2019最新bAAA大跨度桥梁施工控制英语

Bridge Construction GuidelineDa-Xi PDL Co., Ltd.Chapter One - Pile Constructioncast-in-place bored pile constructing processwork flow of Impact drill construction1.1-2Performance index of slurry 1.2.11.2.1-1Performance index of slurryboring methodgeologic conditionPerformanceindex of slurrymud weightviscosityssandfactor%Colloid fraction%PHdirect circulationGeneral stratum1.10 1.20 16 22 4 95 6.5 Easy sloughingstratum1.20 1.30 19 28 4 95 6.5reverse circulationGeneral stratum1.05 1.06 16 22 4 95 6.5 Easy sloughingstratum1.06 1.10 19 28 4 95 6.5 boulder bed1.10 1.15 19 28 4 95 6.5PercussiondrillGeneral stratum1.10 1.20 16 22 4 95 6.5 Easy sloughingstratum1.20 1.30 19 28 95 6.5boulder bed1.40 19 28 95 6.5stone 1.20 16 22 4 95 6.5 III personnel and labor force organization of every construction site1.3.1-1On site manager TechnicalLeaderFull-timesafetyinspectorEngineering technical personnelLeading foremanEvery drillingmachine1 1 1 4 ( 11 Geotechnical engineer) 21 1captain4. Standard of quality control and testing1.4.1-1 Inspection satandard of bored pileNo. Items of qualitycontrolQuality satandard andrequirementTest method ofconstruction unitTest method ofsupervisorRemarks1 survey andstaking-outError of pile layoutcenterposition 50mm50mmtotal stationmeasuringdocument checking2 Installation of fenderpileElicit “ ” shape fenderpile center error 50mm50mmhung lines,plummet ball,dipstickmeteringdipstick metering3 shield-tube buryingShield-tube should besealed and no waterseepage, burial depthshould accord with theconstructionrequirement,topposition 50mm;gradient 1%50mm1%Observation,hunglines, plummet ball,dipstick meteringdipstick meteringobservation4in position of thedrilling machineProtection measures fromdrilling machinesubsidence anddisplacement position tocenter error 10mmdiameter of the drilling bitshould accord with therequirement of hole ,10mmObservation, dipstickmetering, levelingdipstick metering5Start to drill anddrillingperformance index ofslurry should based on typeof drilling machine andgeological conditions. keeprelevant record whiledrilling, it must be verifiedby technical staff when piledrilling process comes intoterrane and pebble bedslurry performanceindex test, randomsampling, dipstickmeteringpatrolDrilling recordmeasuringline comparedwith drill stem6 Final hole inspectionHole depth designdepth aperturedesign aperturegradient1%same pile aperturetesting machine depthtestwhole witness7 Reinforcement cagesproductionone side welding10d two sidewelding 5d weldseam 0.3d,4mm0.7d 8mm noslags Distancebetween main rebar±0.5d mm distancebetween stirrup±20mm no morethan50% rebar joint insame cross-section50%observationand dipstickmetering,dipstickmetering to thetwo ends andmiddle place ofthe principle bar1 stirrupdistance measuring atcontinues three place3observationand dipstick meteringone side welding10d two sidewelding 5d welddepth 0.3d, and >=4mm weld depth 0.7d and8 Reinforcement cagesinstallation andwelding8mm welding slagshould be cleanedJoint of sound testpipe should be sealed andno water seepage, wellfixed and tighten,proportional spacing, errorof the protective layer5 10 mm.Stirrup fixing shouldaccord with design andtesting requirement;well control the top cageelevation and positionthrough the control ofhanging steel bar.planimetric positionerror 10cmSubface elevationerror ±10cm5 10 mmobservationand dipstick meteringWitness inspectionand concealedproject acceptance10cm,±10cm9 conduit installationjoint of conduit should besealed and no waterseepage, well fixed andtighten, well control thelength of conduit andnumber, the distancebetween labrum of conduitand bottom of hole shouldaround 40cm40cmobservationand dipstick meteringoriginal record checkof construction unit10 hole cleaning mud weight1.1 sandfactor2% viscosity17 20sSlurry basinperformance testingmachineWitnessNo. Quality controlitemQuality standard and requirementTest method ofconstruction unitTest methodofsupervisorRemarksThickness of sedimentcolumn pile5cm friction pile20cm,and accord with design requirementmeasuring lineinspection11 Concretingslumps 18 22cmmake sure the burialdepth of the conduit of first concrete isno less than 1m and no more than 3m1m3m well control the tubepulling length burialdepth should controlled at 2 6m2 6m assure the continuesconcreting,and the concreting processshould finished within initial settingtime, the concreting height should 1mhigher than design of pile top1mslump conemeasuring lineback calculation ofthe concrete ,Stand bysupervision12 concrete strengthdesign strength 1.15 timescompression strengthtest of standard curingsamplewitnessedtesting13 pile's integritylevel pile 90% 90% nolevel pileWhole witnessed testingWholewitnessedtesting14grouting in thepile bottomconform to the design requirements,nogrouting without design requirementWhole processself-controlStand-bysupervision1.4.1-2 in deep waters bored pile test standardNo.Quality controlitemQuality standard and requirementTest method ofconstruction unitTest method ofsupervisorRemarks1 Above waterworkingplatforminstallationstable enough and resistance to capsizing,meets the construction requirementsMechanics calculatingcheck designpaper and checkcalculatingmaterial2 steel casinginstallationhigh enough guidance equipment, wellcontrol the position of pile casting,the barialof pile casting should based on geologicalconditiontop place should at least 2m higherthan waterline2m limited error topposition 50mm gradient1%Observationtotal stationmeasuring,suspension clamp,plummet, dipstickmeteringmeasurementexaminationwitness3 in position of thedrilling machinePrevent drilling machine from subside,misplace and prepare anti overturningmeasure, to center position error 10mm10mmobservationlevelingWitnessinspection4 Start to drill anddrillingperformance index of slurry shouldbased on type of drilling machine andgeological conditions. The index of thenewly produced slurry should becontrolled between1.25 1.3. keeprelevant record while drilling, it mustbe verified by supervisor when piledrilling process comes into terraneSlurry basinperformance testingmachinedipstick meteringWitnessinspection1.25 1.3 ,5 Final holeinspectiongradient 1% Hole depthdesign depthaperture design aperturegradient 1% outside diameter ofverifier=designed pile aperture=Drilling recordinspectionhole monitoringmachine deep testWitnessinspection ,onsite acceptance6 Reinforcementcages productionSingle side welding 10d doubleside welding 5d weld seamthickness 0.3d, 4mmwidth 0.7d 8mmlean the welding slag Distance ofthe main rebar ±0.5d mmdistance between stirrups±20mmObservation anddipstick metering13dipstick meteringto the two endsand middle placeof the principlebarstirrup distancemeasuring at continuesthree placedipstick metering7 Reinforcementcages installationand weldingSingle side welding 10d doubleside welding 5d weldseamthickness 0.3d, 4mmwidth 0.7d 8mm noslag Didtance between mainrebars ±0.5d mm distancebetween stirrups ±20mm nomore than50% rebar joint in samecross-section50%Observation anddipstick meteringdipstickmetering,concealed worksacceptance8 Conduitinstallationjoint of conduit should be sealed and nowater seepage, well fixed and tighten, wellcontrol the length of conduit and number,the distance between labrum of conduit andbottom of hole should around 40cm40cm,1.5Observationdipstick meteringConduithydrostatic testwitness9 hole cleaningdirect circulation 1.11.3 reverse circulation 1.051.15 viscosity :General strata16 22s, Easy slump strata19 28s thickness of the sedimentpillar pile 5cm friction pile20cmSlurry basinperformance testingmachinemeasuring lineOn siteconcealed projectacceptanceNo.Quality controlitemQuality