译文标题精密机械加工工艺
原文标题Precision Machining Technology
作者Peter J. Hoffman 译名彼得·J·霍夫
曼
国籍美国
原文出处Cengage Learning
译文：
在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等的作用，为了保证在
这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致
发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。
一、夹紧装置的组成
夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。
1 ．动力装置
夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。能产生力的装置称为夹
具的动力装置。常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人力，所以它没有动
力装置。
2 ．夹紧部分
接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下列机
构组成：
1 ）接受原始作用力的机构。如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构等。
2）中间递力机构。如铰链、杠杆等。
3 ）夹紧元件。如各种螺钉压板等。
其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变
作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。
二、夹紧装置的基本要求
在不破坏工件定位精度，并保证加工质量的前提下，应尽量使夹紧装置做到：1．夹紧力的大小适当。既要保证工件在整个加工过程中其位置稳定不变、振动小，又要使工件不产生过大的夹紧变形。
2 ．工艺性好。夹紧装置的复杂程度应与生产纲领相适应，在保证生产效率的
前提下，其结构应力求简单，便于制造和维修。
3 ．使用性好。夹紧装置的操作应当方便、安全、省力。
三、基本夹紧机构
原始作用力转化为夹紧力是通过夹紧机构来实现的。在众多的夹紧机构中以斜
楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它们组合而成的夹紧机构应用最为普遍。
（一）紧机构 采用斜传力元紧元紧机斜楔 机构。 直接采用，斜楔条件是：斜楔的升角小于斜楔与工 件、斜 具的摩擦角之和。 即： 1 2 可靠机构一般取 6 ~ 8 斜楔不需，可取 15 ~ 35 。 紧单，增力比大性能好等特点，得用。 （二）紧机构 采用螺杆传力元紧紧机构。由 可靠、通用性好，而且由于螺旋升角小，紧机构性能紧 紧行大，夹具上用得最多的1单紧机构单的紧机构由于直接紧工件， 易使工伤动工。因此部块。由于 与的摩擦力矩块间摩擦力块不会一起转 动作慢、工件个紧机构的另一个缺一缺 点，可采用紧机构。 2 ．紧机构 紧机构中，板的使用非常普遍的板构尺 寸准计者可参考有关计 （三）紧机构 用偏心件直紧工件的机构，紧机构。 偏心件有两种形式， 偏心偏心，其偏心机单、制造容易而得到用。 紧加工操作方紧迅速，缺紧紧行程都小。一般用于 切削力不大小、没有离心力影响的加工中。 1的工作原理 2紧行程及工作段 3 ．条件 max 1 2 得： f1 ≥ 2e ／D 当 f = 0， e ／D ≥20 当 f = 0.，e ／D ≥14 四、紧机构 当工件被加工面以中心要线、中心平面工序 使基准重合以减少差，需采用紧机构。 紧机构具有定紧两种功能，如床的三爪自定最 常用的例。 紧机构按其定心作用原理有型，一种是动机构使紧 共第 2 页
元件等速移动，从而实现定心夹紧，如螺旋式、杠杆式、楔式机构等；另一种是
利用薄壁弹性元件受力后产生均匀的弹性变形（收缩或扩张），来实现定心夹紧，如弹簧筒夹、膜片卡盘、波纹套、液性塑料等。
1 ．螺旋式定心夹紧机构
螺杆两端的螺纹旋向相反，螺距相同。当其旋转时，使两个V 形钳口作对向等速移动，从而实现对工件的定心夹紧或松开。V 形钳口可按工件不同形状进行
更换。
这种定心夹紧机构的特点是：结构简单、工作行程大、通用性好，但定心精度
不高，主要适用于粗加工或半精加工中需要行程大而定心精度要求不高的场合。
2 ．杠杆式定心夹紧机构
