第十一章国际内部审计专业实务框架
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OFINTERNAL AUDITING (STANDARDS)Introduction to the StandardsInternal auditing is conducted in diverse legal and cultural environments; for organizations that vary in purpose, size, complexity, and structure; and by persons within or outside the organization. While differences may affect the practice of internal auditing in each environment, conformance with The IIA’s International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) is essential in meeting the responsibilities of internal auditors and the internal audit activity.The purpose of the Standards is to:1. Guide adherence with the mandatory elements of the International ProfessionalPractices Framework.2. Provide a framework for performing and promoting a broad range of value-addedinternal auditing services.3. Establish the basis for the evaluation of internal audit performance.4. Foster improved organizational processes and operations.The Standards are a set of principles-based, mandatory requirements consisting of: ∙Statements of core requirements for the professional practice of internal auditing and for evaluating the effectiveness of performance that are internationally applicable atorganizational and individual levels.∙Interpretations clarifying terms or concepts within the Standards.The Standards, together with the Code of Ethics, encompass all mandatory elements of the International Professional Practices Framework; therefore, conformance with the Code of Ethics and the Standards demonstrates conformance with all mandatory elements of the International Professional Practices Framework.The Standards employ terms as defined specifically in the Glossary. To understand and apply the Standards correctly, it is necessary to consider the specific meanings from the Glossary. Furthermore, the Standards use the word “must” to spec ify an unconditional requirement and the word “should” where conformance is expected unless, when applying professional judgment, circumstances justify deviation.The Standards comprise two main categories: Attribute and Performance Standards. Attribute Standards address the attributes of organizations and individuals performing internal auditing. Performance Standards describe the nature of internal auditing and provide quality criteria against which the performance of these services can be measured. Attribute and Performance Standards apply to all internal audit services.Implementation Standards expand upon the Attribute and Performance Standards by providing the requirements applicable to assurance (.A) or consulting (.C) services.Revised: October 2016 Page 1 of 25Assurance services inv olve the internal auditor’s objective assessment of evidence to provide opinions or conclusions regarding an entity, operation, function, process, system, or other subject matters. The nature and scope of an assurance engagement are determined by the internal auditor. Generally, three parties are participants in assurance services: (1) the person or group directly involved with the entity, operation, function, process, system, or other subject matter — the process owner, (2) the person or group making the assessment — the internal auditor, and (3) the person or group using the assessment — the user.Consulting services are advisory in nature and are generally performed at the specific request of an engagement client. The nature and scope of the consulting engagement are subject to agreement with the engagement client. Consulting services generally involve two parties: (1) the person or group offering the advice — the internal auditor, and (2) the person or group seeking and receiving the advice — the engagement client. When performing consulting services the internal auditor should maintain objectivity and not assume management responsibility.The Standards apply to individual internal auditors and the internal audit activity. All internal auditors are accountable for conforming with the standards related to individual objectivity, proficiency, and due professional care and the standards relevant to the performance of their job responsibilities. Chief audit executives are additionally accountable for the internal audit activity’s overall conformance with the Standards.If internal auditors or the internal audit activity is prohibited by law or regulation from conformance with certain parts of the Standards, conformance with all other parts of the Standards and appropriate disclosures are needed.If the Standards are used in conjunction with requirements issued by other authoritative bodies, internal audit