实验一金属拉伸试验2之令狐文艳创作

实验1 拉伸试验1． 实验目的（1）观察拉伸过程中的各种现象（屈服、强化、缩颈、断裂）。

（2）测定低碳钢的下屈服强度R eL 、抗拉强度R m 、延伸率A 和断面收缩率Z 。

（3）测定铸铁的抗拉强度R m 。

(4）了解拉伸试验机的主要结构及使用方法。

2．实验设备、仪器拉伸试验机（见图1-17）、游标卡尺。

3．试件按GB ／T 228-2002的相关规定选用如图1-18所示的圆形标准试件。

本次实验试件的直径取d=10mm ，标距长度取L 0=50mm 。

4．实验步骤1）试件准备 将加工好的试件，用刻划机将标距L 0按每隔10mm 刻划成5格（铸铁试件不刻）。

图1-16拉伸试验机2）测量试件原始尺寸 用游标卡尺测量标距两端及中间（图示中的工、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）。

三个截面处的直径d 和标距L 0的实际长度，将此值填入表1-6。

3）试验机调整 根据试件所用材料的抗拉强度理论值和横截面面积S ，预估试件的最大载荷。

根据预估值，按试验机说明书进行调整。

4）安装试件 先将试件装夹在试验机的上夹头内，调整下夹头至适当位置，夹紧试件下端，调整好自动绘图装置。

图1-18拉伸试样5）加载测试 开动试验机，使之缓慢匀速加载。

6）观察与记录 注意观察力-伸长曲线，如图1-19所示。

曲线上e 点以前的正比斜线为弹性变形阶段（试件初始受力时，头部在夹槽内有较大的滑动，故伸长曲线起始段为曲线）。

这一阶段曲线应做匀速缓慢转动。

当曲线不上升或上下波动时，说明材料出现“屈服”，此时曲线上的最低点值即为下屈服载荷F eL ，将此值填入表1-6。

屈服现象结束后，曲线继续上升（上升速度由快变慢），此时进入强化阶段。

曲线到达最高点b 点时曲线不再继续上升，此时数值即为最大载荷F m 。

此时注意观察开始出现“缩颈”，截面迅速减小曲线开始下降，直至z点断裂为止，bz 阶段即为缩颈阶段。

7）测量试件最终尺寸 停机取下试件，将断裂试件的两端对齐，用游标卡尺测量断裂后标距段的长度L u ；测量左、右两断口（缩颈）处的直径d u 。

拉伸试验1．实验目的了解微机控制电液伺服万能试验机的主参数、技术要求、认识其组成部件及各部件的功能。

掌握伺服拉力试验机微机测控软件的各个功能及操作方法。

熟悉试验操作程序及试验注意事项。

注意观察试样在拉伸过程中所发生的变形及载荷变化情况，完成对材料屈服强度、抗拉强度、断面收缩率、断后伸长率等指标的测定。

2．实验设备和试样选择2．1 万能材料试验机微机控制电液伺服万能试验机，主机为两立柱、双丝杠的框架架构，测控软件全程跟踪、记录、显示多种力学性能曲线，可轻松实现力学性能曲线之间的切换，可自动生成常见的力学性能指标。

2．2 游标卡尺主要用来检验试样断前尺寸及测量试样断后标距长度及缩颈处直径。

2．3 螺旋测微器主要用来测定施力前试样直径。

2．4 两脚标规主要用于给试样冲眼。

2．5 50YYU引伸计25/主要用于引伸计装卡及测量变形。

2．6 橡皮筋主要用于固定试件于引伸计之上。

2．7 铁丝钩主要用于挑开橡皮筋。

2．8 手钳主要用于从拉伸机钳口取下断裂试件。

2．9 样坯制备本实验采用经机加工横截面为圆形的带头比例试样，本次试验采用A5.0试样。

9.2 断裂试样拼接图图13． 实验方法和步骤本实验主要测定力学性能指标有最大力、规定非比例延伸力、规定总延伸力、弹性模量、抗拉强度、规定非比例延伸强度、规定总延伸强度、屈强比、断后伸长率、断面收缩率。

试验之前应将试件表面油污擦拭干净，是否达到工艺要求，确保试件工作部分均匀分布于V 形槽内。

试件冲眼后，用螺旋测微器在标距端外侧以及中间位置分别在水平和垂直方向各测量一次直径并求其算术平均值，选取三者当中所测横截面积最小者作为试样的原始截面积，横截面积按公式()13-计算。

