汽车焊接夹具设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车焊接夹具设计外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Semjon Kim.Design of Automotive Welding Fixtures [J]. Computer-Aided Design, 2013, 3(12):21-32.英文原文Design of Automotive Welding FixturesSemjon Kim1 AbstractAccording to the design theory of car body welding fixture, the welding fixture and welding bus of each station are planned and designed. Then the fixture is modeled and assembled. The number and model of the fixture are determined and the accessibility is judged. Designed to meet the requirements of the welding fixture.Keywords: welded parts; foundation; clamping; position1 IntroductionAssembly and welding fixtures are closely related to the production of high-quality automotive equipment in automotive body assembly and welding lines. Welded fixtures are an important part of the welding process. Assembly and welding fixtures are not only the way to complete the assembly of parts in this process, but also as a test and calibration procedure on the production line to complete the task of testing welding accessories and welding quality. Therefore, the design and manufacture ofwelding fixtures directly affect the production capacity and product quality of the automobile in the welding process. Automotive welding fixtures are an important means of ensuring their manufacturing quality and shortening their manufacturing cycle. Therefore, it is indispensable to correctly understand the key points of welding fixture design, improve and increase the design means and design level of welding fixtures, and improve the adjustment and verification level of fixtures. It is also an auto manufacturing company in the fierce competition. The problem that must be solved to survive.The style of the car is different from that of the car. Therefore, the shape of the welding jig is very different. However, the design, manufacture, and adjustment are common and can be used for reference.2. Structural design of welding fixtureThe structure design of the welding fixture ensures that the clip has good operational convenience and reliable positioning of the fixture. Manufacturers of welding fixtures can also easily integrate adjustments to ensure that the surfaces of the various parts of the structure should allow enough room for adjustments to ensure three-dimensional adjustment. Of course, under the premise of ensuring the accuracy of the welding jig, the structure of the welding jig should be as simple as possible. The fixture design is usually the position of all components on the fixture is determined directly based on the design basis, and ultimately ensure thatthe qualified welding fixture structure is manufactured. According to the working height, the height of the fixture bottom plate can be preliminarily determined, that is, the height of the fixture fixing position. The welding fixture design must first consider the clamping method. There are two types, manual and pneumatic. Manual clamping is generally suitable for small parts, external parts, and small batches of workpieces. For large body parts, planning in the production line, automation High-demand welding fixtures should be pneumatically clamped. Automobile production is generally pneumatically clamped, and manual mass clamping can be used as auxiliary clamping. This can reduce costs accordingly. Some manual clamping products already have standard models and quantities, which can be purchased in the market when needed. For some devices, pneumatic clamping is specified, but if pneumatic clamping is used, the workpiece may be damaged. Therefore, it is possible to manually press the place first to provide a pneumatic clamping force to clamp the workpiece. This is manual-pneumatic. . The fixture clamping system is mounted on a large platform, all of which are fixed in this welding position to ensure that the welding conditions should meet the design dimensions of the workpiece coordinate system positioning fixture, which involves the benchmark.3. Benchmarks of assembly and welding fixtures and their chosen support surfaces3.1 Determination of design basisIn order to ensure that the three-dimensional coordinates of the automatic weldment system are consistent, all welding fixtures must have a common reference in the system. The benchmark is the fixture mounting platform. This is the X, Y coordinate, each specific component is fixed at the corresponding position on the platform, and has a corresponding height. Therefore, the Z coordinate should be coordinated, and a three-dimensional XYZ coordinate system is established. In order to facilitate the installation and measurement of the fixture, the mounting platform must have coordinates for reference. There are usually three types. The structure is as follows:3.1.1 Reference hole methodThere are four reference holes in the design of the installation platform, in which the two directions of the center coordinates of each hole and the coordinates of the four holes constitute two mutually perpendicular lines. This is the collection on the XY plane coordinate system. The establishment of this benchmark is relatively simple and easy to process, but the measurements and benchmarks used at the same time are accurate. Any shape is composed of spatial points. All geometric measurements can be attributed to measurements of spatial points. Accurate spatial coordinate acquisition is therefore the basis for assessing any geometric shape. Reference A coordinated direction formed by oneside near two datums.3.1.2 v-type detection methodIn this method, the mounting platform is divided into two 90-degree ranges. The lines of the two axes make up a plane-mounted platform. The plane is perpendicular to the platform. The surface forms of these two axis grooves XY plane coordinate system.3.1.3 Reference block methodReference Using the side block perpendicular to the 3D XYZ coordinate system, the base of a gage and 3 to 4 blocks can be mounted directly on the platform, or a bearing fixing fixture platform can be added, but the height of the reference plane must be used to control the height , must ensure the same direction. When manufacturing, it is more difficult to adjust the previous two methods of the block, but this kind of measurement is extremely convenient, especially using the CMM measurement. This method requires a relatively low surface mount platform for the reference block, so a larger sized mounting platform should use this method.Each fixture must have a fixed coordinate system. In this coordinate system, its supporting base coordinate dimensions should support the workpiece and the coordinates correspond to the same size. So the choice of bearing surface in the whole welding fixture system 3.2When the bearing surface is selected, the angle between the tangentplane and the mounting platform on the fixed surface of the welding test piece shall not be greater than 15 degrees. The inspection surface should be the same as the welded pipe fittings as much as possible for the convenience of flat surface treatment and adjustment. The surface structure of the bearing should be designed so that the module can be easily handled, and this number can be used for the numerical control of the bearing surface of the product. Of course, designing the vehicle body coordinate point is not necessarily suitable for the bearing surface, especially the NC fixture. This requires the support of the fixture to block the access point S, based on which the digital surface is established. This surface should be consistent with the supported surface. So at this time, it is easier and easier to manufacture the base point S, CNC machining, precision machining and assembly and debugging.3.2 Basic requirements for welding fixtureIn the process of automobile assembly and production, there are certain requirements for the fixture. First, according to the design of the automobile and the requirements of the welding process, the shape, size and precision of the fixture have reached the design requirements and technical requirements. This is a link that can not be ignored, and the first consideration in the design of welding fixture is considered. When assembling, the parts or parts of the assembly should be consistent with the position of the design drawings of the car and tighten with the fixture.At the same time, the position should be adjusted to ensure that the position of the assembly parts is clamped accurately so as to avoid the deformation or movement of the parts during the welding. Therefore, this puts forward higher requirements for welding jig. In order to ensure the smooth process of automobile welding and improve the production efficiency and economic benefit, the workers operate conveniently, reduce the strength of the welder's work, ensure the precision of the automobile assembly and improve the quality of the automobile production. Therefore, when the fixture design is designed, the design structure should be relatively simple, it has good operability, it is relatively easy to make and maintain, and the replacement of fixture parts is more convenient when the fixture parts are damaged, and the cost is relatively economical and reasonable. But the welding fixture must meet the construction technology requirements. When the fixture is welded, the structure of the fixture should be open so that the welding equipment is easy to close to the working position, which reduces the labor intensity of the workers and improves the production efficiency.4. Position the workpieceThe general position of the workpiece surface features is determined relative to the hole or the apparent positioning reference surface. It is commonly used as a locating pin assembly. It is divided into two parts: clamping positioning and fixed positioning. Taking into account thewelding position and all welding equipment, it is not possible to influence the removal of the final weld, but also to allow the welding clamp or torch to reach the welding position. For truly influential positioning pins and the like, consider using movable positioning pins. In order to facilitate the entry and exit of parts, telescopic positioning pins are available. The specific structure can be found in the manual. The installation of welding fixtures should be convenient for construction, and there should be enough space for assembly and welding. It must not affect the welding operation and the welder's observation, and it does not hinder the loading and unloading of the weldment. All positioning elements and clamping mechanisms should be kept at a proper distance from the solder joints or be placed under or on the surface of the weldment. The actuator of the clamping mechanism should be able to flex or index. According to the formation principle, the workpiece is clamped and positioned. Then open the fixture to remove the workpiece. Make sure the fixture does not interfere with opening and closing. In order to reduce the auxiliary time for loading and unloading workpieces, the clamping device should use high-efficiency and quick devices and multi-point linkage mechanisms. For thin-plate stampings, the point of application of the clamping force should act on the bearing surface. Only parts that are very rigid can be allowed to act in the plane formed by several bearing points so that the clamping force does not bend the workpiece or deviate from thepositioning reference. In addition, it must be designed so that it does not pinch the hand when the clamping mechanism is clamped to open.5. Work station mobilization of welding partsMost automotive solder fittings are soldered to complete in several processes. Therefore, it needs a transmission device. Usually the workpiece should avoid the interference of the welding fixture before transmission. The first step is to lift the workpiece. This requires the use of an elevator, a crane, a rack and pinion, etc. The racks and gears at this time Structure, their structural processing, connection is not as simple as the completion of the structure of the transmission between the usual connection structure of the station, there are several forms, such as gears, rack drive mechanism, transmission mechanism, rocker mechanism, due to the reciprocating motion, shake The transfer of the arm mechanism to the commissioning is better than the other one, so the common rocker arm transfer mechanism is generally used.6 ConclusionIn recent years, how to correctly and reasonably set the auxiliary positioning support for automotive welding fixtures is an extremely complicated system problem. Although we have accumulated some experience in this area, there is still much to be learned in this field. Learn and research to provide new theoretical support for continuous development and innovation in the field of welding fixture design. Withthe development of the Chinese automotive industry, more and more welding fixtures are needed. Although the principle of the fixture is very simple, the real design and manufacture of a high-quality welding fixture system is an extremely complicated project.中文译文汽车焊接夹具的设计Semjon Kim1摘要依据车体焊装线夹具设计理论, 对各工位焊接夹具及其焊装总线进行规划、设计, 之后进行夹具建模、装配, 插入焊钳确定其数量、型号及判断其可达性,最终设计出符合要求的焊接夹具。

