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广州大学松田学院2021年本科插班生考试《英语写作》考试大纲Ⅰ.考试性质本科插班生招生考试是由专科毕业生参加的选拔性考试。
高等学校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。
因此，本科插班生考试应有较高的信度、效度，必要的区分度和适当的难度。
Ⅱ.考试内容和要求一、考试内容1、理论方面：要求学生掌握英语写作的基本写作规范和基础知识、有关概念和术语、不同体裁、不同风格的英语写作方法。
2、实践方面：要求学生能根据所给题目、写作提纲或图表等，在规定时间内写出规定字数的短文。
二、考试要求学生能够掌握英语写作的基础知识和基本技巧，养成严谨、规范的英语写作习惯，培养初步的英语写作能力。
具体考试内容和要求如下：Introduction1. What is writing?2. Why do we write?3. What is good writing?重点：Universally accepted Criteria for good writing难点：What’s good writing?Part One Manuscript Form1. Arrangement2. Capitalization3. Word Division4. Punctuation5. Handwriting重点：Arrangement难点：Word DivisionPart Two Diction1. Levels of Words2. The Meaning of Words3. General and Specific Words4. Idioms5. Figures of Speech重点：General and Specific Words难点:：Figures of SpeechPart Three The Sentence1. Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragment2. Types of Sentences3. Effective Sentences重点：Effective Sentences难点：Effective SentencesPart 4 Paragraph1. Criteria of an Effective Paragraph2. Steps in Writing a Paragraph3. Ways of Developing Paragraphs重点：Ways of Developing Paragraphs难点：Criteria of an Effective ParagraphPart Five The Whole Composition1. Criteria of a Good Composition2. Steps in Writing a Composition3. Three Main Parts of a Composition4. Types of Writing重点：Types of Writing (Exposition and Argumentation) 难点：Outline WritingPart Six The Summary and Book Report1. The Summary2. Book Report重点：The Summary难点：Book ReportPart Seven Formal and Informal Styles1. The Meaning of Style2. Formal and Informal Styles重点：Formal and Informal Styles难点：Formal and Informal StylesPart Eight The Research Paper1. The Purpose2. The Process3. Format4. A Sample Research Paper重点：The Process难点：The ProcessPart Nine Practical Writing1. Notices2. Greetings, Good Wishes, Congratulations and Condolences3. Formal Invitations4. Notes5. E-mails6. Letters重点：Layout of a Letter难点：Layout of a LetterPart Ten Punctuation2. The Period3. The Semicolon4. The Colon5. The Question Mark6. The Exclamation Mark7. Quotation Marks8. Parentheses9. Brackets10. The Dash11. The Slash12. Italics and Underlining重点：The Comma, The Period, The Semicolon, The Colon难点：Quotation MarksⅢ.考试形式及试卷结构一、试卷结构1、名词解释题(Terms Explanations)（本题共5 小题，每小题 2 分，满分 10 分）2、改错题(Sentence Correction )（本题共 10 小题，每小题 2 分，满分20 分）3、主题句查找及非关联句辨识题（Topic Sentences）（本题共 5 小题，每小题 2 分，满分 10 分）4、概要写作题（Summary Writing）（本题共 1 小题，满分20 分）5、写作题（Essay Writing）（本题共 2 小题，满分 40 分）二、考试方式和时间1、考试方式：闭卷考试2、考试时间：120 分钟Ⅳ.参考书目1、《高等学校英语专业四级考试大纲》上海外语教育出版社2004；2、丁往道，《英语写作手册》（第三版），外语教学与研究出版社，2009。
Ⅱ. Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Development by TimeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time. This method is also called chronological sequencing.* The expressions often used in describing chronological relations:now; nowadays when; before; after; while; duringbetween ______ and ______ in _____ (year) since _____later; earlier; formerly; etc. at the turn of the century (decade) etc.in the first half of the century, etc. in the 1900's, etc.at birth; in childhood; in infancy; in adolescence; as an adult; in adulthood; in old age; at deathsimultaneously; simultaneous with; at the same time as; the former; the latter previous; previously; prior tofirst; second; etc.in the first place; in the second place, etc.; to begin with next; then; subsequently; in the next placein conclusion; finally; lastly; in the end2. Development by ProcessWhen you have to explain how something is done,you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important.In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.* The expressions often used in writing process descriptions:occur before at this pointbecome until at the same timehappen while by means ofgrow as through the use oftake place oncebe carried out thenchange into as soon as3. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly. It would only confuse the reader to mention them in a haphazard (随意的) way.* The expressions for describing spatial relationships:wherein which; to which; from which; etc.under; over; inside; beside; on top of; etc. along; through; as far as; etc.north; northern; south; southern; etc.to the left; to the right; to the north; etc.in front; at the back; in the middle; etc.adjacent（邻近的）parallel rectangle（长方形）corresponding to parallel to semicircle（半圆）distance (垂直于) perpendicular to slopemidpoint plane (平面) spaceinterior opposite surfacediagonal (对角线) overlapping (重叠) vertical (垂直的)edge (边缘) pyramid horizontal (水平的)limit (界限) exterior intersection (十字路口、交叉点) 4. Development by Example or GeneralizationSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. An illustration is a case (案例), a specimen (样本), an instance (实例). Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable (难忘的), or convincing. Illustrations may be a single example or a series of examples.