standard and requirementTest method ofconstruction unitTest method ofsupervisorRemarks10 Concretingslumps 1822cm make sure the burialdepth of the conduit of first concreteis no less than 1m and no more than3m1m 3m wellcontrol the tube pulling lengthburial depth shouldslump conedipstick meteringback calculationcheckkeep relevant recordof concretingStand-byinspectioncontrolled at 2 6m 2 6m assure the continuesconcreting,and the concreting process should finished within initial setting time, the concreting height should 1m higher than design of pile top 18 22cm 1m 3m 2 6m 1m11concrete strength Two groups test sample, 56 days standard curing, strength is no less than design strength 2 56 Compression Test Witnessinspection12pile's integrityUltrasonic-sound test, and low dynamic testingUltrasonic test or low strain dynamic testingComplete witnessesSection 5 Key points of construction control and quality assurance measure1.5.1 1 : 1 220*10*1.5m 3Preparation work 1 slurry basin construction of drilling pile in shallows and land: 1 slurry basinbetween# 1 and #2 pier(about20*10*1.5m 3) , slurry storage, sedimentation basin, which connected with recirculating tank and supply for two piers, slurry basin recalculating system should meet the demand of hole drilling, and well organized. Clean up the waste in time, Prevent slurry basin from environment pollution. And well does the protection lining and scaffold setting work: 4 8mm 0.2 0.4m, 5cm 1% 2.0m 2.5m 0.5mSteal casing : coiling with 4 8mm steel plate, internal diameter is 0.2 0.4m bigger than diameter of the pile, error position of the casing 5cm , gradient 1%, top opening o f the casing should 2.0m taller than construction level or ground water level. casing centerline should coincide with the pilecenter .use pile planting method for casing burial ,layout the cross shape line of the pile position by measure, excavate to certain deep for around 2.5m casing burial. Back fill the clayey soil after casing position check. 0.5m above ground part of casing, and set cross shape line on it.1.5.2 1(drilling pore-forming 12.0-3.0m drilling with direct circulation work should be carried out in a continuous process, and always do spot check of slurry, non-compliant slurry need adjustments timely. keep reasonable drilling mud specific gravity ,utilize the technique of pressure reduction drilling. The in hole water level must be 2.0-3.0mabove the underground water level,strength the wall protection method and preventing the borehole from collapsing, keep a good record while drilling.2Impact drill should always keep heavy punch leading function during the drilling process, to ensure pore forming's verticality. drilling work should be carried out in a continuous process,and always do spot check of slurry, non-compliant slurry need to be adjusted timely.3, ,Rotary digging machine operation need well treated foundation , and prevent from settlement. During the drilling procedure , we should enhance the wall protection process,and lift it in a low speed .and observe the change of ground under the drilling machine, we should stop work when there is sinking problem.We should observe the soil layer change timely while drilling, and also comparing and contrasting with design paper. Contact with design institute to solve the problem if there is a big difference. Regulate the parameters of the drilling based on geological condition, and also make a good record.collapsing holes, when we meet the problems like hole shrinkage,hole enlarging,balled bit problem, tools truck(build up in the hole), blocking drilling,burying drilling and other problems, we should verify the main reason soon and take effective measures.1.5.3, Final hole, hole clear and inspectionCheck hole depth,hole diameter, hole shape, hole location,geological condition of hole bottom after the hole elevation reached to the design elevation,and fill up the eventual aperture record, first pile of every pier should be confirmed by designer, and accepted by on site supervision engineer.1.5.4 reinforcement cage production1(1)semi-finished products and raw material storage area must under the tent,around by barrier, above the hardened ground,and under placed and up covered2(2) 2010 41Material, welding, mechanical connections of reinforcement cages should have quality certificate, and which is in conformity with the relevant certain technical regulation. And actively adopting and spreading mechanical connections of rebar, and process and acceptance procedure should also strictly accord with "interim provisions of rebar mechanical connection method of railway concreteproject"(railway construction 201041)3(3)Adopt whole rebar or fragments rebar production,based on design length and equipment lifting ability .if we adopt fragments rebar lifting method , to ensure the good joining quality trying to aprove that it can be assembled very well, and also prebend the connection head in rebar yard.For overlap welding, rebar joints should be no more than50% in main rebar, the distance between two rebar joint is no less than 35d of the diameter of the main rebar and also no less than 500mm. Welding length of main rebar: double side welding is no less than 5d(diameter o f main rebar), single side welding is no less than 10d.50% 35d 500 5d 10dWhen the diameter of main rebar 20mm, we should adopt joint method and the number of rebar jointis no more than50% of main rebar in same cross-section, there must be the clear mark to clarify wether it is comes to the ends when we use straight thread muff-joint(telescoping joint) method.20mm 50%When we use flash butt welding method, the broadwise crack and clear burnt is not allowed,and thebending is no more than 4, the alignment error in connecting ends is no more than 0.1 time sand no more than 2mm compared with the diameter of the rebar.4 0.1 2mmThe lifting point should be strong enough and rigidity enough, and make sure that there is no shape change during the lifting of the reinforcement cages.1(4)Build in enough and qualified spacer. The concrete which used for spacer produce should be the same high performance concrete material used in main construction, if the construction unit choose to produce spacer by own-self, the construction unit must prefabricate it in prefabricated field concentrated. Only if the quality assurance measure was approved and signed by supervision unit, construction unit can comes into normal bulk production. Otherwise they should use produced spacer2(5)1.5.5 manufacture and installation of sound test tube1(1) 50mm 3mmUltrasonic test tube should be steel pipe, inner diameter no less than 50mm, wall thickness no more than 3mm.The amount and installation should meet the requirement.2(2) 10Ultrasonic test pipe should be installed on reinforcement cages in advance, the bottom open should be sealed, and top open should be covered, use screw thread as joint method, welding is not a good way. No impurity inside and no motar spillage, pipe orifice should at least 10cm higher than conduit, the length of ultrasonic test tube should be basically same, before concreting, the ultrasonic test tube should be full with water.3(3) ,The joint treatment should adopt technical method, screwed fitting should be inserted to avoid motar leaking.4(4)Binding ultrasonic test pipe on reinforcement cages.the ultrasonic test pipe on fabricated pile should be vertical and parallel with each other, and no blocking phenomenon.1.5.6 installation of rebar cage1Keep vertical, aimed at drilling hole, and install(lifting) reinforcement cages into hole slowly. No left or right rotation,slowly lower down and prevent from collapse. Stop and check out the reason if there is any