Optimization of fixture design with consideration of thermal deformation inface milling考虑端铣中热变形的最佳化夹具设计Huang, YingAbstract摘要Effective methods of fixture design are proposed to reduce machining error caused by cutting heat in face milling. Experiments show that thermal effect is critical to final error in the finish cut and that it dominates cutting accuracy. Therefore, a mathematical model is structured of the cutting heat source on behalf of the cutting tool, and the flatness error generation process in face finishing is demonstrated by computational simulation based on the moving cutting heat source model with FEW Concerning surface flatness due to the moving cutting heat source for relatively thin plate-shaped workpieces, different methodologies have been proposed to reduce flatness error, namely, the application of additional supports and optimization of the fixturing support layout. Cutting experiments and computational analyses show the effectiveness of the additional supports and the optimization methodology applied on the fixture design in view of flatness error due to cutting heat. The proposed methodologies are applicable and beneficial to improve cutting accuracy not only of plate-shaped workpieces but also of other geometry workpieces.用于减小端铣中因切削热而引起的加工误差的有效的夹具设计方法已经被提出。

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附录附录A英文文献On Welding-Installation Fixtures Design of Sheet Stamping Abstract: Due to forming error and compliance of stamp-ing, the fixture design of sheet stamping assembly is different from the fixture design of common machining component. In recent years, the new principles and algorithms of fixture design of sheet stamping have been developed. In the paper, the concept of shape closure and force closure, screw theory were firstly introduced. Secondly, the deterministic locating and total fixturing conditions were derived. Thirdly, an “N-2-1”locating principle and optimal design method for sheet stamping were described. Finally, the varia-tional method of robust fixture configuration design for 3-D workpieces was discussed. It can be predicated that the locating error can be reduced by this method.Key Words: Fixture; Sheet Stamping; Optimal Design; Ro-Bust Design Due to its high productivity and material utilization, stamping is widely used in automobiles, aircraft, and various household appliances manufacturing industry. The welding assembly of stamping becomes the key process of those products manufacturing, because welding fixture not only affects the performance of productivity, but also is directlyrelated to the quality of the product. Statistics from the U.S. auto industry show that 72% of the body manufacturing errors are from the position error of welding fixture, so how to effectively reduce and control the positioning error is essential to improve the welding quality. Sheet stamping assembly is significantly different from general machining, which not only meets the common requirements of precise positioning, but also gives full consideration to the easy deformation of sheet metal parts and stamping manufacturing characteristics of large deviations to adapt the products’ quality requirements.Over the last decade, many scholars working in the design of sheet stamping assembly have proposed design theories and methods of some new sheet stamping assembly, and achieved remarkable results. At first, this paper introduces the research progress of fixture design, and then systematically elaborates the N-2-1 locating principle of fixture and the methods of optimal design and robust design, finally makes the conclusion.Manufacturing process (such as machining, welding, assembly and testing, etc.), the fixture is used in three-dimensional positioning and clamping device. The central problem of fixture design is to choose the optimal positioning points and determine their best position to achieve the determine constraints positioning of work piece. If the work piece can be full restriction depending on the geometry of contact area will, we called it "shape closed"; If it also have to be fully bound with friction, we called it "force closure." Generally, shape closure stresses dynamic analysis, but force closure focuses on the work piece of static stability. In 1885, Reuleaux first studied the mechanism of two-dimensional objects’shape closure, and proved that the formation of two-dimensional objects’shape closure need four anchor points [2]. After that Somoff proved the formation of three-dimensional objects’ shape closure need seven anchor points. In 1978, Lakshminarayana [3] further proved the formation of three-dimensional objects’shape closure need at least seven anchor points in the perspective of static equilibrium using algebraic theory In 1988, Nguyen researched the mechanism of the machine han d’s force closure [4], and in 1989 Asada and Kitagawa [5] researched the machine hand’s shape closure which used for convex and concave parts Generally six positioning principles requires clamping force to make work piece fully constrained, so usually it is force closure.Over the last decade, the "spiral theory” widely used in fixture design,which describes the three-dimensional motion as translating along one direction and rotating around this axis. Originally spiral theory proposed by Ball [6], and developed by literature [7] and [8]. According to spiral theory, literature [9] studied seven different types of finger contact, and suggested using finger-like shape to completely fix objects. Literature [10] using the extended spiral theory analyzed that rig id body’s full or part restriction exist frictional clamp. Literature [11] proposed mathematical theory of fixture’s automatic layout for prismatic work pieces. Literature [12] discussed the ability of different fixtures position contact preventing work pieces from spiral movement, and proposed a restrict method of work piece movement for the fixture design. Using small spiral model literature [13] discussed the positioning errors of fixture impact work pieces’ geometry accuracy. Literature[14] researched surface contact and friction problems in the analysis of fixture restriction. Considering dynamic constraints, completely clamping, and tool path errors, literature [15] developed fixture design and analysis software. It can be said that spiral theory of fixture design has been used for determining position, full clamping, contact type, and friction problems and achieved remarkable results.Lots of literatures