Lion dance is one of the most popular folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. The ancient saw the lion as the embodiment of courage and strength, which could drive away evil and protect human beings. It is recorded that the lion dance has a history of more than 2, 000 years. In the tang dynasty, the lion dance was introduced into the royal family. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.4.单选题He put a special（）for an extra day’s holidays so that he could attend his daughter’s wedding.问题1选项A.requestB.inquiryC.enquiryD.proposal【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Remember that only a few of the living things that are produced can live. In general, those live that are best fitted for living（）they do.问题1选项A.whereB.whatC.whyD.how【答案】A【解析】考查语法。

where引导定语从句，即those live that are best fitted for living where they do (will live).句意：记住只有少数被生产出来的生物才能生存。

一般来说，只有那些生活在最适合它们生活的地方的生物才能生存。

2.单选题The old king（）. They are making a new king.问题1选项A.was believed to be killedB.is believed being killedC.is believed having been killedD.is believed to have been killed【答案】D【解析】考查语法。

由第二句“他们正在选举一位新国王”可知，之前的国王被认为已经杀害了，故用现在完成时的被动，再结合be believed to “被认为……”可知D项正确。

句意：他们认为之前的国王已经被杀害了，他们正在选举一位新国王。

3.单选题He had the good fortune to（）with Prof. Wang for 3 years.问题1选项A.studyB.be studyingC.have studiedD.have been studying【答案】C【解析】考查语法。

由时间状语“for 3 years”可知该句应该用完成时，故排除AB两项，学习与主语之间是主动的关系，故C项正确。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-东北大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Drinking water is（）when sewage seeps into the water supply.问题1选项A.concealedB.consumedC.contemplatedD.contaminated【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

A选项conceal“隐藏；隐瞒”；B选项consume“消耗，消费”；C选项contemplate“沉思；注视”；D选项contaminate“污染，弄脏”。

句意：当污水渗入到供水系统后，饮用水会被污染。

根据句意判断出D选项正确。

2.单选题Once you get to know your mistakes, you should（）them as soon as possible.问题1选项A.rectifyB.reclaimC.refrainD.reckon 【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

A选项rectify“纠正”；B选项reclaim“开拓；回收再利用；改造某人”；C选项refrain“节制，克制；避免；制止”；D选项reckon“测算，估计；认为”。

句意：一旦你认识到自己的错误，那么你应该尽可能快地纠正它们。

结合句意，A选项正确。

3.单选题The coast（）slowly as our ship sailed out to sea.问题1选项A.recededB.concededC.proceededD.exceeded【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。

A选项recede“后退；减弱”；B选项concede“承认；退让；给予”；C选项proceed“开始；继续进行；发生；行进”；D选项exceed“超过；胜过”。

句意：这个海岸随着我们的船驶向大海而慢慢地后退。

结合此处语义，A选项正确。

4.单选题Rocks which have solidified directly from molten materials are called igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are commonly referred to as primary rocks because they are the original source of material found in sedimentaries and metamorphics. Igneous rocks compose the greater part of the earth’s crust, but they are generally covered at the surface by a relatively thin layer of sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are distinguished by the following characteristics: (1) they contain no fossils; (2) they have no regular arrangement of layers and (3) they are nearly always made up of crystals.Sedimentary rocks are composed largely of minute fragments derived from the disintegrationof existing rocks and in some instances from the remains of animals. As sediments are transported, individual fragments are assorted according to size. Distinct layers of such sediments as gravel, sand, and clay build up, as they are deposited by water and occasionally wind. These sediments vary in size with the material and the power of the eroding agent. Sedimentary materials are laid down in layers called strata.When sediments harden into sedimentary rocks, the names applied to them change to indicate the change in physical state. Thus, small stones and gravel cemented together are known as conglomerates; cemented sand becomes sandstone; and hardened clay becomes shale. In addition to these, other sedimentary rocks such as limestone frequently result from the deposition of dissolved material. The ingredient parts are normally precipitated by organic substances, such as shells of clams or hard skeletons of other marine life.Both igneous and sedimentary rocks may be changed by pressure, heat, solution, or cementing action. When individual grains from existing rocks tend to deform and interlock, they are called metamorphic rocks. For example, granite, an igneous rock, may be metamorphosed into a gneiss or a schist. Limestone, a sedimentary rock, when subjected to heat and pressure may become marble, a metamorphic rock. Shale under pressure becomes slate.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to （）.2.All of the following are sedimentary rocks EXCEPT （）.3.The passage would be most likely to appear in a （）.4.The relationship between igneous and sedimentary rocks may best be compared to the relationship between （）.5.The author’s tone in the passage can be best de scribed as （）.问题1选项A.explain the factors that may cause rocks to change in formB.show how the scientific names of rocks reflect the rock’s compositionC.define and describe several diverse kinds of rocksD.differentiate between different kinds of igneous rocks问题2选项A.shaleB.schistC.sandD.gravel问题3选项A.newspaper feature explaining how oil is foundB.pamphlet promoting conservation of natural resourcesC.teaching manual accompanying an earth science textD.nonfiction book explaining where to find fossils问题4选项A.water and landB.sand and clayC.nucleus and cell wallD.leaves and compost问题5选项A.objectiveB.meditativeC.concernedD.ironic【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.填空题Austrian physician Alfred Adler theorized that people are primarily motivated to overcome inherent feelings of ________. (inferior)【答案】inferiority【解析】【考查点】名词。