problems during the process. Sudden lift ,sudden down, installed by force is strictly prohibit.2 ,Prebend extension reinforcement cage welding joint in processing factory, guarantee the right position of up and down main rebar, guarantee its' alignment and no bend. For extension reinforcement caged and reinforcement cages installation,aperture should be well supported and fixed to guarantee there is no up-floating or subsidence phenomenon.3 3 main control item of rebar()The test of raw material, processing, joint and installation of rebar must accord with current"control manual of concrete project "(compiled by Da-Xi PDL )1.5.7 concreting1 1Try to assemble it and do pressure test before the use of conduit2 2 ( )Under water concreting should accord with certain regulation "concrete quality control manual"(compiled by Da-Xi company )3 1m3mConcrete initial stock should ensure the length of in concrete conduit is no less than 1m and also no more than 3m after first batch concreting.4 4 ,Recheck the thickness of the precipitation bed of hole bottom before concreting,reclean the hole with dip pipe if the thickness is bigger than required.5 2 6m 1.0mDuring the concreting process, the soaked and checked measuring line should be used to measure the top position of inside concrete of hole, and guarantee the burial depth is 2~6m. Check burial depth of conduit to avoid it from pile broken. When the concreting layer is near to design elevation the conduit should be raised up slowly, and also use sample box or other container to take sample and check the top position of the concrete, the concreting layer should 1.0 higher than design elevation of pile top.6 2m 2 4mDuring the concrete, we should give special attention to operation process when it comes to the minimum elevation of reinforcement cages. Keep large burial depth while the concrete is near to the bottom of the reinforcement cages. Slow down the concreting process to decrease the upward shock, when concrete layer is 2m higher than reinforcement cages, we should reduce the conduit burial depth, and make bottom open of conduit position near to the elevation of reinforcement cages, and speed up concreting procedure to raise the burial depth of reinforcement cages. Continue the concreting with normal speed when concrete layer is 2~4m higher than reinforcement cages.Chapter Two - Caps ConstructionSection one - personnel and labor combinationForm 2.1.1-1 the arrangement of managing personnel on each siteResponsible person on site Technical leader Safety supervisor Technicist Leader of theworking teams1 11 3 5Form 2.1.1-2 the arrangement of working laborsSteel bender ElectricwelderConcreter Formfixerscaffolder Electrician Carpenter Backman6 2 8 6 4 2 2 10Section Two Quality control and inspection standardForm 2.2-1 Quality inspection standard of bridge caps constructionN O . QualitycontrolitemsQuality standard and requirementTest methodof theconstructionunitTest methodof thesupervisorsremarks1 groundleveling Clean out the sludge and other wastes observation Observeduringinspection2 measuringandlofting survey with total station, set the 4 anglesof caps, leveling the gound, determinethe size and depth of excavation, theaccuracy is±50mm.survey withtotal stationand gradientercheck thesurveydocument,check withruler on-site3 supportandprotectionoffoundationpit the method of excavation of foundationpit and form of support and protectionmust meet the request of theconstruction technical scheme. supportand protection of foundation pit shouldmeet the request of strength, rigidity andstability.observation,mechanicscalculation ismade when itis necessaryobservation,mechanicscalculationdocument ischeckedwhen it isnecessary4 excavationoffoundationpit the planimetric position of thefoundation pit and the size of pit bottommust meet the request of design andconstruction. no water in the range ofcaps of foundation pit. The permittederror of pit bottom elevation: ±50mm,(stone) +50mm,-200mm.survey withtotal stationand gradienterwitness thesurvey andcheck5 Pile headprocessing first ringcutting then removing the pilehead, take care of the protection of sonictest tube while removing pile head,control the elevation of pile top, levelthe pile top, reveal the fresh concretesurface, the permitted error of pile topelevation:±50mm.Observation,level withlevellinginstrumentobservation6 test of pilefoundation carry out the nondestructive test to allthe concrete of pile body. turn into nextprocedure after tested qualified.Entrust aqualifiedsurveying unitto surveywitness thewholeprocess ofsurvey7 mortarbed the strength, thickness and size of thecushion layer should meet the request ofdesign (if there is no request in design,the top surface of cushion layer shouldbe plane and dense). the permitted error:planeness 10mm, elevation±20mm.level withlevellinginstrumentand measurewith rulerobservation8 Formworkof caps the permitted error of size ±10mm. survey withtotal stationcheck withruler9 comprehensiveearthingmust be embedded according to thedesign request and marked clearly.observationand testwitness thewholeprocess ofsurvey Section three key points of quality control and the assurance measures2.3.1 Excavation of foundation pit(1) Excavation of caps foundation pit, at the location where geological conditions are good and the ground water level is low, the excavation method is slope excavation; at the location where the ground water level is high, the pit will be deep and the stability of foundation pit slope is poor, the support and protection method for caps foundation pit is steel sheet pile protection; the steel sheet pile protection is also uesd for the caps foundation pit of piers which cross the railway and highway.(2) In the process of excavation of foundation pit, excavator excavation is the core while manual excavation is the complement. The excavator excavation will stop when there is only 30cm to the foundation bottom, then it will be excavated by labor to the bottom in order that the foundation bottom is not destroyed. The protection should be done to the deep foundation pit and the foundation pit crossing the railway and highway.(3) The size and elevation of foundation pit bottom should be checked in time after excavating to the foundation bottom. The size of foundation pit bottom should be about 1m larger than the designed plan view size of caps. If there is water in foundation pit, the drainage ditch should be digged outside the cushion layer. When it is large water volume, it should bury pipe to protect the pit wall. Foundation construction must be processed without water around and it must not pile waste soil on the top of slope. 2.3.2 Removing concrete from pile head and pile foundation test(1) Removing concrete from pile head, the pneumatic tools removing is the core while manual removing is the complement. It is better that first mark off around the pile body at the height of 15cm above the cap, ringcutting (mustn’t cut the rebars and make them broken), and make all the main rebars revealed and separated from concrete. Then drill diagonally with mechanical pick and lift out the pile head, removing to the design elevation by worker. The length of foundation pile burying into cap and the length of main rebar at pile top extending into cap should meet the design request.