focus on the fixture design of rigid pieces, but the fixture design of flexible sheet pieces is rarely involved, especially considering the deformation of the work piece under processing loads isalmost none. In fact, as in the aviation industry and the automotive industry, the deformation of sheet may result in serious bias. For easily deformed sheet, positioning fixture not only has basic functions that limiting rigid body motion, but also must be able to limit excessive deformation of the work piece. The research that earlier considering the rigidity of work pieces or fixture positing cell will be found in the literature [16] based on the experimental results they studied fixture stiffness and wear’s effects on the size accuracy. Literature [17] proposed a finite element model of the fixture system for flexible positioning fixture, and the power in process of processing can be seen as the force acting on the node. Based on this model, you can calculate the deformation of the work piece, the clamping force, stress distribution and friction between the work piece and fixture positioning unit’s contact p oints can be calculated by Coulomb's law. Although by considering the deformation of the work piece and the finite element analysis this area have been promoted, but it has neither proposed any specific positing principle, nor proposed positioning scheme for flexible sheet. In addition, this model does not combine the finite element analysis results of the work piece with the fixture design; it is more than the analysis of the work piece other than fixture design. Literature [18] proposed a analysis method of sheet fixture positing, they studied the fixture positioning system using the case and flat three-point andfour-point to posit, so the fixture layout must make the stress in the work pieces below the yield stress. However, this method does not solve the essential problem of sheet fixture, because reducing deformation is the key to the positioning of sheet. Based on literature [17], literature [19] continued further study, that using the finite element modeling to choose fixture layout makes the deformation minimum in the first base-level. To determine the optimal fixture layout, using quasi-Newton optimization algorithm makes the deformation squares on the finite element mesh of the key nodes minimum. Design variables are the three anchor points on the first base required by "3-2-1" principle.Sheet stamping assembly fixtures are widely used in automobiles, aircraft and household appliances industries, whose design quality directly affects the entire product manufacturing deviations. Due to sheet metal st amping’s characteristic of flexibility and manufacturing variations, the principle of traditional fixture design can not meet the design requirements, although the research of fixture design is already quite mature and the positioning principle of rigid part and the "spiral theory" has been in-depth study. "N-2-1" Location principle, for the characteristic of easy deformation on the horizontal of Sheet Metal Stamping, presents that when the number of anchor points is more than 3 in the first base surface, position effect depends not only on the number of anchor points, but also on the arrangement of the anchorpoints. Apart from that, it proposes the finite element analysis and the design of nonlinear programming method of the anchor, which provides theoretical basis and design methods for the design of sheet welding fixture. Because of the larger manufacture size deviation of sheet metal parts and the remarkable effect of the choice of anchor position for position deviation, robust fixture design can significantly improve the positioning error. Therefore, during the design of sheet welding fixture, implementing the "N-2-1" location principle and robust design method is extremely important. It has been proved to have a multiplier effect.References[1]Li B, Tang H, Yang X,et al.Quality Design of Fixture Planning for Sheet Metal Assembly [ J ].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2007,32 (7-8):690-697.[2]Ceglarek D, Shi J. Dimensional Variation Reduction for Automotive Body Assembly [J].Manufacturing Review, 1995,8(2):139-154.[3]Ceglarek D, Shi J. Fixture Failure Diagnosis for Autobody Assembly Using Pattern Recognition[J].ASME Journal of Engineering Industry,1996,118(1):55-66.[4]Apley D, Shi J. Diagnosis of Multiple Fixture Faults in Panel Assembly[J].ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,1998,120(4):793-801.[5]Chang M, Gossard D C. Computational Method forDiagnosis of Variation-related Assembly Problems [ J ]. International Journal of Production Research,1998,36 (11):2985-2995.[6]Liu Y, Hu S. Assembly Fixture Fault Diagnosis Using Designated Component Analysis [ J].ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engine ering,2005,127(2): 358-368.[7]Khan A, Ceglarek D, Shi J,et al.Sensor Optimization for Fault Diagnosis in Single Fixture Systems: a Methodology [ J ].ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,1999,121(1):109-117.[8]Djurdjanovic D, Ni J. Stream of Variation Based Analysis and Synthesis of Measurement Schemes in Multi-station Machining Systems [ C ]. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechamical Engineering Congress and Exposition, New York,2001,12:297-304.[9]Ding Y, Kim P, Ceglarek D,et al.Optimal Sensor Distribution for Variation Diagnosis for Multi-station Assembly Processes[J].IEEE Transactions of Robotics andAutomation,2003,19(4):543-556.[10]Camelio J A, Hu S. Sensor Placement for Effective Diagnosis of Multiple Faults in Fixturing of Compliant Parts [J].ASME Journal of Manufacturing Science andEngineering,2005,127(1):68-74.[11]Li B, Yang J, Ding H. A Rapid Location and State Memory Fixture System for Arbitrarily Part[J].Journal of DonghuaUniversity,2000,17(3):27-31.[12]Wang Q, Yang J, Li B. Application and Realization of Rapid Searching Technology in the RL&SM Universal Fixture System[J].Journal of Donghua University,2002, 19(3):19-22.[13]Wang Y, Li B, Yang J. Investigation on Dimensional Error Compensation for Single Sheet Metal Assembly Station[C]. Proceedings of ICMEM, Wuxi, China,2007:699-703.[14]Cai W, Hu S, Yuan J. Deformable Sheet Metal Fixturing: Principles, Algorithms, and Simulations[J].ASME Journalof Manufacturing Science and Engineering,1996,118(3): 318-324. 367Journal of Donghua University (Eng. Ed.) Vol.26, No.4(2009)附录B文献翻译薄板冲压件焊装夹具设计方法摘要:由于薄板冲压件的易变形性和制造误差特征,薄板焊装夹具设计显著区别于普通机械加工工件定位夹具。