communications may also cite the use of other requirements, as appropriate. In such a case, if the internal audit activity indicates conformance with the Standards and inconsistencies exist between the Standards and other requirements, internal auditors and the internal audit activity must conform with the Standards and may conform with the other requirements if such requirements are more restrictive.The review and development of the Standards is an ongoing process. The International Internal Audit Standards Board engages in extensive consultation and discussion before issuing the Standards. This includes worldwide solicitation for public comment through the exposure draft process. All exposure drafts are posted on The IIA’s website as well as being distributed to all IIA institutes.Suggestions and comments regarding the Standards can be sent to:The Institute of Internal AuditorsStandards and Guidance1035 Greenwood Blvd, Suite 401Lake Mary, FL 32746 USAE-mail: guidance@ Web: ***INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OFINTERNAL AUDITING (STANDARDS)Attribute Standards1000 – Purpose, Authority, and ResponsibilityThe purpose, authority, and responsibility of the internal audit activity must be formally defined in an internal audit charter, consistent with the Mission of Internal Audit and the mandatory elements of the International Professional Practices Framework (the Core Principles for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, the Code of Ethics, the Standards, and the Definition of Internal Auditing). The chief audit executive must periodically review the internal audit charter and present it to senior management and the board for approval.Interpretation:The internal audit charter is a formal document that defines the internal audit activity's purpose, authority, and responsibility. The internal audit charter establishes the internal audit activity's position within the organization, including the nature of the chief audit executive’s functional reporting relationship with the board;authorizes access to records, personnel, and physical properties relevant to the performance of engagements; and defines the scope of internal audit activities. Final approval of the internal audit charter resides with the board.1000.A1 – The nature of assurance services provided to the organization must be defined in the internal audit charter. If assurances are to be provided to parties outside the organization, the nature of these assurances must also be defined in the internal audit charter.1000.C1 – The nature of consulting services must be defined in the internal audit charter. 1010 – Recognizing Mandatory Guidance in the Internal Audit CharterThe mandatory nature of the Core Principles for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, the Code of Ethics, the Standards, and the Definition of Internal Auditing must be recognized in the internal audit charter. The chief audit executive should discuss the Mission of Internal Audit and the mandatory elements of the International Professional Practices Framework with senior management and the board.1100 – Independence and ObjectivityThe internal audit activity must be independent, and internal auditors must be objective in performing their work.Interpretation:Independence is the freedom from conditions that threaten the ability of the internal audit activity to carry out internal audit responsibilities in an unbiased manner. To achieve the degree of independence necessary to effectively carry out the responsibilities of the internal audit activity, the chief audit executive has direct and unrestricted access to senior management and the board.This can be achieved through a dual-reporting relationship. Threats to independence must be managed at the individual auditor, engagement, functional, and organizational levels.Objectivity is an unbiased mental attitude that allows internal auditors to perform engagements in such a manner that they believe in their work product and that no quality compromises are made. Objectivity requires that internal auditors do not subordinate their judgment on audit matters to others. Threats to objectivity must be managed at the individual auditor, engagement, functional, and organizational levels.1110 – Organizational IndependenceThe chief audit executive must report to a level within the organization that allows the internal audit activity to fulfill its responsibilities. The chief audit executive must confirm to the board, at least annually, the organizational independence of the internal audit activity.Interpretation:Organizational independence is effectively achieved when the chief audit executive reports functionally to the board. Examples of functional reporting to the board involve the board: ∙Approving the internal audit charter.