* The expressions for making generalizations and giving specific details:for example for instance for one thingto illustrate in one instance in other wordsas follows let me illustrate let me cite as proofin substantiation to substantiate as an illustrationin one instance in this instance as an examplein practice according to statistics according to statistical evidence take ______ for example consider ______ for example generally generally speaking on the wholeall every never alwaysThe following paragraph, which is mainly descriptive, contains many details. It starts with a topic sentence. Then details are given to back up the opening statement. This is the general-to-specific pattern.Another possible arrangement of details (or examples) in a paragraph is from the specific to the general. The details are mentioned first, and the general statement, which may be the topic sentence, comes at the end of the paragraph, summarizing the main idea of the paragraph.Details or examples are usually arranged in climactic (高潮渐进的) order: the least important comes first, followed by others in order of increasing importance. Such a climactic sequence is followed in paragraphs developed not only by details or examples but also by comparison and contrast, by cause and effect, etc.5. Development by Comparison and ContrastBy comparing and contrasting we may get a clearer picture of things.Strictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two or more persons or things of the same class, while a contrast, the differences between them.*The following expressions often used in making comparison and contrast:To Compare:similar to at the same rate as similarly aslike, alike just as likewise in like manner resemble common characteristics, etc.resemblance to be parallel in ______correspond to in the same way correspondinglyalmost the same as both to have ______ in commonTo Contrast:differ from in contrast to however unlikeon the contrary in opposition to otherwise stillon the other hand on the opposite side nevertheless even soless than different from more than although faster than, etc. while buta larger (smaller) percentage than6. Development by Cause and EffectThere are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect.The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.*The following expressions for discussing cause and effect:so consequently accordingly because ofthus therefore for this reason as a resultsince owing to hence becausedue toas as a result of the result of result inso that so ______ that the effect of thanks toout of have an effect on owe ______ to the consequence ofthe cause of the reason for It follows thatnow that seeing that for fear thatsuch ______ that so as _______ to make ______ possible make it possible / impossible for ______ to ______7. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We group things according to their similarities and differences.*The following expressions for classification:main kinds of unimportant insignificant basic kindsmajor kinds of similar dissimilar fundamental significant contradictory important opposingminor contrasting opposite primary, secondaryclassify clearly distinguishable easily distinguisheddivide incontestable differences incontestable similarities kinds types attributes methodsfactors sources categories characteristics parts regions divisions originseras bases times classesqualities aspects classificationsmutually exclusive（互相排斥的）according to ______ with respect to ______ (关于，至于) ______ falls into ______ categories______ can be divided into ______ classes8. Development by DefinitionSometimes, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open to various interpretations.There are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write a paragraph or even an essay.When we give a definition, we should observe certain principles.First, we should avoid circular definitions.Second, we should avoid long lists of synonyms if the term to be defined is an abstract one.Third, we should avoid loaded definitions.The following expressions for definition:to define to explain in definition in explanationin other words to clarify to paraphrase in clarificationby ___ is meantform aspect species characteristicclass method device propertytype condition kind attributecategory9. Development by a Combination of MethodsWe have discussed quite a few methods for developing paragraphs. Sometimes only one of them is used in a paragraph, but often two or three of them are used in the same paragraph. Writers may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in order to present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.ExercisesⅣ. Chronological Order1. Study the following expressions often used in describing chronological relations: now; nowadayswhen; before; after; while; duringbetween ______ and ______in _____ (year)since _____later; earlier; formerly; etc.at the turn of the century (decade) etc.in the first half of the century, etc.in the 1900's, etc.at birth; in childhood; in infancy; in adolescence; as an adult; in adulthood; in old age; at deathsimultaneously; simultaneous with; at the same time as; the former; the latter previous; previously; prior tofirst; second; etc.in the first place; in the second place, etc.; to begin with next; then; subsequently; in the next placein conclusion; finally; lastly; in the end2. Combine the pairs of sentences using one of the following words. In some cases the verb form has to be changed.after; while; before; when(1) Don't talk. She is singing.(2) This form of crime ceased. The law was passed.(3) The man fell asleep in the auditorium. The lecturer spoke about avoiding boring topics.(4) Tom was leaving the room. He brought some water to his sister.(5) The train departed. We reached the station.