中北大学信息商务学院本科毕业设计英文参考资料题目 Lathes系名专业姓名学号指导教师2016年6 月2 日译文标题车床简介原文标题Lathes作者(Serope kalpakjian)译名卡尔帕基安国籍美国原文出处/原文：LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavyconstruction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They areheavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statementssimilar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computernumerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.Th e engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn。

汽车焊接夹具设计中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)汽车焊接夹具的设计1摘要依据车体焊装线夹具设计理论，对各工位焊接夹具及其焊装总线进行规划、设计，之后进行夹具建模、装配，插入焊钳确定其数量、型号及判断其可达性，最终设计出符合要求的焊接夹具。

关键词：焊接部件；基础；夹紧；位置1.介绍装配和焊接夹具在汽车车身装配和焊接生产线与生产制造优质的汽车设备息息相关。

焊装夹具，是焊接工艺的重要组成部分。

装配和焊接夹具除了是完成这个过程中零部件装配的途径和定位,同时在生产线上也作为一个测试和校准程序，完成检测焊接配件和焊接质量的任务。

因此焊装夹具的设计和制造，直接影响焊接过程中汽车的生产能力和产品质量。

汽车焊装夹具是保证其制造质量、缩短其制造周期的重要手段。

因此，正确理解焊装夹具设计要点，改善和提高焊装夹具的设计手段和设计水平，并提高夹具的调整和验证水平等三方面都是必不可少的，也是汽车制造公司在激烈的竞争中得以生存所必须解决的问题。