(2) Pile foundation is tested after removing concrete from pile head. To the pile foundations whose pile length 40m use low strain method to test, while to the pile foundations whose pile length 40m use sounding method to test.2.3.3 Reinforcement comprehensive earthing constructionThe earthing rebars of piles should be ring jointed in the cap. The two earthing rebars of bridge pier are embedded during the cap construction, connecting with the ring joint rebars in the cap. Connection rebar of cap and the run-through earthing rebar of piles are welded with L method. The welding among all the earthing rebars should be good quality.2.3.4 Formwork constructionIt is better to use big steel formwork, also the assembly steel formwork, as the cap formwork, using the lift machine to install. The formwork is installed after completing the colligation of rebar cages. Reinforce the formwork through compaction between the foundation pit wall and profile steel, timber and pull rod to make sure the stability and size accuracy of formwork.2.3.5 Concreting(1) Test the water content of coarse and fine aggregate in concrete before mixing. And when the weatherchanges during construction, the water content should be tested once more in order to adjust the concrete mix proportion in time and guarantee the mixing quality of concrete.(2) Concrete layer by layer and control the thickness of every layer as 30cm.2.3.6 Concrete maintainanceAfter the initial setting of concrete, water the concrete surface of cap for maintainance. Cover the formwork outboard with straw bag in order to reduce the temperature difference between concrete inside and outside and prevent the appearance of flaw on concrete because of the big stress due to temperature. The concrete maintainance needs 14-28 days according to the sunlight condition. The maintainance time of mass concrete is not less than 28 days.2.3.7 Control measure for mass concrete temperature cracks(1) Choose the raw materials properly and optimize the concrete mix proportion. It should not only use the low hydration heat cement but also reduce the cement dosage.(2) Control the temperature properly. About the temperature control, three aspects should be considered: casting temperature, highest temperature and maintainance temperature.(3) There should be special technical design for temperature control. And enhance the construction temperature survey in accordance with the special technical design.(4) Organize the construction properly. Arrange the concrete construction time properly during construction. When construct in high temperature season, it is best to arrange the concreting in lower temperature period in order to reduce the casting temperature of concrete.2.3.8 Foundation pit backfillOrganize the construction according to the design requirement strictly.。

结构控制structural controlstructure control结构控制: structural control結構控制: structural control结构控制剂: constitution controller裂缝宽度容许值裂缝宽度容许值: allowable value of crack width装配式预制装配式预制: precast装配式预制的: precast-segmental装配式预制混凝土环: precast concrete segmental ring安装预应力安装预应力: prestressed最优化optimization最优化: Optimum Theory|optimization|ALARA 使最优化: optimized次最优化: suboptimization空心板梁空心板梁: hollow slab beam主梁截面主梁截面: girder section边、中跨径边、中跨径: side span &middle spin主梁girder主梁: girder|main beam|king post 桥主梁: bridge girder主梁翼: main spar单墩单墩: single pier单墩尾水管: single-pier draught tube单墩肘形尾水管: one-pier elbow draught tube结构优化设计结构优化设计: optimal structure designing扩结构优化设计: Optimal Struc ture Designing 液压机结构优化设计软件包: HYSOP连续多跨多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports拼接板splice barsplice plate拼接板: splice bar|scab|splice plate 端头拼接板: end matched lumber销钉拼接板: pin splice裂缝crack crevice跨越to step acrossstep over跨越: stride leap|across|spanning跨越杆: cross-over pole|crossingpole 跨越点: crossing point|crossover point刚构桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥: rigid frame bridge形刚构桥: T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥: continuous rigid frame bridge刚度比stiffness ratioratio of rigidity刚度比: ratio of rigidity|stiffness ratio 动刚度比: dynamic stiffenss ratio刚度比劲度比: stiffnessratio等截面粱uniform beam等截面粱: uniform beam|uniform cross-section beam桥梁工程bridge constructionbridgework桥梁工程: bridgeworks|LUSAS FEA|Bridge Engineering 桥梁工程师: Bridge SE铁路桥梁工程: railway bridge engineering悬索桥suspension bridge悬索桥: suspension bridge|su e io ridge 懸索橋: Suspension bridge|Puente colgante 加劲悬索桥: stiffenedsuspensionbridge预应力混凝土prestressed concrete预应力混凝土: prestressed concrete|prestre edconcrete 预应力混凝土梁: prestressed concrete beam预应力混凝土管: prestressed concrete pipe预应力钢筋束预应力钢筋束: pre-stressing tendon|pre-stre ingtendon 抛物线型钢丝束(预应力配钢筋结构用): parabolic cable最小配筋率minimum steel ratio轴向拉力axial tensionaxial tensile force轴向拉力: axial tension|axial te ion 轴向拉力, 轴向拉伸: axial tension轴向拉力轴向张力: axialtensileforce承台cushion cap承台: bearing platform|cushioncap|pile caps 桩承台: pile cap|platformonpiles低桩承台: low pile cap拱桥arch bridge拱桥: hump bridge|arch bridge|arched bridge 拱橋: Arch bridge|Puente en arco|Pont en arc 鸠拱桥: Khājū强度intensitystrength强度: intensity|Strength|Density刚强度: stiffness|stiffne|westbank stiffness 光强度: light intensity|intensity箍筋hooping箍筋: stirrup|reinforcement stirrup|hooping 箍筋柱: tied column|hooped column形箍筋: u stirrup u预应力元件预应力元件: prestressed element等效荷载equivalent load等效荷载: equivalent load等效荷载原理: principle of equivalent loads 等效负载等效荷载等值负载: equivalentload模型matrix model mould pattern承载能力极限状态承载能力极限状态: ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态: serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态验证: verification of serviceability limit states弹性elasticityspringinessspringgiveflexibility弹性: elasticity|Flexibility|stretch 彈性: Elastic|Elasticidad|弾性弹性体: elastomer|elastic body|SPUA平截面假定plane cross-section assumption平截面假定: plane cross-section assumption抗拉强度intensity of tension tensile strength安全系数safety factor标准值standard value标准值: standard value,|reference value作用标准值: characteristic value of an action 重力标准值: gravity standard设计值value of calculationdesign value设计值: design value|value|designed value 作用设计值: design value of an action荷载设计值: design value of a load可靠度confidence levelreliabilityfiduciary level可靠度: Reliability|degree of reliability 不可靠度: Unreliability高可靠度: High Reliability几何特征geometrical characteristic几何特征: geometrical characteristic配位几何特征: coordinated geometric feature 流域几何特征: basin geometric characteristics塑性plastic nature plasticity应力图stress diagram应力图: stress diagram|stress pattern 谷式应力图: Cremona's method机身应力图: fuselage stress diagram压应力crushing stress压应力: compressive stress|compression stress 抗压应力: compressive stress|pressure load内压应力: internal pressure stress配筋率ratio of reinforcement reinforcement ratioreinforcement percentage配筋率: reinforcement ratio平均配筋率: balanced steel ratio纵向配筋率: longitudinal steel ratio有限元分析finite element analysis有限元分析: FEA|finite element analysis (FEA)|ABAQUS 反有限元分析: inverse finite element analysis有限元分析软件: HKS ABAQUS|MSC/NASTRAN MSC/NASTRAN有限元法finite element method有限元法: FInite Element|finite element method 积有限元法: CVFEM线性有限元法: Linear Finite Element Method裂缝控制裂缝控制: crack control控制裂缝钢筋: crack-control reinforcement检查，核对，抑制，控制，试验，裂缝，支票，账单，牌号，名牌: check应力集中stress concentration应力集中: stress concentration应力集中点: hard spot|focal point of stress 应力集中器: stress concentrators主拉应力principal tensile stress主拉应力: principal tensile stress非线性nonlinearity非线性振动nonlinear oscillationsnonlinear vibration非线性振动: nonlinear vibration非线性振动理论: theory of non linear vibration 非线性随机振动: Nonlinear random vibration弯矩flexural momentment of flexion (moment of flexure) bending momentflexural torque弯矩: bending moment|flexural moment|kN-m 弯矩图: bending moment diagram|moment curve 双弯矩: bimoment弯矩中心center of momentsmoment center弯矩中心: center of moments|momentcenter弯矩分配法moment distributionmomentdistribution弯矩分配法: hardy cross method|cross method弯矩图bending moment diagrammoment curvemoment diagram弯矩图: bending moment diagram|moment curve 最终弯矩图: final bending moment diagram最大弯矩图: maximum bending moment diagram剪力shearing force剪力: shearing force|shear force|shear剪力墙: shear wall|shearing wall|shear panel 剪力钉: shear