海运提单的主要风险75页PPT
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读书破万卷,下笔如有神海运提单的风险及防范国际贸易中,贸易依赖于运输的发展,海上货物运输始终占据着主导地位,提单(bill of lading)从其创立至今已成为海上货物运输中最重要的单证,它是承运人收到货物后出具的货物收据,也是承运人所签署的运输契约的证明,提单还代表所载货物的所有权,是一种具有物权特性的凭证。
然而,随着国际贸易航运的日益繁荣,提单欺诈亦疯狂的蔓延起来,已经危机到整个提单的正常运作机制,阻碍了国际贸易的顺利进行。
一、海运提单的风险(一)倒签和预借提单。
已装船提单应在货物全部已装上船后签发,签发的日期必须是真实的,因为提单的签发日期即视作装运日期。
如果提单在货物装船后签发,签发日期却早于实际装船日期,便构成倒签提单。
如果货物尚未全部装船或货物已由承运人接管尚未开始装船的情况下签发了提单,便构成预借提单。
倒签提单或预借提单,托运人的目的都是为了使提单签发日期符合信用证规定,顺利结汇,但对收货人来说则构成合谋欺诈,可能使收货人蒙受重大损失。
对此,各国和海运习惯都是不允许的。
(二)伪造提单。
提单是信用证所要求的主要单据,在信用证业务中,只要单据符合信用证的要求,银行即凭单付款,而不审查单据的来源及其真实性。
一些不法商人即利用信用证“单据交易、严格相符”的特点伪造提单,以骗取货款,可能货物根本没有装船,或以次充好,蒙骗客户。
(三)以保函换取清洁提单。
在国际贸易中,经常会出现这种情况:承运人欲对表面状况不良的装运货物签发不清洁提单,由于银行不接受不清洁提单,托运人不能凭此结汇,因而往往向承运人出具保函(LETTER OF INDEMNITY),让承运人签发清洁提单,并保证赔偿承运人因签发清洁提单好记性不如烂笔头。
海运提单的风险及防范C.I.F是英语CostInsurance And Freight的缩写,同FOB一样,是国际贸易中最常用的价格术语。
在我国,有人称此术语为“到岸价格”。
但这种称呼,容易使人误解为货物灭失的风险是在卸港才由卖方转移给买方的。
国际商会(ICC)在其第460号出版物,即《INCOTERMS 1990》中曾规定;卖方必须负责租船、订舱,在货物装船后取得CleanB/L;订立货物保险合同,支付保费,取得保险凭证;自负费用和风险,办理货物的出口清关手续。
从表面上看,C.I.F的买方除了付款赎单外,就是在目的港坐等提货。
但仔细分析一下,不难发现其中的奥妙。
《INCOTERMS1990》中,卖方只须按通常条件订立运输合同,而“通常条件”是一个事实问题。
对卖方而言,“通常条件”即是低廉的运费。
因此,他可以不顾船东的信誉、船舶的状况,只要货物能装上船就万事大吉。
卖方只须按保险条款中最低责任的保险险别投保,如PICC货物保险中的平安险(FPA)。
至于加保战争险、罢工险等,买方须通知卖方,并自负费用。
老实说,象C.I.F 这种凭几张纸打交道,而不注重同信誉良好的卖方交易,是什么事都有可能发生的。
许多国际骗子,利用买方的松懈,钻C.I.F这种贸易方式的空子,到处招摇幢骗。
文件诈骗1990年,孟加拉遭受水灾,该国通过港商与中国粮油进出口公司上海公司签订了一份8千吨大米的买卖合同,C.I.F价约为170万美元。
信用证开出后,港商将全套制作精美的单证在日本一家银行顺利结汇,提单由巴西一家班轮公司签发,承运船名为“罗里达”号。
然而,“罗里达”号却一直未往孟加拉卸货。
后经调查发现,其实在签单日该船尚在欧洲营运。
结果,孟加拉政府自认倒霉——付出170万美元加上一大笔律师费。
有人要问,银行在结汇时不是要审单吗?国际商会UCP400规定,银行审查文件时,只要文件表面相符,就须放款。
换言之,对文件诈骗,银行不承担任何责任。
海运提单的风险及其防范措施Ocean bill of lading’s risks and precautionary measuresOcean B/L in international trade has a very important position and role, this is decided by its nature. The bill of lading is the ownership certificate, which controls the bill of lading, which will have the ownership of the goods. However, in international trade, the use of bill of lading has potential risks and must be taken seriously, strict control and careful treatment, so the risks will be prevented from.(一)、The main risks of ocean bill of lading.1、Ante-dated and advanced B/L.On board B/L shall be issued after all the goods have been loaded. The issuing date must be true, because of the issuing date of B/L is regarded as shipping date. If the B/L is issued in the shipping date, and the issuing date is earlier than the actual shipping date, it is the Ante-dated B/L. If the goods are not entirely shipped or the goods have been taken over by the carrier and no shipment, it is