汽车的风格不同,焊接夹具的形状,因而有着很大的不同,但在设计、制造和调整都是共同的,可以借鉴采用。

2.焊接夹具的结构设计焊接夹具的结构设计,确保该夹具有良好的操作方便性、装夹定位的可靠性。

焊装夹具的制造商也很容易集成的调整,以保证结构各部分的表面应该允许足够的空间用于调整，以确保立体可调。

当然，在确保焊接夹具质量准确性的前提下,焊接夹具的结构应尽可能简单。

夹具设计通常是夹具上全部元件的位置都是直接根据设计基准确定的，最终保证制造出合格的焊接工装结构。

根据作业高度可初步决定夹具底板的高度，即夹具固定位置的高度。

焊接夹具设计首先要考虑夹紧方式，一般有手动和气动两种，手动夹紧一般适合于小件、外协件、小批量工件焊装，对于大型车体部件、规划于生产线内、自动化程度要求高的焊接夹具宜选用气动夹紧，汽车生产的一般采用气动夹紧,然后手工大批量夹紧可作为辅助夹紧。

这样可以相应的降低成本。

附录(英文文献及中英文对照)The designing features of automobile bodywelding fixtureAuto body clamp is required for the amorphous body stamping required to locate and clamp, to form the body components, combined parts, sub-assembly and assembly, While taking advantage of suitable welding method to form their own welding pieces of the whole. Welding fixture welding process is a secondary device, but in the process of mass production car body, the device is essential. It not only can improve welding productivity, but also to ensure the dimensional accuracy of welding products and appearance requirements of the important devices. The assembly and welding fixtures there is no uniform specifications and standardization, are non-standard equipment. Design.and manufacturing process according to the structural characteristcs of the specific models, production conditions and the actual demand from the line of design and manufacturing.1. asonable decomposition of auto body parts welded together to determine the type of fixture required. Two or more of the stamping process by the assembly and welding of components is obtained by welding together pieces of several related small welding welding large pieces of formed pieces, then welded together to form the following four parts: Around before welding parts, welding parts around the back, floor and roof welding parts welding parts, welding together four pieces of the final welding into vehicle cab assembly. Therefore, according to the cab assembly formation process of the correct welding pieces of reasonably divided, and on this basis, the corresponding pieces of welding fixture design. This will not only help ensure product quality, also can increase welding productivity.2. Determine the level of automation of assembly and welding fixtures. Annual output depends on the level of automation and assembly and welding fixtures welders bit configuration. Production cycle time mainly by clamping action, the assembly time, weldingtime and handling time and other components. Among them, the jig fixture operating time depends on the degree of automation. To improve productivity, consider clamping fixture and release time to complete the action by the cylinder, and between station and station automation transport. But this increases the manufacturing cost of fixtures. Therefore, the design of fixtures to be able to reasonably balance the level of automation and welding fixtures contradiction between the manufacturing cost.3. For large welding jigs, fixtures must first determine the design basis, with the same car body design basis. Fixture n the location of all the components are determined directly from the design basis, the ultimate guarantee to create a qualified welding tooling structure. According to a preliminary decision height operations fixture floor height, the height of the clamped position; Second, draw the assembly and welding parts diagram, it is included in the station in need of assembly and welding of stamping the solder joint shape and location requirements as the basis for setting fixture; The next step is a reasonable arrangement of fixture position, this must be clearly grasp the stamping of the space shape, composition relationships, assembly and welding sequence and the solder joint layout, rational design of fixture placement and general structure; overall design of the final draw sketches.4. Rational choice of fixture position. As the car body shape complexity, poor rigidity, deformation, fixture positioning has been introduced on a large number of ways to enhance the rigidity of welded parts, reduce the welding deformation. Positioning of welding fixtures generally include positioning and side positioning of two kinds of holes. Positioning hole punching process to give priority to consider the positioning hole, the size and location of these holes is relatively accurate and reliable; Try to use under the procedures of mounting holes, as these holes the size of the margin of error will affect the next process of the assembly. Therefore, the design of fixtures with positioning holes not only to understand the stamping process, assembly process must also consider the key under the channel size. Large lection of positioning holes as the holes, so that pins can have sufficient strength, or easily broken pins. Stamping on the preferred shape to a reliable, stable surface as a positioning surface, positioned to do as much as possible the use of flat surfaces, but most of the space body stamping surface, which requires the fixture components of the work surface must be positioned with the corresponding surface of the car body consistent shape, so as to ensure the body in the process of assembly and welding shape. Positioning of parts with surface to guarantee a certain accuracy, adjust the position of positioning blocks are coarseto fine-tune more complex, this block can be added to fine-tune the positioning function, that is positioned to add a thin spacer block, and gasket thickness is that you can adjust the accuracy. In addition, the set should also be considered when positioning the welding position and the use of welding equipment, welding can not affect the final piece out, but also allows welding clamp or welding torch to reach the location. For the really influential to consider the use of pins and other pins can be active.5. Properly designed clamping mechanism. When the stamping on the correct positioning of the fixture, in order to maintain the welding process in the assembly of the workpiece position and overcome the elastic deformation of the workpiece, usually requires a certain clamping body. With this device, you can make the workpiece and the bearing surface, workpiece and positioning the workpiece and the workpiece surface and tight fit between. For thickness below 1.2mm steel plate, each clamping point of the clamping force is generally in the range of 300 ~ 750N; For the 1.5 ~ 2.5mm between the stampings, each clamping point of the clamping force in the range of 500 ~ 3000N. To reduce the auxiliary time loading and unloading the workpiece, the clamping device should be fast and efficient installations and multi-point linkage institutions. For sheet metal parts, the clamping force acting on the bearing surface point should be only a good piece of rigid role allowed a few points of support in the plane formed in order to avoid bending or clamping force from the workpiece positioning reference. Also designed to prevent the clamping mechanism to open the clamping grip hand.6. Other design elements. As the stamping quality checks are sampling, prone to problems. If possible, add in some welding fixture on some auxiliary devices, check the stamping play the role of critical dimensions. In addition, assembly and welding fixture structure should be easy to operate, saving, security and easy handling characteristics of the workpiece.汽车车身焊装夹具的设计要点汽车车身夹具是用来把所需车身冲压件按要求定形、定位并夹紧，组合成车身组件、合件、分总成及总成，同时利用合适的焊接方法使其形成各自焊合件整体。