nails|SHEAR CONCRETE STUD弹性模量elasticity modulus young's modulus elastic modulus modulus of elasticity elastic ratio剪力图shear diagram剪力图: shear diagram|shearing force diagram剪力和弯矩图: Shear and Moment Diagrams绘制剪力和弯矩图的图解法: Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagrams剪力墙shear wall剪力墙: shear wall|shearing wall|shear panel 抗剪力墙: shearwall剪力墙结构: shear wall structure轴力轴力: shaft force|axial force螺栓轴力测试仪: Bolt shaft force tester 轴向力: axial force|normal force|beam框架结构frame construction等参单元等参数单元等参元: isoparametricelement板单元板单元: plate unit托板单元: pallet unit骨板骨单元: lamella/lamellaeosteon梁(surname) beam of roof bridge桥梁bridge曲率curvature材料力学mechanics of materials结构力学structural mechanics结构力学: Structural Mechanics|theory of structures 重结构力学: barodynamics船舶结构力学: Structual Mechamics for Ships弯曲刚度flexural rigiditybending rigidity弯曲刚度: bending stiffness|flexural rigidity 截面弯曲刚度: flexural rigidity of section弯曲刚度，抗弯劲度: bending stiffness钢管混凝土结构encased structures钢管混凝土结构: encased structures极限荷载ultimate load极限荷载: ultimate load极限荷载设计: limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load极限荷载设计limit load designultimate load analysisultimate load design极限荷载设计: limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load板壳力学mechanics of board shell板壳力学: Plate Mechanics板壳非线性力学: Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell本构模型本构模型: constitutive model体积本构模型: bulk constitutive equation 本构模型屈服面: yield surface主钢筋main reinforcing steelmain reinforcement主钢筋: main reinforcement|Main Reinforcing Steel 钢筋混凝土的主钢筋: mainbar悬臂梁socle beam悬臂梁: cantilever beam|cantilever|outrigger 悬臂梁长: length of cantilever双悬臂梁: TDCB悬链线catenary悬链线: Catenary,|catenary wire|chainette 伪悬链线: pseudocatenary悬链线长: catenary length加劲肋ribbed stiffener加劲肋: stiffening rib|stiffener|ribbed stiffener 短加劲肋: short stiffener支承加劲肋: bearing stiffener技术标准technology standard水文水文: Hydrology水文学: hydrology|hydroaraphy|すいもんがく水文图: hydrograph|hydrological maps招标invite public bidding投标(v) submit a bid bid for连续梁through beam连续梁: continuous beam|through beam多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports 悬臂连续梁: gerber beam加劲梁stiff girder加劲梁: stiffening girder|buttress brace 加劲梁节点: stiff girder connection支撑刚性梁，加劲梁，横撑: buttress brace水文学hydrology水文学: hydrology|hydroaraphy|すいもんがく水文學: Hydrologie|水文学|??? ??????古水文学: paleohydrology桥梁抗震桥梁抗震加固: bridge aseismatic strengthening抗风wind resistance抗风: Withstand Wind|Wtstan Wn|wind resistance 抗风锚: weather anchor抗风性: wind resistance基础的basal桥梁控制测量bridge construction control survey桥梁控制测量: bridge construction control survey桥梁施工桥梁施工控制综合程序系统: FWD桥梁最佳施工指南: Bridge Best Practice Guidelines桥梁工程施工技术咨询: Bridge Construction Engineering Service总体设计overall designintegrated design总体设计: Global|overall design|general arrangement 总体设计概念: totaldesignconcept工厂总体设计图: general layout scheme初步设计predesign preliminary plan技术设计technical design技术设计: technical design|technical project 技术设计员: Technical Designer|technician技术设计图: technical drawing施工图设计construction documents design施工图设计: construction documents design施工图设计阶段: construction documents design phase基本建设项目施工图设计: design of working drawing of a capital construction project桥台abutment bridge abutment基础foundation basebasis结构形式structural style结构形式: Type of construction|form of structure 表结构形式: list structure form屋顶结构形式: roof form地震earthquake地震活动earthquake activityseismic activityseismic motionseismicity地震活动: Seismic activity|seismic motion 地震活动性: seismicity|seismic地震活动图: seismicity map支撑体系支撑体系: bracing system|support system 物流企业安全平台支撑体系: SSOSP公路桥涵公路施工手册-桥涵: Optimization of Road Traffic Organization-Abstract引道approach roadramp wayapproach引道: approach|approach road引道坡: approach ramp|a roachramp 引道版: Approach slab装配式装配式桥: fabricated bridge|precast bridge 装配式房屋: Prefabricated buildings装配式钢体: fabricated steel body耐久性wear耐久性: durability|permanence|endurance不耐久性: fugitiveness耐久性试验: endurance test|life test|durability test持久状况持久状况: persistent situation 短暂状况短暂状况: transient situation 偶然状况偶然状况: accidental situation永久作用永久作用: permanent action永久作用标准值: characteristic value of permanent action可变作用可变作用: variable action可变作用标准值: characteristic value of variable action 可变光阑作用: iris action偶然作用偶然作用: accidental action偶然同化（作用）: accidental assimilation作用效应偶然组合: accidental combination for action effects作用代表值作用代表值: representative value of an action作用标准值作用标准值: characteristic value of an action地震作用标准值: characteristic value of earthquake action 可变作用标准值: characteristic value of variable action作用频遇值作用频遇值 Frequent value of an action安全等级safe class安全等级: safety class|Security Level|safeclass 生物安全等级: Biosafety Level生物安全等級: Biosafety Level作用actionactivity actionsactseffectto play a role设计基准期design reference period设计基准期: design reference period作用准永久值作用准永久值: quasi－permanentvalueofanaction作用效应作用效应: effects of actions|effect of an action 互作用效应: interaction effect质量作用效应: mass action effect作用效应设计值作用效应设计值 Design value of an action effect分项系数分项系数: partial safety factor|partial factor作用分项系数: partial safety factor for action抗力分项系数: partial safety factor for resistance作用效应组合作用效应组合: combination for action effects作用效应基本组合: fundamental combination for action effects 作用效应偶然组合: accidental combination for action effects结构重要性系数结构重要性系数Coefficient for importance of a structure桥涵桥涵跟桥梁比较类似，主要区别在于:单孔跨径小于5m或多孔跨径之和小于8m的为桥涵,大于这个标准的为桥梁公路等级公路等级: highway classification标准:公路等级代码: Code for highway classification标准:公路路面等级与面层类型代码: Code for classification and type of highway pavement顺流fair current设计洪水频率设计洪水频率: designed flood frequency水力water powerwater conservancyirrigation works水力: hydraulic power|water power|water stress水力学: Hydraulics|hydromechanics|fluid mechanics 水力的: hydraulic|hydrodynamic|hyd河槽river channel河槽: stream channel|river channel|gutter 古河槽: old channel河槽线: channel axis河岸riversidestrand河岸: bank|riverside|river bank 河岸林: riparian forest河岸权: riparian right河岸侵蚀stream bank erosion河岸侵蚀: bank erosion|stream bank erosion 河岸侵蚀河岸侵食: bank erosion河岸侵蚀, 堤岸冲刷: bank erosion高架桥桥墩高架桥桥墩: viaduct pier桥梁净空高潮时桥梁净空高度: bridge clearance行车道lane行车道: carriageway|traffic lane|Through Lane 快行车道: fast lane西行车道: westbound carriageway一级公路A roadarterial roadarterial highway一级公路: A road arterial road arterial highway 一级公路网: primaryhighwaysystem二级公路b roadsecondary road二级公路: B road, secondary road涵洞culvert涵洞: culvert梁涵洞: Beam Culverts 木涵洞: timber culvert河床riverbedrunway河床: river bed|bed|stream bed冰河床: glacier bed型河床: oxbow|horseshoe bend|meander loop河滩flood plainriver beach河滩: river shoal|beach|river flat 河滩地: flood land|overflow land 河滩区: riffle area高级公路high-type highway高级公路: high-typehighway高架桥trestleviaduct高架桥: viaduct|overhead viaduct 高架橋: Viadukt|Viaducto|高架橋高架桥面: elevated deck洪水流量volume of floodflood dischargeflooddischarge洪水流量: flood discharge|flood flow|peak discharge 洪水流量预报: flooddischargeforecast平均年洪水流量: average annual flood设计速度design speed设计速度: design speed|designed speed|design rate设计速度，构造速度: desin speed|desin speed <haha最大阵风强度的设计速度: VB Design Speed for Maximum Gust Intension跨度span紧急停车emergency shutdown (cut-off)emergency cut-off紧急停车: abort|panic stop|emergency stop 紧急停车带: lay-by|emergency parking strip 紧急停车阀: emergency stop valve减速gear downretardment speed-down deceleration slowdown车道traffic lane路缘带side tripmarginal stripmargin verge路缘带: marginal strip|side strip|margin verge路肩shoulder of earth body路肩: shoulder|verge|shoulder of road 硬路肩: hard shoulder|hardened verge 软路肩: Soft Shoulder最小值minimum value最小值: minimum|Min|least value 求最小值: minimization找出最小值: min最大值max.最大值原理principle of the maximummaximum principlemaximal principle最大值原理: maximum principle,|maximal principle 离散最大值原理: discrete maximum principle极大值原理，最大值原理: maximum principle车道宽度车道宽度: lane-width自行车道cycle-track自行车道: bicycle path|cycle path|cycle track旗津环岛海景观光自行车道: Cijin Oceanview Bike Path 自行车道专供自行车行驶的车道。