【解题思路】feelings of ________是名词所有格结构，所以横线处应为名词。

根据关键词inherent feelings，可知这里讲的和感受相关，feeling of inferiority的意思为“自卑感”，inferiority符合语境。

【句意】奥地利医生阿尔弗雷德•阿德勒提出理论，即人们的动机主要是克服内在的自卑感。

2.单选题If you reinstate old-fashioned values about money and work, you can give your children a precious gift: the key to self-sufficiency.问题1选项A.resolveB.restoreC.redressD.resort【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. resolve 解决（问题或困难）B. restore 恢复（某种情况或感受）C. redress 纠正，矫正D. resort 诉诸，求助于【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】reinstate的意思为“使恢复原职，使重返岗位”，在这里指的是恢复对传统价值观的信任，让传统价值观再次发挥作用，restore与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】如果你恢复关于金钱和工作的传统价值观，你就可以给你的孩子一份珍贵的礼物，也就是自给自足的关键。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-浙江大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题A friendship may be（）, casual, situational or deep and lasting.问题1选项A.identicalB.superficialC.criticalD.original【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。

identical同一的，完全相同的；superficial表面的，肤浅的；critical批判的，爱挑剔的；original原始的，最初的。

句意：友谊可以是、随意的、情境性的，也可以是深刻而持久的。

根据句意可知填空处的词应与deep 和 lasting 意义相反，且与 casual 和 situational 意义相似，选项B符合语境。

2.单选题Since 1970, when Sultan Qaboos came to power and launched Om an’s development, poverty has been largely ( ) and modern medical care has been provided throughout the country.问题1选项A.eliminatedB.illuminatedC.limitedD.increased【答案】A【解析】eliminated消除，淘汰；illuminated启发。

句意：自1970年苏丹卡布斯掌权并开始阿曼的发展以来，贫困已基本消除，全国各地都提供了现代医疗服务。

选项A符合句意。

3.单选题Everyone experiences fear during major crisis — such as fires, automobile accidents, etc. Some people even feel very nervous when they fly in airplanes. No matter how hard they try, they cannot lower their anxiety. Some of them enjoy talking about their fears while others resent being asked to discuss their personal feelings. Many are aware that they feel anxious but only a few are conscious of the way they express their tension. Some people try to hide their nervousness: they try to disguise their anxiety by telling jokes. Others become loud and aggressive, attacking people by making them the butt of cruel jokes. Sometimes making someone else the target of jokes is an attempt to control one’s own fears —to master anxiety.A number of factors can be mentioned as important in explaining why some people have a fear of flying: early childhood experiences, general sense of security, fear of heights, trust in others, percentage of alcohol in blood, etc. The memory of a bad experience can sometimes trigger the same fear caused by that experience. Thus, a child might be frightened by the sight of a dog even though he is safe, merely because he once had a bad experience with a dog. A bad experience can be the cue that triggers our fears. But the crucial factor seems to be a feeling of no control.Usually we are able to suppress our feelings so that they do not affect our behavior. But sometimes the tension produced by our fears is so great that we cannot suppress it. At such time we need to discharge the tension by laughing or crying. By smiling foolishly and talking loudly, we are able to repress the rising feeling of fear so that it does not affect the way we behave.Because it is necessary to recognize a problem before it can be solved, admitting that we are afraid is an integral part of the process of mastering our fears.1.To make someone the butt of jokes means（）.2.What is the positive purpose of people’s telling jokes?3.To master anxiety means（）4.According to the author, which of the following is the most important factor triggering the feeling fear?5.According to the concluding paragraph, what is essential to go through the process of mastering one’s fears?问题1选项A.to make someone become the object of jokesB.to force someone to enjoy jokesC.to entitle someone to tell jokesD.to offend someone by jokes问题2选项A.To show one’s sense of humor.B.To control one’s own fears.C.To disguise their anxiety.D.To attack others.问题3选项A.to be familiar with tensionB.to hold back the feeling of uneasinessC.to conquer the feeling of nervousnessD.to be good at the subject of anxiety问题4选项A.The fear of heights.B.Early childhood experience.C.The general sense of security.D.A feeling of no control.问题5选项A.To be conscious of the way of mastering fears.B.To repress the rising feeling of fear.C.To admit the feeling of fears.D.To control one’s feelings.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.语义题。