巨一自动化机器人事业部JEE Automation Robotics Division序号英文全称缩写中文全称备注A1 AC Gun 工频焊钳2 accuracy 精度3 acquisition of signal 信号采集4 aging 时效处理5 air 压缩空气6 air hoist 气动葫芦7 air spanner 气动扳手8 alternator 交流发电机9 alternator bracket 发动机支架10 anneal 退火11 anti-lock brake system ABS 防抱死刹车系统12 Arc Welding 弧焊13 ARM 电极臂14 assembly drawing 装配图15 asynchronous motor 异步电动机16 ATC 自动换枪装置17 Auto Gun 自动焊钳18 automatic feed 自动喂料19 automatic mechanical transmission AMT 自动换档机械式变速器20 automatic transmission AT 自动变速箱B21 ball bearing 球轴承22 bar 棒材23 billet 方钢24 black oxide coating 发黑/发蓝25 blank 坯料，半成品26 blanking 下料27 BODY IN WHITE BIW 白车身28 BODY INSPECTION FIXTURE 车身综合检具29 BODY RESPOT LINE 车身补焊线30 BODY SHOP 车身车间31 breaker 断电器32 brittleness 脆性33 BURR 毛刺C34 C Type Welding Gun C型焊枪35 calibration 校准36 capacity 容量，规格37 carbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 arc welding 二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊MAG焊一种38 case hardening 表面硬化39 catalog 库40 chromium 铬41 clamping force 夹紧力42 Commission 现场调试43 Computer Aided Design CAD 计算机辅助设计44 Computer Numerical Control CNC 计算机数控加工45 concurrent engineering CE 并行工程46 configuration 组态47 control cabinet 控制柜48 control panel 控制屏，控制盘49 control System 操纵系统50 converter 变频器51 coordinate frame of car 车身坐标系52 cotter 开口销53 crack 裂纹54 current gauge 电流测试仪55 cycle time 节拍56 cylinder 气缸1 v1.0巨一自动化机器人事业部JEE Automation Robotics Division序号英文全称缩写中文全称备注D57 damped glue 膨胀减振胶58 data acquisition 数据采集59 data preprocessing 数据预处理60 data Processing 数据处理61 data processor 数据处理器62 DEBUG 程序调试63 definition 定义64 deflection /offset 偏移65 relay 延时66 DIE 冲模67 DIE CHANGER 模具交换器68 digital model 数模69 digital signal processing DSP 数字信号处理70 display 显示71 dowel pin 定位销72 duty ratio 负荷比E73 electric hoist 电动葫芦74 electric welding machine; electric welder 电焊机75 electrically operated valve 电控阀76 electrocladding /plating 电镀77 electrode holder 焊钳78 electromagnetic compatibility EMC 电磁兼容性79 engine 发动机80 epoxy resin glue for hemming 环氧折边胶F81 fault diagnosis 故障诊断82 feedback 反馈83 fender 防护板、翼子板84 field bus 现场总线85 fillet 角焊缝86 fillet welding 角焊87 flange 法兰88 FLEXIBLE BODY LINE FBL 柔性车身线89 flow chart 流程图90 frame/coordination 坐标91 friction stir welding 搅拌摩擦焊G92 gantry 龙门架93 gap 间隙94 gauge 型板95 gears 档位96 Geo-Gripper 定位抓具97 Geometry GEO 几何98 Geo-spot 定位焊点99 gluing 涂胶100 Gluing Robot 涂胶机器人101 governor 调速器102 grinder 磨光机103 gripper 抓具104 groove 坡口105 GUN HANGER 焊钳吊钩106 GUN SWITCH 焊钳开关H107 HAND GUN 手动焊钳108 HANDLING ROBOT 取件机器人；搬运机器人109 hardening and tempering 调质110 heat/thermal treatment 热处理2 v1.0巨一自动化机器人事业部JEE Automation Robotics Division序号英文全称缩写中文全称备注111 hemming 滚边112 HEMMING DIE 包边模具113 Hemming Machine 包边压力机114 HEMMING PRESS 包边压力机115 horizontal 水平116 hot-melt adhesive 热熔胶117 human-machine interface HMI 人机界面I118 induction machine 感应式电机119 information of weld point 焊点信息120 inner dimension 内部尺寸121 INSPECTION FIXTURE I/F 检具122 interference 干涉123 isolating transformer 隔离变压器J124 jog 点动（机器人等）125 joint 运动关节K126 kinematic 运动学的, 运动学上的L127 laser welding/ laser beam welding 激光焊128 layout 规划,布局图129 leg/ fillet weld leg 焊脚130 lifter 升降机131 linear unit 直线单元132 location 位置133 location pin 定位销134 lubricating oil 润滑油M135 main control point chart MCP图136 main reducer 主减速器137 man-machine coordination 人机协调138 MASTER CONTROL POINT MCP 主要控制点139 MASTER CONTROL SECTION MCS 主控截面140 master station 主站141 mechanical transmission MT 机械式变速箱142 mechanism 机构143 Metal Active Gas welding MAG 金属极（熔化极）活性性气体保护焊144 Metal Inert Gas welding MIG 金属极（熔化极）惰性气体保护焊145 MF Gun 中频焊枪146 MIG WELDING MIG焊147 modify 更改148 mounting plate 安装面149 multiple spot welding 多点焊N150 