20041d S π= ()13-式中：0d —圆形试样平行长度部分的原始直径，mm ；0S —圆形试样平行长度部分的原始截面积，2mm ；表()13- 原始截面积()0S 的测定所用量具或测量装置的分辨力 mm试样截面尺寸 分辨力不大于5.0~1.0001.0 0.2~5.0005.0 0.10~0.201.0 0.10>05.0试验速度应根据材料性质和试验目的确定，除有关标准或协议另作规定外，拉伸速度应符合下述要求，测定规定非比例伸长应力、规定残余伸长应力和规定总伸长应力时， 弹性范围内的速率应符合下表规定，并保持试验机控制器固定于这一速率位置上，直至该性能测出为止。

《红楼梦》章回赏析（第1—5回）令狐文艳一. 填空题1.甄士隐在梦幻中从僧人那儿接了美玉来看，那美玉上镌着四个字：。

这美玉即是女娲炼石补天时弃而未用的石头，被那僧道幻化成美玉带入红尘中历劫。

后来发现石头上面有一首偈诗，其中前两句是：，。

2. 女娲炼石补天所遗灵石在大荒山，是、把石头带入红尘的。

3. 曾灌溉过一棵，此仙草幻化成形，承诺要用一生的眼泪还他的灌溉之恩。

4. 黛玉进贾府，看到贾府处处与其他家不同，因此“步步，时时，不肯轻易多说一句话，多行一步路”，这反映了黛玉，心地孤傲，小心谨慎的心理。

5. 金陵十二钗（正册）中的人物姓名：林黛玉、薛宝钗、贾元春、贾探春、史湘云、贾迎春、贾惜春、王熙凤、贾巧姐、李纨和。

6. 贾雨村一到任上，就遇到一件人命官司，金陵一霸，为争买被拐的，纵容家奴打死了冯渊。

贾雨村从门子处拿到一张“”，得悉其中利害，便徇情枉法，胡乱断了此案。

二. 选择题1. 下列各项中对作品故事情节的表述，不正确的两项是（）A. 甄士隐的女儿英莲在元宵看社火灯花时走失，三月十五葫芦庙着火把隔壁的甄家烧成一片瓦砾。

甄士隐从此渐渐露出下世的光景。

疯跛道人吟唱了《好了歌》，甄士隐未能彻悟，道人又作《好了歌》解注，甄士隐听后便随疯跛道人出家去了。

B. 林如海之祖曾袭过列侯，到林如海已是科第出身。

着林家支庶不盛，子孙有限。

林如海年已四十，原有一个三岁之子，偏又死了，膝下只有嫡妻贾敏所生的女儿林黛玉，年方五岁。

夫妻无子爱之如珍宝，又见她聪明清秀，便延聘教师让她读书识字。

C. 荣宁两府的宁国公和荣国公是一母同胞的兄弟，宁国公居长，他的儿子是贾代化，孙子贾敬，贾珠是贾敬之子，贾兰是贾珠之子；荣国公的儿子是贾代善，其妻贾母是金陵世勋史侯家小姐，他的孙子有贾赦、贾政，而贾琏是贾赦之子，贾宝玉和贾环是贾政之子。

D. 赤瑕宫神瑛侍者以甘露之水浇灌西方灵河岸上三生石畔行将枯萎的绛珠草，使其“得延岁月”，修成女形。

神瑛侍者欲下世为人，绛珠草感念他的恩惠，发誓用一生的眼泪来偿还他，跟随他下凡历劫，这就是所谓的“木石前盟”“眼泪还债”。

蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案（含quotations）令狐文艳Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations① No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island isisolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land.②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic.③Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplace things as if they were extremely serious.Reference answers to the exercisesReading One:Check your comprehension1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1.Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief thatthe “win or lose”model does not work when two sides try to reach an agreement.e positive statements surrounding ideas that arenegative.3.You can often successfully resolve differences ifyou try this collaborative approach.Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtlessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severeConfronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchaseReading fourCheck your comprehension1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1.How often does this seriously affect people’scommunication and make them fail in building good relationships?2.Every time parents and children disagree with eachother, specialists often explain that “generation gap” is the reason.3.We are not sure whether the term is an acceptableexplanation because the word “generation” is used, but the other word “gap”can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions.4.Specialists in communication immediately challengethis belief and view it in a different way.5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener canthink.6.Because they have free time to spend by themselves,the listeners probably think of other things and no longer concentrate.7.As people’s interests vary, when the topic does notattract them, the listeners stop listening.8.If the speaker does not give a good impressionbecause of his looks or other matters, the listener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says.Check your vocabulary A1.give rise to2.arise from3.imply4.facilitate5.sound6.carry away7.gesture8.exercise9.tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solutionPost-readingA.Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learnedfrom her father how to listen to other’s criticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career.B.1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations① Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.②Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to develop a love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin)Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your compression A1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1.to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their ownlives2.primitive/ simple/ tribal way3.become adults4.frustrated, rebellious, restless5.became/ were furious6.the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked outReading twoCheck your comprehension B1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1.One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her legso that another one running by is launched like a space shuttle.2.Several children run to the same door, grab the samehandle, and beat each other up, ignoring the fact that there are other doors available.3.In restaurants, small children cast their bread onthe water in the glasses the waiter has just brought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5.They yell at each other with one sticking his/herfoot inside the door and waving it around, and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door. Check your vocabulary A1.You have decided to give up the joys of producingcopies of some great art pieces at your own ease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2.“Well,”I said, searching deep inside myself togive a paternal suggestion, “The best way is to close your door.”]3.And we decided to have children not for the reasonof making my wife look older.4.We did not plan to lose the days when we wentshopping after enjoying a comfortable brunch together on fine Saturdays.Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewardingReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations① Beauty more than bitterness makes the heartbreak.(Sara TeasdaleBeauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beautyat the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.②There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon)Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning) Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 –12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Reference answers to the exercisesReading oneCheck your comprehension1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1.Some people prefer black hair, but other people likebrown hair more.2.You have been so greatly influenced by theenvironment you are in that you tend to look at beauty that way.3.Women’s magazines, advertisements and the media allfocus their topics on appearance and looks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4.The image you form about yourself may be veryinaccurate.5.Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow the model ofany particular individual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1.They were 202 primary school students, most of themaged eight and nine.2.Children as young as seven were unhappy with theirbodies and nearly one-in-three girls and boys wanted to thinner.3.It was “worrying that a number of the children havethese sorts of beliefs and attitudes,”and that there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which “is usually a lot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more severe,” though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4.Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that anybody shape was acceptable and they should be proud of their body.5.He felt sad and guilty as a professional on theeating disorder research program.Check your comprehension B1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onsetReading threeCheck your comprehension A1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from;normality; hailedPost-readingB. 1-5 CACCDUnit four① Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.②A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement)A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author)When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension1.By sleeping in total darkness during the day andworking under bright lights that simulate sunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2.It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release ofendorphins—chemicals that act as natural pain relieves.3.No.4.We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5.We should refrain from a) eating too late in theevening; b) eating heavy or spicy food in the evening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6.The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a)feeling groggy; b) insomnia getting worse; c) developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills.7.Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causesnumerous short awakenings and may but unrepressed toward morning.8.We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take ahot bath or try relaxation techniques, such asmeditation or yoga.9.Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset ourbiological clocks and make our sleep problems worse.10.We should stay in bed because we would still getsome rest that way.Check your vocabulary1.Because exercise can relax muscles and increase therelease of endorphins, which are chemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2.There are no special foods to help you sleep, butyou can have a regular timetable for your meals, just like a regular sleep timetable. A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clock running smoothly.3.Your body can also become used to the pills, andafter a while they are no longer effective and you need larger doses or stronger drugs.4.Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causesnumerous short awakenings and, once its calming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5.The researches used bright light which is as strongas natural sunlight just after dawn (at least 100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’ body clocks by as much as 12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehensionFTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion;8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6. reconstruct;7. anxious;8. guilt; 9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random; 12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension ATFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5.folkloric; 6. depressed; 7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA.Getting to sleep at night and waking up in themorning are two perennial problems for humanbeings, who do not always regard sleep as veryimportant. The importance we attach to sleep iscorrelated with what kind of beds we use forsleep and how highly we rate beds in our life.B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations① The physical dimension involves caring effectivelyfor our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest and relaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey)The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kindof food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.②Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard)When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie) Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension ATFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.While many people in China and Chinatowns in otherparts of the world have already known a lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the level of knowledge aboutTai Chi from different perspectives.2.You can learn Tai Chi by following an instructionbook or attending a Tai Chi class. Either way the aim is to practice it in accordance with your physical health.3.Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. Ifpains is experienced, it means you are overdoing it and getting nothing.4.You may need to practice Tai Chi for several monthsbefore you can feel the effects it may bring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5.For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solutionto all health problems.6.Though young people might prefer athletic activitiesthat are more physically demanding, they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension1.d;2.b;3. d;4. a;5. c;6.dCheck your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest;8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1.I thought I could not be affected by the gradualweakening of the body that other people seemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2.Your body is till in very good condition consideringthe fact that you are elderly. I hope doctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3.Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly,walking only two street blocks took me an hour.4.Once again I can compete with younger players. Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BTTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film; 8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension AFTTFFTCheck your vocabulary A1. quantify;2. to date;3. subsequent;4. exposure;5. promptly;6. conceivable;7. precaution;8. preliminary;9.boutCheck your vocabulary B1.Previousstudies suggested that patients who had beengiven medial treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. But these studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2.It is shown in the findings that people with priorskin cancers are at much greater risk than researchers have thought.3.The researcher team followed every participant andtrailed each case of new skin cancer that developed fro a continuation of five years.4.When exposed to the sun, people who easily getsunburned were at a greater risk of getting another nonmelanoma skin cancer.5.The older you are, the more likely you will beaffected by skin cancers. That’s because the amount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.True friendship is like good health. We often do notappreciate its existence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our mindseasily and quickly, but establishing a true friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3.If you want to succeed in gaining the support andloyalty of a man with his dedication to your goal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension A.FTTFFTCheck your vocabularyFriendship does not rely on judgment. You may feelthe goodness in a friend, but the goodness was acknowledged after you had made friends with him.2.If you only want those who possess good qualities tobe your friends because you have good qualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3.So if one knows what friendship really means, hewould never put an end to it only because his friend happens to be lacking respectability in character. 4.We should remain humble before friendship and lovebecause we are granted this free gift. We should feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5.Our judgments and penalties have to be part of ourlife as we pay men and dress them in the court suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension AFFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were going about;9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunkedCheck your vocabulary C1.So I never said anything to show my unwillingness ofgoing to the boarding school, though all my senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2.I got to know later that the school’s counselor hadasked my mother to leave unnoticed without saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3.Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling ofmissing our dead parents, but also the fact that they were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4.The only thing we can complain about is that Carneysare too good to us and some of you are making use of their goodness.Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys.Many boys are angry at your act of flattery.6.It was a place where the restraints and the outwardaggressive appearance of being unwilling to compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7.Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself ofthe burden I could no longer carry in mind.8.But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fatherswith us, and we even didn’t keep one in our rooms.Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BFFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup; 8.retrieved; 9. dampened; 10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehensionTFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted;8. hangs out;9. rush; 10. in advancePost-readingB.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1.Culture is not only the positive result ofmeaningful education, but also the results of people’s feeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2.Culture is not only reflected in books andarchitectures, but also in our clothing, gestures as head movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3.People are tending to be satisfied with the mostordinary things around them; they mark few impressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought todo at least one thing, such as hearing a little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a few reasonable words.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your comprehension BFFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurture Reading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension AFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him toreturn home.2.The student was brought in front of the blackboardto account for his behavior.Although they are brothers, they have little incommon.4.When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt tothe rapid pace of change.5.They felt puzzled when they were doing the project,because the principles were alien to them.pared with other women of her age, she was indeedluckier.Reading Four1.She would accompany us across the seven long, hillyblocks and put us before the serious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2.Very often I tried to avoid being connected to myannoying, loud grandmother who followed after me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown.3.He treated my mother severely and unkindly and veryoften criticized her substandard English, which was mixed with Chinese.4.When he made a mistake in English, he would blameher for it.Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.The language ability is the only humancharacteristic that makes a human being different from other forms of life.2.If all other things remain equal, every human brainhas the same structure that can react to any factors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.nguage is not the work of the intellectuals ordictionary-makers. Rather, it is the product of generations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your vocabulary1.The international languages for pilots and airtraffic controllers, airspeak, and for for policemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2.Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and popmusic, many new learners of English have already learned some English.3.Some countries think that the use of English candamage or call into question their identity as people or nation.4.For people with different first language, English,as a second language, has enabled them to communicate with eachother without difficulty. Reading TwoCheck your comprehension BTTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A.1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B。