Advanced B/L.2、Counterfeit bill of lading.Some unscrupulous businessmen use the characteristics of credit of "documents transaction, strictly conform " to forge B/L for the payment. It is possible that the goods are unshipped or shoddy, just for cheating customers.3、To exchange the letter of indemnity for Clean B/L.In international trade, for smooth settlement, the shipper always issues the letter of guarantee in the condition of bad appearance of goods for exchanging for the clean bill of lading. It plays an active role in promoting smoothly shipping and avoiding economic losses. But the legal effect of this letter of guarantee has not yet been approved by international trade and do not have unity cognition in international trade,so it is obstructive to the smooth development for international trade letter of guarantee4、Release the goods without original bill of lading.Release the goods without original bill of lading refers to the carrier or his agent or forwarding authorities or warehouse supervisor in the condition of no original bill of lading ,according to the recorded consignee or notifier with the duplicate bills of lading or the copy of B/L to release of goods by adding letter of guarantee.(二)、The prevention measures of the risks of B/L.1、Calculated or Strict control Ante-dated and advanced B/L.It will be harm to foreign enterprise image and Sinotrans company credit, and may bring economic losses. At present, port congestion and sailing date inaccuracy are objective conditions .Export company should have full consideration about these factors, such as signing, booking and delivery . At the same time, you should strengthen the management of each link in contract and the corporation with relevant departments. If necessary, it is brilliant to obtain the cooperation with customers beforehand. If advanced B/L is the only choose, you should pay attention to prevent the different vessel name for the actual loading vessel and the advanced B/L vessel .If once occurred that no freight space or delay shipping, and need to ship in another vessel, it shall take emergency measures and decisively seek back the full set of documents. Then fill it again without fluke mind. To prevent the advanced B/L, Exporters should have a precise reorganization about the regulations with shipping date. For example, Below are some terms about shipping date in foreign credit : (1) Latest 31 ,May , namely, the latest is no later than May 31, including May 31; (2)Not later than May 31, namely, not later than May 31, including May 31,;(3) During first half of May , from May 1 to