normalizing 正火151 nozzle 喷嘴O152 Off-line Programming OLP 离线编程153 ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS OBD 在线检测154 open 大开155 operating mechanism 操作机构156 orientation 方位157 over voltage relay 过电压继电器P158 pallet 物料架，小车托盘159 part drawing 零件图160 peak time 峰值时间161 performance characteristic 工作特性3 v1.0巨一自动化机器人事业部JEE Automation Robotics Division序号英文全称缩写中文全称备注162 pneumatic 气动163 pillar 立柱164 planning 规划165 position 位置166 postweld heat treatment/postheat treatment 焊后热处理167 PRESS 压力机168 Press Line 冲压线169 pressing robot 冲压机器人170 process 工序；工艺(强调过程）171 project 工程、项目、投影172 projection welding 凸焊173 property 属性Q174 quenching 淬火R175 rack 支架176 rail 轨道;横梁177 reachable 可达178 Reinforce glue 补强胶179 reinforcement 加强180 reliability 可靠性181 rigidity 刚度182 Regulator Interface Panel RIP 水气排183 robot programming language 机器人编程语言184 robot simulation 机器人仿真185 robot teaching 机器人示教S186 Sealer Pump 涂胶泵187 seam 接缝188 section 型材，断面189 semiopen小开190 sensor 传感器191 Servo Gun 伺服焊钳192 servo motor 伺服电机193 short-circuiting，bridge 短路194 shuttle 往复输送195 simulated interrupt 仿真中断196 spatter 飞溅197 Spot Welding Sealants 点焊密封胶198 spot welding; resistance spot welding 点焊199 stability 稳定性200 stand 换枪架201 station 工位202 strength 强度203 stud welding 植焊204 summary 摘要205 sun roof 天窗206 surface roughness 表面粗糙度T207 tapping 攻丝208 task 任务209 technique 工艺（强调技术手段）210 temperature control device 温度控制元件211 test signal 测试信号212 TIMER CONTROLLER T/C 焊接控制箱213 TIP 电极帽214 tip dresser 修磨器215 tip; contact tube 导电咀216 tool changer 换枪装置4 v1.0巨一自动化机器人事业部JEE Automation Robotics Division序号英文全称缩写中文全称备注217 torch 焊炬；弧焊焊枪218 touch screen；touch panel 触摸屏219 TRANSFORMER T/R 焊接变压器220 TROLLY 滑车221 Tungsten Inert Gas/Gas Tungsten Arc Welding TIG/GTAW 钨极（非熔化极）惰性气体保护焊；钨极氩弧焊222 TURN TABLE 回转台V223 valve 阀224 velocity transducer 速度传感器225 vertical 垂直226 virtual manufacturing 虚拟制造W227 washer 垫片228 wear and tear 磨损229 weldability焊接性230 welding current downslope time 焊接电流衰减时间231 welding cycle 焊接循环232 welding gun 焊枪233 welding machine; welder 焊机234 welding power source 焊接电源235 welding process 焊接工艺236 Welding Robot 焊接机器人237 welding spot 焊点238 welding technique 焊接技术239 wire cutting 电火花线切割X240 X Type Welding Gun X型焊枪5 v1.0巨一自动化机器人事业部JEE Automation Robotics Division序号英文全称缩写中文全称备注250 ASSEMBLY ASSY 总成BIW Abbr.251 BODY BUILD B/B 总成BIW Abbr.252 BODY COMPLETE B/C 总成BIW Abbr.253 BODY FLOOR B/F 地板BIW Abbr.254 BODY IN WHITE BIW 白车身BIW Abbr.255 BODY SIDE B/S 侧围BIW Abbr.256 BRACKET BRKT 支架BIW Abbr.257 CENTER CTR 中央通道BIW Abbr.258 COMPLETE COMPLT 组件；总成BIW Abbr. 259 DOOR DR 门BIW Abbr.260 ENGINE ENG 发动机BIW Abbr.261 EXTENTION EXTN 延伸BIW Abbr.262 FLOOR FLR 地板BIW Abbr.263 FRONT FR；FRT 前部BIW Abbr.264 HEAD LAMP H/LAMP 前大灯BIW Abbr.265 INNER INR 内部的BIW Abbr.266 LEFT HAND LH 左侧BIW Abbr.267 LOWER LWR 下部BIW Abbr.268 MEMBER MBR 纵梁BIW Abbr.269 OUTER OTR 外部BIW Abbr.270 PANEL PNL 面板BIW Abbr.271 RADIATOR RAD 水箱BIW Abbr.272 RADIATOR SUPPORT R/SUPT 水箱横梁BIW Abbr. 273 REAR RR 后部BIW Abbr.274 REINFORCEMENT REINF 加强BIW Abbr.275 RIGHT HAND RH 右侧BIW Abbr.276 ROOF RF 顶盖BIW Abbr.277 SIDE OUTER S/OTR 外侧BIW Abbr.278 SIDE SILL S/SILL 侧裙边BIW Abbr.279 SUB ASSEMBLY SUB ASSY 分总成BIW Abbr. 280 SUN ROOF S/RF 天窗BIW Abbr.281 SUPPORT SUPT 支撑BIW Abbr.282 UNDERBODY UB 地板BIW Abbr.283 UPPER UPR 上部BIW Abbr.284 intake pipe 进气管BIW285 fire wall，dash panel 前围板BIW286 rear wall 后围板BIW287 tailgate 后背板BIW288 fender 翼子板；挡泥板BIW289 fuel filler 加油口BIW290 front pillar,A-pillar A柱BIW291 center pillar,B-pillar B柱BIW292 rear pillar,C-pillar C柱BIW293 rail 横梁BIW294 hinge 铰链BIW295 guide rail 导轨BIW一级：169个（阴影）编制：欧智华日期：2009.04.156 v1.0__。