杠杆式三爪自定心卡盘中，滑套作轴向移动时，圆周均布的三个钩形杠杆便绕
轴转动，拨动三个滑块沿径向移动，从而带动其上卡爪将工件定心并夹紧或松开。
这种定心夹紧机构具有刚性大、动作快、增力倍数大、工作行程也比较大等特
点，但其定心精度较低。一般为0.1mm 左右，它主要用于工件的粗加工。由于杠
杆机构不能自锁，所以这种机构自锁要靠气压或其它机构。
3 ．楔式定心夹紧机构机动的楔式夹爪自动定心机构中，当工件以内孔及左端
面在夹具上定位后，汽缸通过拉杆使六个夹爪左移，由于本体上斜面的作用，夹爪左移的同时向外胀开，将工件定心夹紧；反之，夹爪右移时，在弹簧卡圈的作
用下使夹爪收拢，将工件松开。
这种定心夹紧机构的结构紧凑，定心精度一般可达0.02mm0.07mm，比较适用
于工件内孔作定位基面的半精加工工序。
4 ．弹簧筒夹式定心夹紧机构
这种定心夹紧机构常用于安装轴套类工件。
弹性定心夹紧机构的结构简单、体积小、操作方便迅速，因而应用十分广泛。
其定心精度可稳定在0.04mm0.010mm之间。除上述介绍的定心夹紧机构外，常用
的还有膜片卡盘机构、波纹套定心夹紧机构以及液性塑料夹紧机构等。
夹具是机械加工中不可缺少的部件，在机床技术向高速、高效、精密、复合、
智能、环保方向发展的带动下，夹具技术正朝着高精、高效、模块、组合、通用、
经济方向发展。
一、高精随着机床加工精度的提高，为了降低定位误差，提高加工精度对夹
具的制造精度要求更高高精度夹具的定位孔距精度高达0.5 m，夹具支撑面的垂
直度达0.01mm/300m，m平行度高达0.01mm/500mm。瑞士EROW柔A性夹具的重复定
位精度高达2~5 微米。机床夹具的精度已提高到微米级，世界知名的夹具制造公
司都是精密机械制造企业。为了适应不同行业的需求和经济性，夹具有不同的型
号以及不同档次的精度标准供选择。
二、高效为了提高机床的生产效率，双面、四面和多件装夹的夹具产品越来
越多。为了减少工件的安装时间，各种自动定心夹紧、精密平口钳、杠杆夹紧、
凸轮夹紧、气动和液压夹紧等，快速夹紧功能部件不断的推陈出新。新型的电控
永磁夹具，夹紧和松开工件只用1、2 秒，夹具结构简化，为机床进行多工位、多面和多件加工创造了条件。采用美国杰金斯公司的球锁装夹系统， 1 分钟内就能将夹具定位和锁紧在机床工作台上，球锁装夹系统用于柔性生产线上更换夹具，起
到缩短停机时间，提高生产效率的作用。
三、模块组合夹具元件模块化是实现组合化的基础。利用模块化设计的系列化、标准化夹具元件，快速组装成各种夹具，已成为夹具技术开发的基点。省工、
省时、节材、节能，体现在各种先进夹具系统的创新之中。模块化设计为夹具的
计算机辅助设计与组装打下了基础。应用CAD技术，可建立元件库、典型夹具库、标准和用户使用档案库，进行夹具优化设计，为用户三维实体组装夹具。模拟仿
真刀具的切削过程，既能为用户提供正确、合理的夹具与元件配套方案，又能积
累使用经验，了解市场需求，不断的改进和完善夹具系统。
四、通用经济夹具的通用性直接影响其经济性。采用模块、组合式的夹具系统，一次性投资比较大，只有夹具系统的可重组性、可重构性及可扩展性功能强，
应用范围广，通用性好，夹具利用率高，收回投资快，才能体现出经济性好。
原文：
In the machining process the work piece by the cutting force, centrifugal force, inertia force, such as the role of, in order to ensure that these external force, the workpiece can remain in the fixture by the positioning of the processing to determine the location of components, and should be no vibration or displacement, fixture structure should be set up reliable work piece clamping device folder will be in prison. First, the composition of clamping devices
Many different types of clamping devices, but their structures are composedof two parts.