∙Approving the risk-based internal audit plan.∙Approving the internal audit budget and resource plan.∙Receiving communications from the chief audit executive on the internal audit activity’s performance relative to its plan and other matters.∙Approving decisions regarding the appointment and removal of the chief audit executive.∙Approving the remuneration of the chief audit executive.∙Making appropriate inquiries of management and the chief audit executive to determine whether there are inappropriate scope or resource limitations.1110.A1 – The internal audit activity must be free from interference in determining the scope of internal auditing, performing work, and communicating results. The chief audit executive must disclose such interference to the board and discuss the implications.1111 – Direct Interaction with the BoardThe chief audit executive must communicate and interact directly with the board.1112 – Chief Audit Executive Roles Beyond Internal AuditingWhere the chief audit executive has or is expected to have roles and/or responsibilities that fall outside of internal auditing, safeguards must be in place to limit impairments to independence or objectivity.Interpretation:The chief audit executive may be asked to take on additional roles and responsibilities outside of internal auditing, such as responsibility for compliance or risk management activities. These roles and responsibilities may impair, or appear to impair, the organizational independence of theinternal audit activity or the individual objectivity of the internal auditor. Safeguards are those oversight activities, often undertaken by the board, to address these potential impairments, and may include such activities as periodically evaluating reporting lines and responsibilities and developing alternative processes to obtain assurance related to the areas of additional responsibility.1120 – Individual ObjectivityInternal auditors must have an impartial, unbiased attitude and avoid any conflict of interest. Interpretation:Conflict of interest is a situation in which an internal auditor, who is in a position of trust, has a competing professional or personal interest. Such competing interests can make it difficult to fulfill his or her duties impartially. A conflict of interest exists even if no unethical or improper act results.A conflict of interest can create an appearance of impropriety that can undermine confidence in the internal auditor, the internal audit activity, and the profession. A conflict of interest could impair an individual's ability to perform his or her duties and responsibilities objectively.1130 – Impairment to Independence or ObjectivityIf independence or objectivity is impaired in fact or appearance, the details of the impairment must be disclosed to appropriate parties. The nature of the disclosure will depend upon the impairment. Interpretation:Impairment to organizational independence and individual objectivity may include, but is not limited to, personal conflict of interest, scope limitations, restrictions on access to records, personnel, and properties, and resource limitations, such as funding.The determination of appropriate parties to which the details of an impairment to independence or objectivity must be disclosed is dependent upon the expectations of the internal audit activity’s and the chief audit executive’s responsibilities to senior management and the board as described in the internal audit charter, as well as the nature of the impairment.1130.A1 – Internal auditors must refrain from assessing specific operations for which they were previously responsible. Objectivity is presumed to be impaired if an internal auditor provides assurance services for an activity for which the internal auditor had responsibility within the previous year.1130.A2 – Assurance engagements for functions over which the chief audit executive has responsibility must be overseen by a party outside the internal audit activity.1130.A3 –The internal audit activity may provide assurance services where it had previously performed consulting services, provided the nature of the consulting did not impair objectivity and provided individual objectivity is managed when assigning resources to the engagement.1130.C1– Internal auditors may provide consulting services relating to operations for which they had previous responsibilities.1130.C2–If internal auditors have potential