May 15 , including the beginning and ending days;(4) Within May, namely during May ,from May 1 to May 31, including the beginning and endingdays,;(5) at the end May ,from May 21 - May 31, including the beginning and ending days; (6) On or Before May 31, namely ,before May 31, including May 31,;(7) On or about May 31 ,the before and after 5 days of May 31, namely ,the days from May 26 to June 5.2、To print and use the bill of lading which can not forge .The international maritime bureau proposals that printing and using the bill of lading which can not forge, controlling its circulation and preventing the emergence of forge B/L.3、Choose good credit trading partner.In international trade, the prerequisite for doing business smoothly is to fully understand customer's credit .The good credit includes two aspects, the first is having good asset circumstance, considerable assets, operating smoothly and having performance ability; the second is to carry out the principle of honesty credibility and will not cancel contract at will.4、Paying high attention to sign the B/L.Credit business is pure transaction of documents, the only condition that bank assumes its payment responsibility is the beneficiary submit the documents which accord with the terms of the l/c .as long as the documents surface meet the conditions of Only documents, the bank will assume payment, regardless of the documents are false or not. If the documents have discrepancies, the exporter will lost bank's guarantee about collect safely and timely, and the importer will also result in different degree of loss.5、Choose reliable shipping company for shipment.According to the present shipping situation, it is uneasy to ban the use of guarantee completely. So it is very important to choose reliable carriers.6、Using the means of law actively and asking for maritime judicial protection promptly.When seeking maritime court protection ,you should pay attention to two aspects .The first , when you find the signs of fraud from your partner, you should promptly preferred the suit in maritime court The second is to put forward the conservatory measures in litigation measure. It is an important measure to prevent illegal foreign businessman fraud.In china, international trade is developing into prosperity and prosperous.With the development of trade regime, marine risks are also changing; however, its operations follow certain rules. If we carefully observe and perform conventions and laws, and Keep from marine fraud and commercial risks, the unnecessary losses and the risk and damage in international trade will be reduced. It also enhances our competition ability in international market.。