1. Power plant The source of clamping force, one human; second is generated by a power device.The device can generate power as the power unit fixture. Commonly used in power plant are: pneumatic devices hydraulic devices electrical devices electromagnetic devices gas - liquid interaction devices and vacuum devices. Fixture as a result of manual clamping force from the human so it does not power plants.
2. Clamping part
Receive and impart into the original clamping force to clamp the task force and part of the implementation of the general composition of the following agencies:
1) to accept the original force of bodies. Such as handles nuts and used to connect the institutions such as cylinder piston rod.
2) Force the middle of delivery. Such as hinges levers and so on.
3) Clamping components. Such as plate such as screws.
Force delivery of them in the middle of the original transmission of force to the process of clamping devices can play such as changes in the direction of force to change the size of forces as well as the role of self-locking and so on.
Second the basic requirements for clamping device
Without damaging the work piece positioning accuracy and quality assurance process under the premise of clamping devices should be enabled to:
1. The size of the appropriate clamping force. It is necessary to ensure that the work piece in the whole process of its stable position vibration small but also so that the work piece does not produce excessive clamping deformation.
2. Technology is good. The complexity of the clamping device should be suited to the production of the Program to ensure production efficiency its structure should be kept simple easy to manufacture and maintenance.
3. Good use. The operation of clamping device should be convenient safe and labor-saving.
Third the basic Clamp
The original force into a clamping force through the clamping body to achieve.Among the many institutions in the clamping wedge oblique spiral and by their eccentric combination of the most common application of clamping.
(A) Wedge Clamp
Wedge used as components or transmission of the clamping device clamping body known as the Wedge Clamp.
Wedge clamping directly the oblique wedge of the self-locking conditions are:Wedge angle smaller than the work piece Wedge Wedge and folders between the concrete and the friction angle.
Namely: a f1+f2
In order to ensure a reliable self-locking manual clamping generally take a =6 ~ 8 °. Using pneumatic or hydraulic device drivers do not need the self-locking oblique wedge it
is desirable to a =15 ~35 .°°
Wedge clamp is simple in structure than by large self-locking features such as performance it is widely available.
(B) Helical Clamp
Used as intermediate screw transmission components are collectively referred to as the clamping screw clamping body organs. Because of its simple structure reliable clamping common good and as a result of the small helix angle spiral of self-locking clamping body good clamping force and the clamping itinerary are larger fixture on manual with the most
a clamping body.
1. Simple screw clamp body
The simplest spiral as a result of the direct use of clamping bodies pressed workpiece screw head so easy to damage the surface of the work piece under pressure o r driven rotating work piece. So often in the head with swinging Press. Press with the work piece
as a result of friction between the Press and the torque is greater than the friction between the screw torque screw together with the Press will not rotate.
Clamping action slow time-consuming loading and unloading the work piece is a single spiral Another drawback of the Clamp. To overcome this shortcoming the rapid clamping bodies can be.