impairments to independence or objectivity relating to proposed consulting services, disclosure must be made to the engagement client prior to accepting the engagement.1200 – Proficiency and Due Professional CareEngagements must be performed with proficiency and due professional care.1210 – ProficiencyInternal auditors must possess the knowledge, skills, and other competencies needed to perform their individual responsibilities. The internal audit activity collectively must possess or obtain the knowledge, skills, and other competencies needed to perform its responsibilities.Interpretation:Proficiency is a collective term that refers to the knowledge, skills, and other competencies required of internal auditors to effectively carry out their professional responsibilities. It encompasses consideration of current activities, trends, and emerging issues, to enable relevant advice and recommendations. Internal auditors are encouraged to demonstrate their proficiency by obtaining appropriate professional certifications and qualifications, such as the Certified Internal Auditor designation and other designations offered by The Institute of Internal Auditors and other appropriate professional organizations.1210.A1–The chief audit executive must obtain competent advice and assistance if the internal auditors lack the knowledge, skills, or other competencies needed to perform all or part of the engagement.1210.A2 –Internal auditors must have sufficient knowledge to evaluate the risk of fraud and the manner in which it is managed by the organization, but are not expected to have the expertise of a person whose primary responsibility is detecting and investigating fraud.1210.A3–Internal auditors must have sufficient knowledge of key information technology risks and controls and available technology-based audit techniques to perform their assigned work. However, not all internal auditors are expected to have the expertise of an internal auditor whose primary responsibility is information technology auditing.1210.C1 –The chief audit executive must decline the consulting engagement or obtain competent advice and assistance if the internal auditors lack the knowledge, skills, or other competencies needed to perform all or part of the engagement.1220 – Due Professional CareInternal auditors must apply the care and skill expected of a reasonably prudent and competent internal auditor. Due professional care does not imply infallibility.1220.A1– Internal auditors must exercise due professional care by considering the: ∙Extent of work needed to achieve the engagement’s objectives.∙Relative complexity, materiality, or significance of matters to which assurance procedures are applied.∙Adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management, and control processes.∙Probability of significant errors, fraud, or noncompliance.∙Cost of assurance in relation to potential benefits.1220.A2–In exercising due professional care internal auditors must consider the use of technology-based audit and other data analysis techniques.1220.A3– Internal auditors must be alert to the significant risks that might affect objectives, operations, or resources. However, assurance procedures alone, even when performed with due professional care, do not guarantee that all significant risks will be identified.1220.C1–Internal auditors must exercise due professional care during a consulting engagement by considering the:∙Needs and expectations of clients, including the nature, timing, and communication of engagement results.∙Relative complexity and extent of work needed to achieve the engagement’s objectives.∙Cost of the consulting engagement in relation to potential benefits.1230 – Continuing Professional DevelopmentInternal auditors must enhance their knowledge, skills, and other competencies through continuing professional development.1300 – Quality Assurance and Improvement ProgramThe chief audit executive must develop and maintain a quality assurance and improvement program that covers all aspects of the internal audit activity.Interpretation:A quality assurance and improvement program is designed to enable an evaluation of the internal audit activity’s conformance with the Standards and an evaluation of whether internal auditors apply the Code of Ethics. The program also assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of the internal audit activity and identifies opportunities for improvement. The chief audit executive should encourage board oversight in the quality assurance and improvement program.1310 – Requirements of the Quality Assurance and Improvement ProgramThe quality assurance and improvement program must include both internal and external assessments.1311 – Internal AssessmentsInternal assessments must include:∙Ongoing monitoring of the performance of the internal audit activity.