（试行）3.规制块的设计要求规范图1 图23.1.规制块尺寸要求常用规制块有如上（图1、图2和图3）三种结构（两销一钉），根据安装要求的不同，中间孔为M8的螺纹孔或ø9的螺钉过孔，两侧的均为ø8H7的销孔。

其尺寸要求如下(表2)所示：尺寸类型要求尺寸大小(mm)第一系列第二系列加工公差要求L 60 45B1 16 16H 根据板件型面的形状来确定±0.02L1 15 15L2 15 15B2 8 8 ±0.05S1 10 10 ±0.05S2 25 25 ±0.02S3 12.5 12.5表23.2.技术要求3.2.1. 材质要求：规制块的材料要求必须为45＃钢并要进行热处理，使规制块工作面的表面硬度达到HRC30～35，工作面的粗糙度为，同时规制块要进行表面发蓝处理。

3.2.2. 在遇到如图4所示的板件结构时（需同时规制板件的两个面），要采用两个单独的规制块分别进行规制，不允许使用如图5所示的结构形式，如特殊情况会签时需经奇瑞公司确认后方可使用。

3.2.3. 规制块设计时原则上要求与板件垂直（图6），若因特殊情况不能保证时，则规制块的压紧方向最大斜角（图7）不大于15°，若大于该角度则需要使用导引挡块（CATCH STOPPER）。

图6 图73.2.4. 第一系列的规制块要优先选用，若设计时的空间不够或选用第一系列无法装配时，可以选用第二系列所规定的规制块，但装配时要便于人员的操作，会签时需经奇瑞公司确认后方可实施。

3.2.5. 规制块压紧时要求每个规制块所能达到的压力F（图8）范围为：25kgf≤F≤30kgf，气缸选用时要依此作为依据。

4.调整垫片的设计要求规范图95.角座的设计要求规范6.BASE板的设计要求规范图136.1.常用尺寸要求如表5所示尺寸类型常用尺寸大小（mm）S(面积：单位m²) S≤0.5 0.5＜S≤0.8 0.8＜S≤2.0 S＞2.0 H1 20 20 22 25H2 15 15 15 15坐标网格线的平行度误差要求：相邻单一间隔距0.10mm/100mm；累积间隔距0.30mm/全长。

译文标题精密机械加工工艺原文标题Precision Machining Technology作者Peter J. Hoffman 译名彼得·J·霍夫曼国籍美国原文出处Cengage Learning译文：在机械加工过程中，工件受到切削力、离心力、惯性力等的作用，为了保证在这些外力作用下，工件仍能在夹具中保持已由定位元件确定的加工位置，而不致发生振动或位移、夹具结构中应设置夹紧装置将工件可靠夹牢。

一、夹紧装置的组成夹紧装置的种类很多，但其结构均由两部分组成。

1 ．动力装置夹紧力的来源，一是人力；二是某种装置所产生的力。

能产生力的装置称为夹具的动力装置。

常用的动力装置有：气动装置、液压装置、电动装置、电磁装置、气—液联动装置和真空装置等。

由于手动夹具的夹紧力来自人力，所以它没有动力装置。

2 ．夹紧部分接受和传递原始作用力使之变为夹紧力并执行夹紧任务的部分，一般由下列机构组成：1 ）接受原始作用力的机构。

如手柄、螺母及用来连接气缸活塞杆的机构等。

2）中间递力机构。

如铰链、杠杆等。

3 ）夹紧元件。

如各种螺钉压板等。

其中中间递力机构在传递原始作用力至夹紧元件的过程中可以起到诸如改变作用力的方向、改变作用力的大小以及自锁等作用。

二、夹紧装置的基本要求在不破坏工件定位精度，并保证加工质量的前提下，应尽量使夹紧装置做到：1．夹紧力的大小适当。

既要保证工件在整个加工过程中其位置稳定不变、振动小，又要使工件不产生过大的夹紧变形。

2 ．工艺性好。

夹紧装置的复杂程度应与生产纲领相适应，在保证生产效率的前提下，其结构应力求简单，便于制造和维修。

3 ．使用性好。

夹紧装置的操作应当方便、安全、省力。

三、基本夹紧机构原始作用力转化为夹紧力是通过夹紧机构来实现的。

在众多的夹紧机构中以斜楔、螺旋、偏心以及由它们组合而成的夹紧机构应用最为普遍。

（一）紧机构 采用斜传力元紧元紧机斜楔 机构。

直接采用，斜楔条件是：斜楔的升角小于斜楔与工 件、斜 具的摩擦角之和。