2. Clamp screw plate
Institutions in the clamping the use of spiral plate is very common common structure
of the spiral structure of a typical plate size has been standardized the designer can refer to the relevant national standards and fixture design manual design. (C) Eccentric Clamp With eccentric pieces, directly or indirectly, the work piece clamping body, known as the eccentric clamping body. There are two types of eccentric pieces, that is, and the curve
工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直
附录A Lathe fixture design and analysis Ma Feiyue (School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022, China) Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points. Keywords: lathe fixture; design; points Lathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle. THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTURE Installed on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixture
Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
毕业设计 外文翻译 题目曲轴的加工工艺及夹具设计学院航海学院 专业轮机工程 学生佟宝诚 学号 10960123 指导教师彭中波 重庆交通大学 2014年
Proceedings of IMECE2008 2008 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition October 31-November 6, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts, USA IMECE2008-67447 MULTI-OBJECTIVE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE CRANKSHAFTS USING AN INTEGRATION APPROACH Albert Albers/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany Noel Leon/CIDyT Center for Innovation andDesign Monterrey Institute of Technology,Mexico Humberto Aguayo/CIDyT Center forInnovation and Design, Monterrey Institute ofTechnology, Mexico Thomas Maier/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany ABSTRACT The ever increasing computer capabilities allow faster analysis in the field of Computer Aided Design and Engineering (CAD & CAE). CAD and CAE systems are currently used in Parametric and Structural Optimization to find optimal topologies and shapes of given parts under certain conditions. This paper describes a general strategy to optimize the balance of a crankshaft, using CAD and CAE software integrated with Genetic Algorithms (GAs) via programming in Java. An introduction to the groundings of this strategy is made among different tools used for its implementation. The analyzed crankshaft is modeled in commercial parametric 3D CAD software. CAD is used for evaluating the fitness function (the balance) and to make geometric modifications. CAE is used for evaluating dynamic restrictions (the eigenfrequencies). A Java interface is programmed to link the CAD model to the CAE software and to the genetic algorithms. In order to make geometry modifications to
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1
Design Without Designers 网站截图： https://www.doczj.com/doc/a818574277.html,/baidu?word=%B9%A4%D2%B5%C9%E8%BC%C6%D3%A2%CE%C4%CE%C4%CF%D 7&tn=sogouie_1_dg 原文： Design Without Designers I will always remember my first introduction to the power of good product design. I was newly arrived at Apple, still learning the ways of business, when I was visited by a member of Apple's Industrial Design team. He showed me a foam mockup of a proposed product. "Wow," I said, "I want one! What is it?" That experience brought home the power of design: I was excited and enthusiastic even before I knew what it was. This type of visceral "wow" response requires creative designers. It is subjective, personal. Uh oh, this is not what engineers like to hear. If you can't put a number to it, it's not important. As a result, there is a trend to eliminate designers. Who needs them when we can simply test our way to success? The excitement of powerful, captivating design is defined as irrelevant. Worse, the nature of design is in danger. Don't believe me? Consider Google. In a well-publicized move, a senior designer at Google recently quit, stating that Google had no interest in or understanding of design. Google, it seems, relies primarily upon test results, not human skill or judgment. Want to know whether a design is effective? Try it out. Google can quickly submit samples to millions of people in well-controlled trials, pitting one design against another, selecting the winner based upon number of clicks, or sales, or whatever objective measure they wish. Which color of blue is best? Test. Item placement? Test. Web page layout? Test. This procedure is hardly unique to Google. https://www.doczj.com/doc/a818574277.html, has long followed this practice. Years ago I was proudly informed that they no longer have debates about which design is best: they simply test them and use the data to decide. And this, of course, is the approach used by the human-centered iterative design approach: prototype, test, revise. Is this the future of design? Certainly there are many who believe so. This is a hot topic on the talk and seminar circuit. After all, the proponents ask reasonably, who could object to making decisions based upon data? Two Types of Innovation: Incremental Improvements and New Concepts In design—and almost all innovation, for that matter—there are at least two distinct forms. One is
2604130359 CNC Cutting Technology Review Numerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology. 1, high-speed CNC machining meaning High speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency. With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas. The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting. In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a
济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on
艺术装饰风格 被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。 就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的
娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。 艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。 但是，这些地毯制造商也很注意他们消费群里的保守心理，因此，即使是在一块地毯里的花紋也会出现那些很传统的1案象是老式的叶子造型和较灰暗的颜色。这种设计的消费市场不同于那些要不就是现代型或是完全传统的设计方案。1920年代到30年代，英国都铎王室的一些新居住者和新建筑的到来，使工艺美术运动和现代风格可以较为自由的发展和合理的被采用.这些各异的艺术风格也被按照使用者的喜好不同加入到地毯的设计之中。在20世纪30年代的中期，改良过的艺术装饰风格在数不清的家居装饰里都可以看到"在花园门饰上，无线电机的面板装饰上，阿芝台克寺庙的壁炉上和那些扶手椅和沙发的几何形体上。"