∙Periodic self-assessments or assessments by other persons within the organization with sufficient knowledge of internal audit practices.Interpretation:Ongoing monitoring is an integral part of the day-to-day supervision, review, and measurement of the internal audit activity. Ongoing monitoring is incorporated into the routine policies and practices used to manage the internal audit activity and uses processes, tools, and information considered necessary to evaluate conformance with the Code of Ethics and the Standards.Periodic assessments are conducted to evaluate conformance with the Code of Ethics and the Standards.Sufficient knowledge of internal audit practices requires at least an understanding of all elements of the International Professional Practices Framework.1312 – External AssessmentsExternal assessments must be conducted at least once every five years by a qualified, independent assessor or assessment team from outside the organization. The chief audit executive must discuss with the board:∙The form and frequency of external assessment.∙The qualifications and independence of the external assessor or assessment team, including any potential conflict of interest.Interpretation:External assessments may be accomplished through a full external assessment, or a self-assessment with independent external validation. The external assessor must conclude as to conformance with the Code of Ethics and the Standards; the external assessment may also include operational or strategic comments.A qualified assessor or assessment team demonstrates competence in two areas: the professional practice of internal auditing and the external assessment process. Competence can be demonstrated through a mixture of experience and theoretical learning. Experience gained in organizations of similar size, complexity, sector or industry, and technical issues is more valuable than less relevant experience. In the case of an assessment team, not all members of the team need to have all the competencies; it is the team as a whole that is qualified. The chief audit executive uses professional judgment when assessing whether an assessor or assessment team demonstrates sufficient competence to be qualified.An independent assessor or assessment team means not having either an actual or a perceived conflict of interest and not being a part of, or under the control of, the organization to which the internal audit activity belongs. The chief audit executive should encourage board oversight in the external assessment to reduce perceived or potential conflicts of interest.1320 – Reporting on the Quality Assurance and Improvement ProgramThe chief audit executive must communicate the results of the quality assurance and improvement program to senior management and the board. Disclosure should include: ∙The scope and frequency of both the internal and external assessments.∙The qualifications and independence of the assessor(s) or assessment team, including potential conflicts of interest.∙Conclusions of assessors.∙Corrective action plans.Interpretation:The form, content, and frequency of communicating the results of the quality assurance and improvement program is established through discussions with senior management and the board and considers the responsibilities of the internal audit activity and chief audit executive as contained in the internal audit charter. To demonstrate conformance with the Code of Ethics and the Standards, the results of external and periodic internal assessments are communicated upon completion of such assessments, and the results of ongoing monitoring are communicated at least annually. The results include the assessor’s or assessment team’s evaluation with respect to the degree of conformance.1321 –Use of “Conforms with the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing”Indicating that the internal audit activity conforms with the International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing is appropriate only if supported by the results of the quality assurance and improvement program.Interpretation:The internal audit activity conforms with the Code of Ethics and the Standards when it achieves the outcomes described therein. The results of the quality assurance and improvement program include the results of both internal and external assessments. All internal audit activities will have the results