Bridge Foundation and Substructure Construction Programme (k5+000 3×25m=75m Mamboleo Bridge)1.Basis(1)The Standard Specification for Kenya Road and Bridge Construction.(2) Contract of the Rehabilitation of Kisumu-Kakamega Road, Special Specification.(3) Drawings.(4) The General Requirement of Construction Period.(5)Actual condition in-site.2. General Status of the Bridgewe plan to commence construction of Km5+000 bridge recently. The superstructure is 3×2.5m cast-in-situ continuous “T”girder(30/20 concrete). The bridge pier and abutment of substructure is extended open cut foundation(30/20 concrete). Pier body adopts thin-walled pier (30/20 concrete) and bridge cap beam (30/20 concrete). The type of abutment body uses wing-wall abutment(30/20 concrete) and 30/20 reinforced concrete structure. Attached please find Km5+000 Manboleo bridge substructure programme.3.Found ation (Extended Open Cut Foundation) Construction Technology Scheme(1) PreparationThe preparation of construction mechanical equipment, staffs, location set-out, original material test and standard ratio test have been completed, and the side road around construction location could meet bridge construction requirement.(2)Foundation Pit ExcavationMechanical equipment shall apply to foundation pit excavation,and labor forces clear the bottom of pit. Based on the actual condition of excavated culvert, foundation pit slope sets out is 1:0.33 or1:0.25. 10cm-20cm width shall be reserved for labor force cleaning. If the underground water in high level, a ring drain will be excavated around foundation pit. The top width of drain is 0.5m, and underpart is 0.3m; Onewater collection pit(0.5＊0.5＊0.8m3) shall be excavated if necessary.(3) Set Out and Blinding ConcreteAfter finishing foundation pit cleaning, the surface of pit shall be compacted. Then, commencing set out base location, dimensions and elevation,the results of which shall be reported to Engineer for inspection and approval. After that,casting100mm blinding concrete(15/40) in-situ. The top elevation of blinding concrete is the same with the bottom elevation of pile cap, which is under the requirement of specification. The width of blinding concrete is 0.05m larger than pier cap outline,which need strictly control during construction.(4)Reinforcing Bar EngineeringThe bearing platform foundation reinforcement is centralized blanking and processing. Concrete cushion block is applied between steel reinforcement and formwork to insure protective layer thickness under the design requirement.A, Steel Reinforcement Processinga, The test result of reinforcement steel shall be approved by the Engineer. All the steel bars shall have quality certificate.b, The steel surface shall be cleaned for oil spot , paint and rust pitting; the steel shall be straight without local bending. When cold drawing method adopted, Grade I steel cold drawn rate ≦2% ,and Grade II steel ≦1%. .c, Based on reasonable, economic and practical principle, steel blanking shall obey the requirement of drawings, and avoid processing large quantities of short steels. Reinforcement steel is processed in strip slab which is cast-in-place concrete(15/20concrete) slab with width 1.2m and length 20m. Steel will be marked by steel ruler or flexible ruler on strip slab, and processed by machine with settled bending angle.d, Connection of Steel Bar:to meet the requirement of lap length , lapped bar will be applied to main reinforcement.B, Others matters shall strictly adhere to the requirement of construction specification.(5)FormworkA,the formwork for bridge bearing platform(foundation) is bulk assemble split formwork. To ensure the joints smooth without joint trace, the steel plate for formwork is δ≮5mm (or fabricated formwork whose back arris is made by 1.22*2.44m wood glue board and lumps of wood).B, the stiffness,strength and stability of fromwork shall meet requirement. No formwork shall be applied to construction without inspection and approval.C,fromwork shall be shuttered by skilled labor at one time. In order to avoid leakage and insure concrete quality, the joint seam shall less than1.5mm, faulting of slab less than 1.5mm. Releasing agent shall be applied to reinforcement before installation.FORMWORKlumps of wood，gap 50[12u-bar orsteel tupeD, Formwork installation shall be tight. The joint shall be sealed in good condition to avoid spillage and ensure structure surface looks good, lines and shape smooth.E, the planimetric position, top elevation, joint and longitudinal stability shall be checked after formwork installation. Meanwhile, the length and planimetric position of embedded bar shall be checked. The concrete shall not be cast without the approval of Engineer. Formwork shall be inspected during casting in case out of shape.F, Formwork Dismantlement: concrete work shall not be damaged during dismantlement. Dismantlement shall follow the procedure of “support first dismantle afterward”, “dismantle first support afterward”, and formwork shall not be threw during removal. The dismantlement minimum period is according to the requirement of general specification clause 17-4.(6) Construction of Concrete WorkConcrete shall be mixed in mixing plant, measured by E-metrics and transport by truck, truck crane or concrete pump, and vibrated mechanically to avoid honeycombs and holes. Once forming continuous concrete casting shall be applied to concrete work without construction joint and seam. Test sample no less than 2groups.(7)Foundation Pit BackfillConcrete curing shall be at least 7 days after foundation concrete complete, then back-filling in layers when concrete strength meet requirement. Back-filling and compaction shall adhere to the standard specification.4, Thin-walled Pier, Bridge Beam and Wing-Walled Abutment Construction Technology Scheme(1)Reinforcing Bar EngineeringThe reinforcement of pier and abutment is centralized blanking and processing, and concrete cushion block will applied between reinforcement and formwork to insure the thickness of the protective layer and design requirement.A, Reinforcement Processinga,The test result of reinforcement steel shall be approved by the Engineer. All the steel bars shall have quality certificate.b, The steel surface shall be cleaned for oil spot , paint and rust pitting; the steel shall be straight without local bending. When cold drawing method adopted, Grade I steel cold drawn rate≦2% ,and Grade II steel ≦1% .c, Based on reasonable, economic and practical principle, steel blanking shall obey the requirement of drawings, and avoid processing large quantities of shortsteels. Reinforcement steel shall be processed in strip slab which is cast-in-place concrete(15/20concrete) slab with width 1.2m and length 20m. Steel shall be marked by steel ruler or flexible ruler on strip slab and processed by machine with settled bending angle.d, Connection of Steel BarTo meet the requirement of lap length, lapped bar will be applied to main reinforcement.B, Other matters need attention shall under the requirement of construction specification.