(6) She fell down. She was getting off the bus.3. Put the following words in the blanks.when; while; as; before; afterFrank was definitely not expecting any visitors to his room that afternoon and indeed he had just begun to snooze in the mild afternoon sunshine ______ someone tapped lightly on the door. ______ Frank could respond to the knock,the handle turned and two children sidled in. ______ the first, a slightly gipsy-looking child wandered over to the window, the other leaned over Frank's desk and placed a large box on the top. There was a short silence, and _____ both children edged towards the door. They said nothing, not a word, and Frank too failed to find his voice; they had gone ______ he could protest. He looked uneasily at the box.4. Arrange the sentences in logical order:Paragraph 1A. The monks looked through the books of the monastery, and these revealed that there bad been a Father Anselm there a hundred years before.B. The monk went back to the monastery and found there a doorkeeper whom he did not know and who did not know him.C. The monk had never heard a lark before, and he stood there entranced until the bird and its song had become part of the heavens.D. Other monks came, and they were all strangers to the monk.E. A monk had wandered into the fields and a lark began to sing.F. The monk told other monks he was Father Anselm, but that was no help.G. Time had been blotted out while the monk listened to the lark.Paragraph 2A. Secure in its island home, the dodo had lost the power of flight since there were no enemies to fly from.B. The goats ate the undergrowth which provided the dodo with cover; dogs and cats hunted and harried the old birds; while pigs grunted their way round the island, eating the eggs and young, and the rats followed behind to finish the feast.C. Man discovered the dodo's paradise in about 1507, and with him came his enemies: dogs, cats, pigs, rats and goats.D. The dodo, the ponderous waddling pigeon, inhabited the island of Mauritius.E. The dodo surveyed these new arrivals with an air of innocent interest.F. By 1681, the fat, ungainly and harmless pigeon was extinct.G. Then the slaughter began.5. Write paragraphs using the following as the topic sentences.(1) I remember the day when I came to this university.(2) ... was an important day in my life.(3) Of all the courses offered in Chinese/English, I like ... best.(4) If I could choose again, I would major in...(5) I would like to work in ... after I graduate.Ⅴ. Process1. Study the following phrases often used in writing process descriptions:occur before at this pointbecome until at the same timehappen while by means ofgrow as through the use oftake place oncebe carried out thenchange into as soon as2. Study the following sentences and put them together to form a paragraph. The paragraph should give a precise description of what is involved in the marking of examination papers in foreign language examinations in Britain.(1) Problem papers are marked and returned to the chief examiner for remarking.(2) It is not customary in Britain to be informed of an examination result sooner than about two months from the time the examination was taken.(3) After the paper has been completed by the candidate, it is collected in by the invigilator.(4) The papers are marked initially by a single examiner, working with clear, predetermined marking guidelines.(5) In order to sample the marking the chief examiner selects a percentage of the papers from all examiners and marks them himself, or has them marked by a second marker.(6) The papers are then sent by recorded delivery to the chief examiner, who redistributes them for marking.(7) The invigilator bundles the papers together and places them, counted and labelled, in an envelope.3. Write a paragraph using the points listed below and linking them with expressions often used in process description.Topic sentence: Mother makes loaves of bread in the traditional way.mix flour / knead it into dough in a big bowl / set the dough in front of the fire to "rise" / divide the "risen" dough up into four parts / put the parts into bread tins / "prog" the top of the loaves in an interesting pattern with a kitchen fork / leave them in front of the fire for a while longer / put them into the oven4. Write paragraphs to describe precisely how the following things are done:(1) How people are admitted to hospital.(2) How to make jiao-zi.(3) How to borrow a book from the library.(4) How to prepare a New Year's Eve party.(5) How to take a train at the Beijing Railway Station.Ⅵ. Space1. Study the following expressions for describing spacial relationships: wherein which; to which; from which; etc.under; over; inside; beside; on top of; etc.along; through; as far as; etc.north; northern; south; southern; etc.to the left; to the right; to the north; etc.at the back; in front; in the middle; etc.adjacent parallel rectanglecorresponding to parallel to semicircledistance perpendicular to slopemidpoint plane spaceinterior opposite surfacediagonal overlapping verticaledge pyramid horizontallimit exteriorintersection2. Write a description of Tiananmen Square using the following expressions: the Golden Water Bridgethe cloud pillarthe reviewing standthe Monument to the People's Heroesthe marble basrelief"The People's Heroes Are Immortal"Chairman Mao Memorial Hallthe Museum of Chinese Historythe Great Hall of the People3. Here is the plan of a small garden on campus:图：____________________| | H | E ||__F_| [B] |_____//||______\ \____//_|| G |_C__| G [D] ||_____|_A__|________|A: GateB: PavilionC: PathD: PondE: Flower bedF: WoodG: LawnsH: Stone benchesWrite a description of the garden, making sure that you give the reader a clear idea of what is in the garden, where things are in relation to each other, and what the garden is like generally.4. Here is a bedroom:图：有一张床，床上有棉被，叠得很整齐，靠窗的位置有一张书桌，书桌旁有一个衣柜，房中间位置有一张长的沙发。