of internal assessments. Internal audit activities in existence for at least five years will also have the results of external assessments.1322 – Disclosure of NonconformanceWhen nonconformance with the Code of Ethics or the Standards impacts the overall scope or operation of the internal audit activity, the chief audit executive must disclose the nonconformance and the impact to senior management and the board.Performance Standards2000 – Managing the Internal Audit ActivityThe chief audit executive must effectively manage the internal audit activity to ensure it adds value to the organization.Interpretation:The internal audit activity is effectively managed when:∙It achieves the purpose and responsibility included in the internal audit charter.∙It conforms with the Standards.∙Its individual members conform with the Code of Ethics and the Standards.∙It considers trends and emerging issues that could impact the organization.The internal audit activity adds value to the organization and its stakeholders when it considers strategies, objectives, and risks; strives to offer ways to enhance governance, risk management, and control processes; and objectively provides relevant assurance.2010 – PlanningThe chief audit executive must establish a risk-based plan to determine the priorities of the internal audit activity, consistent with the organization’s goals.Interpretation:To develop the risk-based plan, the chief audit executive consults with senior management and the board and obtains an understanding of the organization’s strategies, key business objectives, associated risks, and risk management processes. The chief audit executive must review and adjust the plan, as necessary, in response to changes in the organization’s business, risks, operations, programs, systems, and controls.2010.A1–The internal audit activity’s plan of engagements must be based on a documented risk assessment, undertaken at least annually. The input of senior management and the board must be considered in this process.2010.A2– The chief audit executive must identify and consider the expectations of senior management, the board, and other stakeholders for internal audit opinions and other conclusions.2010.C1–The chief audit executive should consider accepting proposed consulting engagements based on the engagement’s potential to improve management of risks, add value, and improve the organization’s operations. Accepted engagements must be included in the plan.2020 – Communication and ApprovalThe chief audit executive must communicate the internal audit activity’s plans and resource requirements, including significant interim changes, to senior management and the board for review and approval. The chief audit executive must also communicate the impact of resource limitations.2030 – Resource ManagementThe chief audit executive must ensure that internal audit resources are appropriate, sufficient, and effectively deployed to achieve the approved plan.Interpretation:Appropriate refers to the mix of knowledge, skills, and other competencies needed to perform the plan. Sufficient refers to the quantity of resources needed to accomplish the plan. Resources are effectively deployed when they are used in a way that optimizes the achievement of the approved plan.2040 – Policies and ProceduresThe chief audit executive must establish policies and procedures to guide the internal audit activity.Interpretation:The form and content of policies and procedures are dependent upon the size and structure of the internal audit activity and the complexity of its work.2050 – Coordination and RelianceThe chief audit executive should share information, coordinate activities, and consider relying upon the work of other internal and external assurance and consulting service providers to ensure proper coverage and minimize duplication of efforts.Interpretation:In coordinating activities, the chief audit executive may rely on the work of other assurance and consulting service providers. A consistent process for the basis of reliance should be established, and the chief audit executive should consider the competency, objectivity, and due professional care of the assurance and consulting service providers. The chief audit executive should also have a clear understanding of the scope, objectives, and results of the work performed by other providers of assurance and consulting services. Where reliance is placed on the work of others, the chief audit executive is still accountable and responsible for ensuring adequate support for conclusions and opinions reached by the internal audit activity.2060 – Reporting to Senior Management and the BoardThe chief audit executive must report periodically to senior management and the board on the internal audit activity’s purpose, authority, responsibility, and performance relative to its plan and on its conformance with the Code of Ethics and the Standards. Reporting must also include。