金属材料的拉伸实验报告一、实验目的。

本实验旨在通过对金属材料进行拉伸实验，了解金属材料在受力作用下的力学性能，探究金属材料的拉伸性能参数，为工程设计和材料选用提供参考依据。

二、实验原理。

金属材料在拉伸过程中，受到外力作用下会发生形变，通过拉伸试验可以得到金属材料的应力-应变曲线。

应力-应变曲线的斜率即为材料的弹性模量，而应力-应变曲线的最大点即为材料的屈服强度，最大点后的应力下降即为材料的延展性能。

三、实验步骤。

1. 将金属试样固定在拉伸试验机上，对试样施加拉伸力。

2. 记录拉伸试验机上的拉伸力和试样的伸长量。

3. 根据拉伸力和伸长量计算金属材料的应力和应变。

4. 绘制应力-应变曲线，并得到材料的弹性模量、屈服强度和延展性能参数。

四、实验数据和结果分析。

通过实验得到金属材料的应力-应变曲线如下图所示：[插入应力-应变曲线图]根据实验数据计算得到金属材料的弹性模量为XXX，屈服强度为XXX，延展性能为XXX。

五、实验结论。

通过本次拉伸实验，我们得到了金属材料的力学性能参数，这些参数对于工程设计和材料选用具有重要意义。

在实际应用中，我们可以根据金属材料的弹性模量、屈服强度和延展性能来选择合适的材料，以确保工程结构的安全可靠性。

六、实验总结。

本次实验通过拉伸试验，探究了金属材料的力学性能，得到了金属材料的应力-应变曲线和相关参数。

同时，我们也深刻认识到了金属材料在受力作用下的变形规律，对于进一步研究金属材料的力学性能具有重要意义。

七、参考文献。

[1] XXX. 金属材料力学性能测试与分析[M]. 北京，科学出版社，2008.[2] XXX. 金属材料力学性能测试方法与应用[M]. 上海，上海科学技术出版社，2010.以上是本次金属材料的拉伸实验报告，谢谢阅读。

金属拉伸破坏实验报告作者姓名：张三日期：2021年7月1日实验目的本实验旨在通过拉伸实验对一种金属材料的力学性质进行研究，具体包括材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率等指标的测定，以了解该材料的力学性能和其在工程中的应用潜力。

实验装置与材料1. 金属拉伸试验机2. 金属标准样品3. 金属卡尺4. 电子测量仪器（万用表等）实验步骤1. 准备金属标准样品，并进行尺寸测量，确定其初始长度L_0和横截面积A_0。

2. 将样品固定在拉伸试验机上，并调整试验机的参数，如加载速度、采样频率等。

3. 开始拉伸试验，逐渐增加加载力，同步记录加载力及样品的位移和变形情况。

4. 当样品出现明显塑性变形并断裂时，停止加载，记录此时的加载力为破坏力F_f。

5. 移除样品，并再次进行尺寸测量，确定断裂前的最大长度L_f。

6. 根据实验数据计算得出样品的屈服强度\sigma_y、抗拉强度\sigma_u和伸长率EL。

实验结果与分析通过实验测量，得到金属标准样品的尺寸参数如下：- 初始长度L_0=50 mm- 横截面积A_0=10 mm^2在拉伸试验过程中，记录了加载力和样品的位移随时间的变化情况，如图1所示。

根据实验数据计算得到以下结果：- 最大断裂力F_f=5000 N- 断裂前最大长度L_f=80 mm根据上述数据计算得到样品的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率如下：- 屈服强度\sigma_y=\frac{F_f}{A_0}=500 MPa- 抗拉强度\sigma_u=\frac{F_f}{A_0}=500 MPa- 伸长率EL=\frac{L_f-L_0}{L_0}=\frac{80-50}{50}=60\%根据实验结果分析，该金属材料具有较高的屈服强度和抗拉强度，且伸长率较高，表明该材料在正常工程应用中具备较好的延展性和承载能力。

此外，通过分析拉伸试验数据发现，在载荷作用下，金属样品出现了明显的塑性变形，并最终发生断裂，这说明该材料在受力时具有一定的可塑性。

金属材料的拉伸实验报告金属材料的拉伸实验报告引言：金属材料是我们日常生活中经常接触到的一种材料，它具有优良的导电性、导热性和可塑性等特点，广泛应用于建筑、交通、电子等领域。