目录1 引言 (3)2 海运提单的性质和作用 (4)3 海运提单的主要风险 (5)3.1 无提单放货 (5)3.2 倒签提单和预借提单 (6)3.3 HOUSE提单 (7)3.4 凭保函签发清洁提单 (7)3.5 记名提单 (9)3.6 空头提单 (9)4 海运提单存在风险的原因 (10)4.1 样式简单,易于伪造 (10)4.2 业务员素质低,管理不严 (10)4.3 国际货代体系缺少严密制约 (10)5 海运提单风险的防范措施 (10)5.1 选择资信好的交易伙伴 (10)5.2 从严掌握倒签提单、预借提单、凭保函签发清洁提单 (11)5.3 分情况谨慎使用记名提单 (11)5.4仔细订立信用证条款。
避免空头提单 (13)5.5 谨慎使用FOB贸易术语,以防船公司无单放货 (13)5.6 银行谨慎提供担保,以防船公司凭担保无单放货 (14)5.7 积极运用法律手段,及时要求海事司法保护 (15)6 结语 (16)浅析海运提单的风险和防范措施摘要海运提单在国际贸易中具有非常重要的地位和作用,它是国际海上货物运输、尤其是班轮运输中使用的一种重要的单证。
但是由于提单本身的性质以及海运提单的管理制度的原因,海运提单还存在许多的不足,而这些不足将会导致国际货物贸易产生风险,阻碍着贸易经济的进行,特别是最近几年来,国际上利用海运提单进行诈骗的行为是越来越频繁,严重影响了各国贸易的顺利进行。
为此,本文通过对海运提单中存在的种类风险的分析,提出了相应的防范措施。
关键词:海运提单;风险;防范措施1 引言提单是海运运输中的一种最要的单证形式,具有物权凭证,是买卖双方据以收到货款和交货的最要单据。
然而,随着国际贸易和航运的日益繁荣,提单风险已经危机到整个提单的正常运作机制,阻碍了国际经济贸易的顺利进行。
因海运提单在国际贸易中所占据着重要的地位,所以在明确认识提单存在风险的情况下,怎样规避防范这些风险是相当最要的,同时探索性的提出解决这些风险的防范措施。
海运提单的风险及防范措施海运提单是国际货物运输中非常重要的一种单证,也是承运人向货主提供货物运输合同的主要证明文件之一、然而,海运提单也存在一些风险,如丢失、伪造、引起法律争议等。
为了避免这些风险,采取一定的防范措施至关重要。
首先,海运提单的丢失是运输过程中最常见的风险之一、一旦提单丢失,货主将难以证明自己是合法的货物所有人,造成货权争议。
为了防范这一风险,货主可以采取以下措施:1.选择可信赖的承运人和物流公司。
货主可以通过合理的调查和评估,选择信誉良好、经验丰富的承运人和物流公司,减少提单丢失的概率。
2.妥善保管提单。
货主应将提单存放在安全的地方,如保险柜或保险箱中,确保提单不被盗窃或意外遗失。
3.备份提单。
货主可以将提单复印或扫描保存在电子设备中,以备不时之需。
同时,可以将副本发送给相关利益相关方,如代理人或银行,以减少提单丢失的风险。
其次,伪造提单也是海运提单的一个重要风险。
伪造的提单可能导致货物被冒领或权益争议。
为了避免这一风险,货主可以考虑以下措施:1.核实提单的真实性。
货主在即将签署合同或支付定金之前,应核实提单的真实性,并与承运人或代理人确认提单的有效性和真实性。
2.与承运人建立紧密的合作关系。
建立与可信赖的承运人和代理人的合作关系,可以减少伪造提单的风险。
货主可以定期与承运人交流,确保提单的正确性。
3.采用电子提单。
与传统纸质提单相比,电子提单更难被伪造,并可以在网络中进行实时跟踪。
货主可以选择使用电子提单,提高货物运输的安全性和可追溯性。
最后,海运提单还存在可能引起法律争议的风险。
法律争议可能涉及货物所有权、责任划分和赔偿等问题。
为了减少法律争议的风险,货主可以采取以下措施:1.在合同中明确责任和赔偿条款。
货主可以在合同中明确约定承运人的责任和赔偿方式,确保在发生纠纷时有明确的法律依据。
2.购买货运保险。
货主可以购买货运保险,以保护货物免受意外损失和损坏的影响,并提供赔偿。
海运提单的风险1. 简介海运提单是国际贸易中重要的交付和证明货物所有权的文件。
它是海运运输中的承载货物所有权和货物交付信息的凭证。
然而,海运提单在国际贸易中也存在一定的风险。
本文将讨论海运提单的风险,并提供一些风险规避的建议。
2. 提单丢失或损坏风险海运提单是货物所有权的重要证明文件。
如果提单丢失或损坏,货物的所有权可能无法得到合法确认,可能会导致货物的交付和索赔问题。
此外,提单被盗用或被伪造的情况也存在一定的风险。
为了规避这些风险,以下是一些建议:•在货物交付前,提前备份或存档提单的复印件。
•尽量使用电子提单,以降低提单丢失或损坏的风险。
•定期检查提单的真实性和有效性,确保提单没有被盗用或伪造。
3. 提单转让风险在国际贸易中,提单的转让是常见的交易方式。
然而,提单的转让也存在一些风险。
•如果提单转让时发生错误或存在纠纷,可能会导致货物无法及时交付或拒签。
•转让的提单可能被盗用或伪造,导致货物所有权的争议和索赔问题。
为了降低提单转让的风险,以下是一些建议:•在提单转让前,仔细核对转让方和接受方的身份和资质,确保转让交易的合法性和真实性。
•在提单转让前,明确约定各方的责任和义务,以防止后续的争议和纠纷。
4. 承运人责任限制风险在海运贸易中,承运人对货物运输可能承担一定的责任。
然而,承运人经常通过运输合同中的责任限制条款来限制其在运输过程中的责任。
这些责任限制条款可能对货物所有者造成不利影响,特别是在货物损失或延误的情况下,货主可能需要自行承担一部分或全部的损失。
为了降低承运人责任限制的风险,以下是一些建议:•在签订运输合同之前,仔细阅读并理解合同中的责任限制条款,确保自己的权益得到保护。
•如果可能,与承运人协商加强货物保险,以便在发生损失时能够得到适当的赔偿。
5. 其他风险除了上述提到的风险,海运提单还存在其他一些风险,包括但不限于:•货物灭失或损坏的风险。
•船舶延误或取消的风险。
•港口工作人员的失误或疏忽造成的风险。