国际内部审计专业实务框架(2011年1月1日)银星集团审计部XXTEL:XX邮箱:459069297@2/28/2012 3:14 PM内部审计定义目职业道德规范录实务标准2/28/2012 3:14 PM国际内部审计师协会1987年11月,中国内部审计学会(2002年5月改名为中国内部审计协会)加入了国际内部审计师协会。
IIA网址:/2/28/2012 3:14 PM内部审计观念传统观念◆成本中心◆非增值部门非增值部◆负责「寻找麻烦」的工作,小事化大◆工作不受重视◆是一个可有可无的部门是个可有可无的部门后果◆内部控制缺乏客观性◆可能因其它工作压力而被忽视◆董事会得到的信心保证大减◆经营风险上升◆内部控制过程严重崩溃2/28/2012 3:14 PM世通公司内部审计师·CynthiaCooper)辛西娅库珀(Cynthia Cooper)2002年,揭发世通在以往年度隐瞒亏损,把应计当期费用资本化为固定资产,透过折旧把当期费用分年摊销入损益表。
调查结果,世通从2000和2001年度原审核净利润76亿美元和24 亿美元调整为净亏损489亿美元和92亿美元虚增资产少计费用及错计收入等共虚报利润高达亏损489亿美元和92 亿美元,虚增资产、少计费用及错计收入等共虚报利润高达740亿多美元。
公布利润需要作出调整之后,股价由最高64美元跌至最低0.9美元,裁减员工17,000人。
安然公司副总裁莎朗·沃特金斯(SherronWatkins)安然公司副总裁莎朗·沃特金斯(Sherron Watkins)2001年10月份,安然突然传出接近6亿美元亏损的季度财务报告。
调查结果,安然被迫承认做了假账,自1997年以来,虚报盈利大约6亿美元,并把即将到期的39亿美元的债务隐瞒了24亿美元。
2001年11月28日,曾高逾90美元的安然公司股票一天之内暴跌75%;两天后,又2001年11月28日,曾高逾90美元的安然公司股票天之内暴跌75%;两天后,又跌至每股0.26美元,股价缩水到不足高峰时期的0.3%。
国际内部审计专业实务框架试题(答案版)1.国际内部审计专业实务框架(IPPF)强制性指南包括:Ⅰ.内部审计定义Ⅱ.职业道德规范Ⅲ.实务公告Ⅳ.立场公告Ⅴ.实务指南Ⅵ.内部审计实务标准A.Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ⅥB.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、ⅥC.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ⅣD.Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ2.内部审计是一种独立、客观的和活动。
A.确认、咨询B.监督、评价C.监督、服务D.确认、评价3.《职业道德规范》要求内部审计师应当运用并信守以下原则:A.诚信、客观、独立、保密B.诚实、独立、保密、胜任C.诚实、客观、独立、胜任D.诚信、客观、保密、胜任4.以下关于内部审计章程的说法不正确的是:A.内部审计章程是确定内部审计活动宗旨、权利和职责的正式文件。
B.内部审计章程的最终审批权在董事会。
C.向组织提供的确认服务的性质必须在内部审计章程中规定。
D.咨询服务的性质可以不在内部审计章程中规定。
5.以下那种情况表明内部审计师的客观性受到损害:Ⅰ.内部审计师为其在上一年度内负责的业务提供确认服务。
Ⅱ.确认服务涉及首席审计执行官负责的职能领域时,由独立于内部审计部门的某一方进行监督。
Ⅲ.内部审计师对其以往负责的业务提供咨询服务。
Ⅳ.内部审计师可能会损害拟开展的咨询服务的独立性或客观性时,在接受该业务之后向客户进行披露。
A.Ⅰ、ⅢB.Ⅰ、ⅣC.Ⅰ、Ⅲ、ⅣD.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ6.以下那几项是IPPF对专业能力的要求:Ⅰ.内部审计师缺乏完成全部或部分业务所需的知识、技能或其他能力时,首席审计执行官必须向他人寻求充分的专业建议和协助。
Ⅱ.内部审计师必须充分了解有关评估舞弊风险以及所在组织管理舞弊风险的知识,但不期望所有内部审计师掌握以发现和调查舞弊为首要职能的人员所具备的专门技能。
Ⅲ.所有内部审计师都必须熟练掌握信息技术审计的全部技能。
Ⅳ.当内部审计师缺乏完成全部或部分咨询业务所必需的知识、技能或其他能力时,首席审计执行官必须谢绝开展此项业务。
A.Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ⅣB.Ⅰ、ⅡC.Ⅱ、ⅣD.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ7.为保持应有的职业审慎,内部审计师必须考虑的因素包括:Ⅰ.为实现业务目标而需要开展工作的范围。
国际内部审计专业实务框架修订说明鉴于全球内部审计职业的快速发展,2006年国际内部审计师协会(IIA)理事会组建了筹划指导委员会和专门小组,重新审视《内部审计专业实务框架》(PPF)及相关制定过程,重点是回顾该专业实务框架的范围,增加专业标准制定、复核及颁布过程的透明度和一贯性。
专门小组的工作结果形成了全新的《国际内部审计专业实务框架》(IPPF)和重新改组的专业实务委员会(PPC)。
根据IIA理事会2007年6月批准的使命声明,专业实务委员会目前负责协调《国际内部审计专业实务框架》的审核与发布工作。
作为整合IIA所发布标准的概念性框架,《国际内部审计专业实务框架》的范围缩减到只包括由IIA国际技术委员会按照适当程序制定的权威标准。
该权威标准由以下两部分构成:强制性指南。
遵循强制性指南的原则对于内部审计专业实务是必须且重要的。
强制性指南的制定遵循既定的尽职审查程序,包括公布征求意见稿,广泛听取各界的意见。
《国际内部审计专业实务框架》的三个强制部分为“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《国际内部审计专业实务框架》(以下简称《标准》)。
强力推荐的指南。
强力推荐的指南是IIA通过正式批准程序认可的,阐述有效执行“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《标准》的实务,包括立场公告、实务公告和实务指南。
新版IPPF所作的重大改变是:(l)程序改进。
加强了IPPF的各个部分,提高了透明度并确定了权威标准的修订周期。
标准的修订周期目前确定为三年,尽管并非每三年都需要进行修改,IIA仍致力于确保对标准作全面的审核,并视需要进行修订。
(2)发展与实务帮助。
这一部分不再纳入框架体系。
它曾经包含了内部审计师在工作过程中可能会用到的所有资源(例如培训、出版物和研究报告等)。
由于新版IPPF的范围只包括上述的权威标准,这项内容不再适合于新的框架。
(3)释义。
这是新增的对标准中的术语和短语作出的进一步阐释,置于需要加以解释的相关标准条款之下。
《内部审计实务框架》当前各国内部审计遵循的《内部审计实务框架》由三个层次组成:(一)第一个层次是强制性的,其核心内容有《内部审计定义》、《道德准则》、《内部审计实务准则》。
1 定义《内部审计定义》内部审计师协会在最新的《内部审计定义》中将内部审计定义为:“内部审计是一项独立、客观的鉴证和咨询服务,其目标在于增加价值并改进组织的经营.它通过一套系统、规范的方法评价和改进风险管理、控制和治理过程的效果,以帮助组织达到目标.”[1]2 道德准则。
《道德准则》制定道德准则的目的是在内部审计职业内促进道德文化。
道德准则对于内部审计职业来说是必要和适当的,这是由于内部审计是建立在一种信任的基础上的,这种基础对风险管理、控制和治理提供了客观保证.道德准则在内部审计定义上加以扩展。
3 实务准则.《内部审计实务准则》《内部审计实务准则》由《属性准则》、《绩效准则》、《执行准则》组成。
《属性准则》论述从事内部审计活动的组织和个人的特性.《绩效准则》则论述内部审计活动的本质,并提供衡量内部审计绩效的质量标准。
《属性准则》和《绩效准则》适用于全部内部审计活动。
《执行准则》将《属性准则》和《绩效准则》运用于特定业务(如遵循性审计、舞弊调查、对控制的自我评估项目)。
《属性准则》和《绩效准则》只有一套,而《执行准则》可能有多套,每套对应内部审计活动的一种主要类型.(二)第二个层次是《实务建议》(即以前的指南),不是强制性的,但是也经过国际内部审计师协会批准并强烈推荐使用.它能够帮助解释内部审计实务准则,或将准则运用于特定的内部审计环境。
虽然有一些实务建议可能适用于所有内部审计师,但其他的主要用于特定的行业、特定的审计领域,或者特定的地域。
(三)第三个层次是《发展和实务指南》,包括了各类由国际内部审计师协会开发或者批准的材料,不具有强制性。
其中包括研究报告、书籍、讨论会以及其他还没有资格成为强制性准则的与内部审计实务有关的产品和服务,是审计实务框架中内容最多、最广泛的部分。