(2) FormworkA,the formwork for pier is bulk assemble sheet steel form, and form for abutment is fabricated formwork whose back arris is made by wood glue board and lumps of wood. To ensure the joints smooth without joint trace, split billot turnover form method shall applied to construction, and casting length is 3-4m every time. Special-shaped form shall be prepared according to different pier and bridge mast, and the steel plate for formwork is δ≮5mm. Formwork shall be reinforced by steel framework.B, the stiffness,strength and stability of fromwork shall meet requirement. No formwork shall be applied to construction without inspection and approval.C,fromwork shall be shuttered by skilled labor at one time. In order to avoid leakage and insure concrete quality ,the joint seam no more than 1mm, faulting of slab shall follow the regulation of specification. Releasing agent should be applied to reinforcement before installation.D, To avoid form skew,outside of formwork shall be reinforced. The method of reinforcing form as follows: a, steel scaffold; b, mooring rope; c, split bolt and drawbar. Total station instruments or drop ball shall be used to check up foresaid form. Total station instrument shall applied to examine high pier concrete construction.Pier formwork reinforced as follows:cable wind rope metre steel chiselE, the installation of the formwork shall be tight. The joint shall be sealed in good condition to avoid leakage and ensure surface looks good, line and shape smooth.F, the planimetric position, top elevation, joint and longitudinal stability shall beexamined after formwork installation. Meanwhile, the length and planimetric position of embedded bar shall be checked. The concrete shall not be cast without the approval of Engineer. Formwork shall be inspected during casting in case out of shape.G, Formwork Dismantlement: concrete work shall not be damaged during dismantlement. Dismantlement shall follow the procedure of “support first dismantle afterward”, “dismantle first support afterward”, and formwork shall not be threw during removal. The dismantlement minimum time is according to the requirement of general specification clause 17-4.(4) Construction of Concrete WorkConcrete shall be centralized mixed and hardened in mixing plant, and stored according to different materials, and separated by brick wall. Mixed concrete shall be measured by E-metrics and transport by truck, truck crane or concrete pump, and vibrated mechanically to avoid honeycombs and holes. Pier body shall cast 2-4m every time, and construction joint and seam shall be remained. Test sample no less than 2groups.Staffs and equipment arrangement for each pier, abutment as follows:StaffsEquipment5, Attention of Bridge Substructure Concrete Construction(1)Concrete TransportConcrete transportation capability shall meet the requirement of concrete condensation rate and casting speed to ensure dispersion uniformity and regulated slump of concrete and continues casting. The loss of slump from mixing plant tocasting shall less than 25%.(2)Concrete CastingA, No concrete shall be cast before support, formwork, reinforcement and embedded part are checked and recorded and meet design requirement. Sundries and water of formwork and dirt of reinforcement shall be removed. Form crack shall be sealed, and releasing agent shall be applied to formwork. Concrete uniformity and slump shall be examined before casting.B, Concrete shall be cast layer by layer according to certain thickness, sequence and direction. The upper layer shall be cast at the beginning of lower layer solidification. Should both layers commenced casting at the same time, the distance of which remains more than 1.5m. If concrete casting on inclined plane, it shall started form low to upper section gradually and keeping horizontal slicing.Concrete casting thickness no more than 500mm, and no less than quadruple size of the biggest aggregate.(3)Cast-in-place concrete shall be vibrated by vibration rob, except few plasticity concrete which could vibrate to dense by labor force,The following regulations shall be followed while vibration rob applied to use.A, Plug-in vibration rob working space shall no more than 1.5time of its action radius, and shall keep 50-100mm from side form. The depth of rob plug in is 50-100mm. Rob shall be moved out slowly after finishing vibration to avoid impacting form, reinforcement and other embedded parts.B, The moving space of surface vibrator shall ensure vibration plate covering 100mm vibrated concrete.C, Concrete shall be vibrated to density for every part. The symbol of well vibrated concrete are no sinking and bubble, and surface of which is smooth and bleeding.(4) Concrete shall be cast continuously.If casting was interrupt for some reason, the period shall less than concrete initial curdle time or concrete retempering time of the front layer. The time of transporting, casting and break shall follow the requirement of the following form. Construction joint shall be reserved if time out ofregulation.(5) In process or after casting, water shall be drained away without stirring cast concrete if its bleeding in the surface of concrete. Measures shall be taken to avoid bleeding during continuous casting.Time for concrete transport, casting and break(Min)(6) the exposed surface of concrete shall be trimmed, troweled after finishing casting. Concrete shall be troweled again, and pressed polish or galled after concrete grout stabilized. Protection measures shall be taken if large surface exposed or bad weather condition happened. However, covering material shall not get in touch with concrete before its curing.(7) Specially-assigned person shall be arranged to check the stability of support, formwork, reinforcement and embedded parts etc, during casting. Any parts becoming loose,out of shape or shifting shall be fixed at once.(8) Construction record shall be made while casting concrete.6,Concrete Curing and Decoration(1) Concrete CuringA, As to concrete curing in site, the details of curing scheme shall be made and strictly adhere to according to construction works, environment, cement type, admixture and concrete performance.B, Concrete shall be covered and watered after contraction. Formwork shall keep wet during curing.C, the time of concrete curing and mixing is the same.D, concrete shall be cured 7days normally, and the period could prolong or shorten according to air humidity, temperature, cement types and admixture. Watering time shall be subject to the condition of keeping surface moist.E, Gunny bag covering and watering shall be applied to concrete curing.F, No pedestrian, transport machine and formwork shall be loaded before concrete strength reached to 2.5Mpa.(2)Concrete DecorationConcrete surface finish in different parts are dissimilar. The exposed surface without formwork shall be pressed polish and galled according to general specification if exposed surface without decoration. As to exposed surface with formwork shall install the same type formwork and apply the same release agent. Formwork shall be non-deforming, bright and clean without leakage. Any surface quality defect shall reported to relative department, and redecorating according to approval and indication.7, Access Road and Safety Insurance(1), In order to insure construction safety and against theft, 1.8-2.0m fence shall be set around construction site. Traffic sign, roadblock and speed bump shall be set at 10m and 50m of both ends of abutment. Access road shall be set on the right side and construction vehicles pass through the left side(facing Kakamega direction) ,which aimed to reduce traffic jam( see attached chart).(2), The construction team members shall be qualified and obey the construction rules. Mechanical equipment is forbidden to work with fault and overload operation. Sufficient lighting facility shall be equipment for night work.(3), For the electric equipment on the site and the power line shall be in charged by appointed electrician. The distributor shall be fixed with earth leakage protective device. And regular inspection shall be carried out.(4), Without the direction of appointed person, no vehicle shall be operated for construction.(5), Mixing plant shall be check to meet the requirement of specification before starting operation.