为了了解金属材料的力学性能，我们进行了拉伸实验。

本实验旨在通过拉伸试验，研究金属材料的拉伸性能及其变形行为。

实验目的：1. 了解金属材料的拉伸性能；2. 掌握金属材料的变形行为；3. 分析金属材料的断裂形态。

实验装置：1. 拉伸试验机：用于对金属材料进行拉伸实验，测量材料的应力-应变曲线；2. 金属试样：选择不同材质的金属试样，如铁、铝、铜等；3. 夹具：用于将金属试样固定在拉伸试验机上。

实验步骤：1. 准备工作：选择合适的金属试样，并对其进行清洁和测量，记录试样的初始尺寸；2. 安装试样：将试样固定在拉伸试验机上，确保试样的两端与夹具紧密连接；3. 开始拉伸：通过拉伸试验机施加力，逐渐增加载荷，使试样发生塑性变形；4. 记录数据：在拉伸过程中，记录试样的载荷和变形数据；5. 终止拉伸：当试样出现明显的颈缩现象或断裂时，停止拉伸；6. 分析数据：根据记录的数据，绘制应力-应变曲线，并分析试样的拉伸性能和断裂形态。

实验结果：通过拉伸试验，我们得到了金属材料的应力-应变曲线。

在拉伸过程中，随着载荷的增加，试样开始发生塑性变形，应变逐渐增加，而应力也随之增大。

当试样达到最大载荷时，出现明显的颈缩现象，试样开始局部断裂。

最终，试样完全断裂，形成两个断裂面。

根据应力-应变曲线和断裂形态，我们可以评估金属材料的拉伸性能和抗拉强度。

讨论与分析：1. 强度分析：根据应力-应变曲线，我们可以得到金属材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度等参数。

这些参数反映了金属材料的强度和韧性。

比较不同材质的金属试样，可以发现它们的强度和韧性存在差异，这与其化学成分和晶体结构有关。

2. 变形行为：通过观察试样的断裂形态，我们可以了解金属材料的变形行为。

例如，出现明显的颈缩现象说明金属材料在拉伸过程中发生了局部变形，并且在该区域发生了应力集中，导致断裂。

试验一 金属材料的拉伸与压缩试验1.1概 述拉伸实验是材料力学实验中最重要的实验之一。

任何一种材料受力后都要产生变形，变形到一定程度就可能发生断裂破坏。

材料在受力——变形——断裂的这一破坏过程中，不仅有一定的变形能力，而且对变形和断裂有一定的抵抗能力，这些能力称为材料的力学机械性能。

通过拉伸实验，可以确定材料的许多重要而又最基本的力学机械性能。

例如：弹性模量E 、比例极限R p 、上和下屈服强度R eH 和R eL 、强度极限R m 、延伸率A 、收缩率Z 。

除此而外，通过拉伸实验的结果，往往还可以大致判定某种其它机械性能，如硬度等。

我们以两种材料——低碳钢，铸铁做拉伸试验，以便对于塑性材料和脆性材料的力学机械性能进行比较。

这个实验是研究材料在静载和常温条件下的拉断过程。

利用电子万能材料试验机自动绘出的载荷——变形图，及试验前后试件的尺寸来确定其机械性能。

试件的形式和尺寸对实验的结果有很大影响，就是同一材料由于试件的计算长度不同，其延伸率变动的范围就很大。

例如：对45#钢：当L 0＝10d 0时（L 0为试件计算长度，d 0为直径），延伸率A 10＝24~29%，当L 0＝5d 0时，A 5＝23~25%。

为了能够准确的比较材料的性质，对拉伸试件的尺寸有一定的标准规定。

按国标GB/T228-2002、GB/P7314-1987的要求，拉伸试件一般采用下面两种形式：图1.11. 10倍试件；圆形截面时，L 0＝10d 0 矩形截面时，L 0＝11.30S2. 5倍试件圆形截面时，L 0＝5d 矩形截面时, L 0＝5.65S =45Sd 0——试验前试件计算部分的直径； S 0——试验前试件计算部分断面面积。

此外，试件的表面要求一定的光洁度。

光洁度对屈服点有影响。

因此，试件表面不应有刻痕、切口、翘曲及淬火裂纹痕迹等。

1.2拉伸实验一、实验目的：1．研究低碳钢、铸铁的应力——应变曲线拉伸图。

2．确定低碳钢在拉伸时的机械性能（比例极限R p 、下屈服强度R eL 、强度极限R m 、延伸率A 、断面收缩率Z 等等）。