CIA红皮书-国际内部审计专业实务框架-2009年1月修订属性标准 (3)1000-宗旨、权力和职责 (3)1100-独立性和客观性 (3)1110-组织的独立性 (3)1130-对独立性或客观性的损害 (4)1200-专业能力与应有的职业审慎 (4)1210-专业能力 (4)1220-应有的职业审慎 (4)1230-持续职业发展 (5)1300-质量保证与改进程序 (5)1310-质量保证与改进程序的要求 (5)1311-内部评估 (5)1312-外部评估 (5)1320-对质量保证与改进程序的报告 (5)1321-对“遵循《标准》”的应用 (6)1322-对未遵循情况的披露 (6)工作标准 (6)2000-内部审计活动的管理 (6)2010-计划 (6)2020-沟通与批准 (6)2030-资源管理 (6)2040-政策与程序 (6)2050-协调 (7)2060-向高级管理层和董事会报告 (7)2100-工作性质 (7)2110-治理 (7)2120-风险管理 (7)2130-控制 (8)2200-业务计划 (8)2210-业务目标 (8)2220-业务范围 (9)2230-业务资源的分配 (9)2240-业务工作方案 (9)2300-业务的实施 (9)2310-识别信息 (9)2320-分析评价 (9)2330-记录信息 (9)2340-业务的督导 (10)2400-结果的报告 (10)2410-报告标准 (10)2420-报告的质量 (10)2421-错误与遗漏 (10)2430-对“遵循《标准》”的应用 (10)2431-对未遵循情况的披露 (10)2440-结果的发送 (10)2500-监督进展 (11)2600-高级管理层接受风险的决定 (11)实务公告 (14)实务公告1000-1 内部审计章程 (14)实务公告1110-1 组织的独立性 (14)实务公告1120-1 个人客观性 (15)实务公告1130-1 对独立性或客观性的损害 (15)实务公告1210-1 专业能力 (17)实物公告1220-1 应有的职业审慎 (20)实务公告1230-1 持续职业发展 (20)实务公告1312-1 外部评估 (23)实务公告1312-2 外部评估:独立审定的自我评估 (25)实务公告1321-1 对“遵循《标准》”的应用 (26)实务公告2010-1 审计计划对风险和风险暴露的关注 (27)实务公告2020-1 沟通与批准 (27)实务公告2030-1 资源管理 (28)实务公告2040-1 政策与程序 (29)实务公告2050-1 协调 (29)实务公告2060-1 向高级管理层和董事会报告 (30)实务公告2120-1 评估风险管理过程的适当性 (30)实务公告2130-1 评估控制程序的适当性 (32)实务公告2130-A1.1 信息的可靠性和完整性 (33)实务公告2130.A1-2 (33)实务公告2200-1 业务计划 (34)实务公告2210-1 业务目标 (35)实务公告2210.A1-1 业务计划中的风险评估 (35)实务公告2230-1 业务资源的分配 (36)实务公告2240-1 业务工作方案 (36)实务公告2230-1 记录信息 (36)实务公告2330.A1-1 对业务记录的控制 (37)实务公告2330.A2-1 保存记录 (37)实务公告2340-1 业务的督导 (37)实务公告2410-1 报告标准 (38)实务公告2420-1 报告的质量 (39)实务公告2440-1 结果的发放 (40)实务公告2500-1 监督进展 (40)实务公告2500.A1-1 后续程序 (41)属性标准1000-宗旨、权力和职责内部审计部门的宗旨、权力和职责必须在内部审计章程中按照内部审计定义、《职业道德规范》和《标准》的相关内容正式确定。
CIA红皮书-国际内部审计专业实务框架-2009年1月修订属性标准 (3)1000-宗旨、权力和职责 (3)1100-独立性和客观性 (3)1110-组织的独立性 (3)1130-对独立性或客观性的损害 (4)1200-专业能力与应有的职业审慎 (4)1210-专业能力 (4)1220-应有的职业审慎 (4)1230-持续职业发展 (5)1300-质量保证与改进程序 (5)1310-质量保证与改进程序的要求 (5)1311-内部评估 (5)1312-外部评估 (6)1320-对质量保证与改进程序的报告 (6)1321-对“遵循《标准》”的应用 (6)1322-对未遵循情况的披露 (6)工作标准 (6)2000-内部审计活动的管理 (6)2010-计划 (7)2020-沟通与批准 (7)2030-资源管理 (7)2040-政策与程序 (7)2050-协调 (7)2060-向高级管理层和董事会报告 (7)2100-工作性质 (8)2110-治理 (8)2120-风险管理 (8)2130-控制 (9)2200-业务计划 (9)2210-业务目标 (9)2220-业务范围 (10)2230-业务资源的分配 (10)2240-业务工作方案 (10)2300-业务的实施 (10)2310-识别信息 (10)2320-分析评价 (10)2330-记录信息 (10)2340-业务的督导 (11)2400-结果的报告 (11)2410-报告标准 (11)2420-报告的质量 (11)2421-错误与遗漏 (11)2430-对“遵循《标准》”的应用 (12)2431-对未遵循情况的披露 (12)2440-结果的发送 (12)2500-监督进展 (12)2600-高级管理层接受风险的决定 (12)实务公告 (16)实务公告1000-1 内部审计章程 (16)实务公告1110-1 组织的独立性 (16)实务公告1120-1 个人客观性 (17)实务公告1130-1 对独立性或客观性的损害 (18)实务公告1210-1 专业能力 (20)实物公告1220-1 应有的职业审慎 (22)实务公告1230-1 持续职业发展 (23)实务公告1312-1 外部评估 (25)实务公告1312-2 外部评估:独立审定的自我评估 (28)实务公告1321-1 对“遵循《标准》”的应用 (29)实务公告2010-1 审计计划对风险和风险暴露的关注 (29)实务公告2020-1 沟通与批准 (30)实务公告2030-1 资源管理 (30)实务公告2040-1 政策与程序 (31)实务公告2050-1 协调 (32)实务公告2060-1 向高级管理层和董事会报告 (32)实务公告2120-1 评估风险管理过程的适当性 (33)实务公告2130-1 评估控制程序的适当性 (34)实务公告2130-A1.1 信息的可靠性和完整性 (36)实务公告2130.A1-2 (36)实务公告2200-1 业务计划 (37)实务公告2210-1 业务目标 (38)实务公告2210.A1-1 业务计划中的风险评估 (38)实务公告2230-1 业务资源的分配 (39)实务公告2240-1 业务工作方案 (39)实务公告2230-1 记录信息 (39)实务公告2330.A1-1 对业务记录的控制 (40)实务公告2330.A2-1 保存记录 (40)实务公告2340-1 业务的督导 (40)实务公告2410-1 报告标准 (41)实务公告2420-1 报告的质量 (43)实务公告2440-1 结果的发放 (43)实务公告2500-1 监督进展 (44)实务公告2500.A1-1 后续程序 (44)属性标准1000-宗旨、权力和职责内部审计部门的宗旨、权力和职责必须在内部审计章程中按照内部审计定义、《职业道德规范》和《标准》的相关内容正式确定。
1000-宗旨、权力和职责内部审计部门的宗旨、权力和职责必须在内部审计章程中按照内部审计定义、《职业道德规范》和《标准》的相关内容正式确定。
首席审计执行官必须定期审查内部审计章程,并提交高级管理层和董事会审批。
释义内部审计章程是确定内部审计活动宗旨、权力和职责的正式文件。
它确立了内部审计部门在组织内部的地位,授权内部审计部门接触与业务开展相关的记录、人员和实物资产,界定内部审计活动的范围。
内部审计章程的最终审批权在董事会。
1000.A1---向组织提供的确认服务的性质必须在内部审计章程中明确规定。
如果内部审计部门向组织外部的有关方面提供确认服务,则此类确认服务的性质也必须在内部审计章程中确定。
1000.C1---咨询服务的性质必须在内部审计章程中确定。
1010-在内部审计章程中确认“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《标准》“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《标准》的强制性质必须在内部审计章程中得到确认。
首席审计执行官应当向高级管理层和董事会解释并讨论“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《标准》。
1100-独立性和客观性内部审计部门必须保持其独立性,内部审计师必须客观地开展工作。
释义独立性指内部审计部门或首席审计执行官不偏不倚地履行职责,免受任何威胁其履职能力的情况影响。
要达到有效履行内部审计部门职责所必须的独立程度,首席审计执行官需要直接且无限制地与高级管理层和董事会接触。
这一要求可以通过建立双重报告关系来实现。
独立性所面临的各种威胁必须在审计师个人、具体业务、职能部门和整个组织等不同层面上得到解决。
客观性指不偏不倚的工作态度,保持客观性,内部审计师方可在开展业务时确信其工作成果,不做任何质量方面的妥协。
客观性要求内部审计师对于审计事项的判读不得屈服于他人。
客观性所面临的各种威胁必须在审计师个人、具体业务、职能部门和整个组织等不同层面上得到解决。
1110-组织的独立性首席审计执行官必须向组织内部能够确保内部审计部门履行职责的层级报告。
国际内部审计专业实务框架国际内部审计专业实务框架修订说明鉴于全球内部审计职业的快速发展,2006年国际内部审计师协会(IIA)理事会组建了筹划指导委员会和专门小组,重新审视《内部审计专业实务框架》(PPF)及相关制定过程,重点是回顾该专业实务框架的范围,增加专业标准制定、复核及颁布过程的透明度和一贯性。
专门小组的工作结果形成了全新的《国际内部审计专业实务框架》(IPPF)和重新改组的专业实务委员会(PPC)。
根据IIA理事会2007年6月批准的使命声明,专业实务委员会目前负责协调《国际内部审计专业实务框架》的审核与发布工作。
作为整合IIA所发布标准的概念性框架,《国际内部审计专业实务框架》的范围缩减到只包括由IIA国际技术委员会按照适当程序制定的权威标准。
该权威标准由以下两部分构成:强制性指南。
遵循强制性指南的原则对于内部审计专业实务是必须且重要的。
强制性指南的制定遵循既定的尽职审查程序,包括公布征求意见稿,广泛听取各界的意见。
《国际内部审计专业实务框架》的三个强制部分为“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《国际内部审计专业实务框架》(以下简称《标准》)。
强力推荐的指南。
强力推荐的指南是IIA通过正式批准程序认可的,阐述有效执行“内部审计定义”、《职业道德规范》和《标准》的实务,包括立场公告、实务公告和实务指南。
新版IPPF所作的重大改变是:(l)程序改进。
加强了IPPF的各个部分,提高了透明度并确定了权威标准的修订周期。
标准的修订周期目前确定为三年,尽管并非每三年都需要进行修改,IIA仍致力于确保对标准作全面的审核,并视需要进行修订。
(2)发展与实务帮助。
这一部分不再纳入框架体系。
它曾经包含了内部审计师在工作过程中可能会用到的所有资源(例如培训、出版物和研究报告等)。
由于新版IPPF的范围只包括上述的权威标准,这项内容不再适合于新的框架。
(3)释义。
这是新增的对标准中的术语和短语作出的进一步阐释,置于需要加以解释的相关标准条款之下。