(6), To prevent foundation pits collapse, all around pits shall be protected, and no heavy objects shall be stored around . Clear mark shall be set around pits in the night, such as colored lantern or lamp, to avoid accident happened.(7), Protecting net, safety belts, safety helmet,guard railing shall be equipment for Working high above the ground. Construction shall not carry out without protection measures.(8),The following vehicle anti-skidding measures shall be prepared during rain season: antiskid chain, paving aggregate or slag. Construction shall not carry out without protection measures.8, Quality Insurance(1) Construction action shall comply with the requirement of Kenya Road and Bridge Specification, the design drawing and bidding document.(2)To insure the quality of works,self-checking shall be made for each construction procedure. Each procedure shall be checked and examined by the Engineer.No following procedure shall be commenced without the approval of Engineer.(3) The surface of concrete structure shall smooth, vibrated to dense and without break crack leakage and honeycomb and scale.(4) No heavy materials shall be loaded on concrete or hit support during construction.(5) Embedded parts shall be stabilized. It is not allowed to hit embedded parts, other stabilized support or pole.9, Environment and Health Protection(1)Construction shall under the requirement of environment protection and pollution control law of Kenya. Measures shall be applied to prevent hazardous material of fuel,oil,sewage,scrap material and rubbish polluting rivers,pool,reservoir and farmland, air pollution from dust,petrol and noise pollution. Reducing construction influence to environment, air and resident to allowed limits. Production and living rubbish shall be stored in appointed location to avoid environment pollution.(2)Water system protection. No sand,mud is allowed to flow in river and pool. Drainage and rivers shall be dredged after construction complete.(3)The occupied rivers shall be cleaned to insure river water unblocked. Watering access road to reduce dust pollution.(4)Construction vehicles shall avoid passing through densely inhabited district. Operators shall control speed and strictly adhere to driving regulation to reduce dust pollution and avoid human injured if they have to.(5)Noisy construction shall under the regulated operation period in sensitive area.Km5+000-Mamboleo Bridge Substructure Construction ProgrammeThe bridge commences to construction on 1st Feb,2015 and substructure shall be completed on 8th April,2015,totally 66 work days. The detail arrangement as follows: 1, 1st February ,2015-28th February,205 Foundation construction, totally 28days2, 1st March,2015- 8th April,2015 substructure construction, totally 38days.。

下部结构 substructure桥墩 pier 墩身 pier body墩帽 pier cap, pier coping台帽 abutment cap, abutment coping盖梁 bent cap又称“帽梁”。

重力式[桥]墩 gravity pier实体[桥]墩 solid pier空心[桥]墩 hollow pier柱式[桥]墩 column pier, shaft pier单柱式[桥]墩 single-columned pier, single shaft pier 双柱式[桥]墩 two-columned pier, two shaft pier排架桩墩 pile-bent pier丫形[桥]墩 Y-shaped pier柔性墩 flexible pier制动墩 braking pier, abutment pier单向推力墩 single direction thrusted pier抗撞墩 anti-collision pier锚墩 anchor pier辅助墩 auxiliary pier破冰体 ice apron防震挡块 anti-knock block, restrain block桥台 abutment台身 abutment body前墙 front wall又称“胸墙”。

翼墙 wing wall又称“耳墙”。

U形桥台 U-abutment八字形桥台 flare wing-walled abutment一字形桥台 head wall abutmentT形桥台 T-abutment箱形桥台 box type abutment拱形桥台 arched abutment重力式桥台 gravity abutment埋置式桥台 buried abutment扶壁式桥台 counterfort abutment, buttressed abutment 衡重式桥台 weight-balanced abutment锚碇板式桥台 anchored bulkhead abutment支撑式桥台 supported type abutment又称“轻型桥台”。

公路工程英语词汇第1页，共13页abrasiveness磨耗度absolute datum绝对基面abutment桥台abutment pier制动墩acceleration lane加速车道accidental load偶然荷载accommodation lane专用车道acoustic barrier隔音墙acting circles of blasting爆破作用圈additional stake加桩adjacent curve in one direction同向曲线admixture外加剂adverse grade for safety反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerophoto base航摄基线aerophoto interpretation航摄像片判读ageing老化aggregate集料(骨料)air hardening气硬性alignment design(城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element线形要素alligator cracking路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection容许(回弹)弯沉alternative line比较线anchored bulkhead abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead retaining wall锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic年平均日交通量anti-creep heap(厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap(厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span引桥aquitard隔水层arch bridge拱桥arch culvert拱涵arch ring拱圈arterial highway干线公路arterial road(厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路asphalt distributor沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt paver沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand沥青砂asphalt sprayer沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen地沥青at-grade intersection平面交叉auxiliary lane附加车道average consistency(of soil)(土的)平均稠度average gradient平均纵坡azimuth angle方位角balance weight retaining wall衡重式挡土墙base course基层base line基线basic traffic capacity基本通行能力beam bridge梁桥beam level deflectometer杠杆弯沉仪bearing支座bearing angle象限角bearing pile支承桩bearing platform承台bed course垫层bench mark水准点benched subgrade台口式路基bending strength抗弯强度Benkelman beam杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪)bent cap盖梁berm护坡道binder结合料binder course联结层公路工程英语词汇第2页，共13页bitumell沥青bitumen extractor(沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio油石比bituminous concrete mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous macadam mixture沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement沥青碎石路面bituminous mixture沥青混合料bituminous pavement沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment(沥青)表面处治blasting crater爆破漏斗blasting for loosening rock松动爆破blasting for throwing rock抛掷爆破blasting procedure土石方爆破bleeding泛油blind ditch盲沟blind drain盲沟block pavement块为路面block stone块石blow up拱胀boring钻探boring log(道路)地质柱状图boring machine钻孔机borrow earth借土borrow pit取土坑boundary frame on crossing道口限界架boundary frame on road道路限界架boundary line of road construction道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge系杆拱桥box culvert箱涵branch pipe of inlet雨水口支管branch road(城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge桥梁bridge decking桥面系bridge deck pavement桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation 桥面伸缩装置bridge girder erection equipment架桥机bridge on slope坡桥bridge site桥位bridge road驮道broken chainage断链broken stone碎石broken back curve断背曲线buried abutment埋置式桥台bus bay公交(车辆)停靠站bypass公交绕行公路cable bent tower索塔cable saddle索鞍cable stayed bridge斜拉桥(斜张桥)cableway erecting equipment缆索吊装设备california bearing ratio(CBR)加州承载比(CBR) california bearing ratio tester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber curve路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection交叉口通行能力capacity of network路网通行能力capillary water毛细水carriage way车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen阳离子乳化沥青cattle-pass畜力车道cement concrete水泥混凝土cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面center-island中心岛center lane中间车道公路工程英语词汇第3页，共13页center line of road道路中线center line survey中线测量center stake中桩central reserve分隔带channelization渠化交通channelization island导流岛channelized intersection分道转弯式交叉口chip石屑chute急流槽circular curve圆曲线circular road环路circular test环道试验city road城市道路civil engineering fabric土工织物classified highway等级公路classified road等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance净空clearance above bridge floor桥面净空clearance of span桥下净空climatic zoning for highway公路自然区划climbing lane爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar煤沥青cobble stone卵石coefficient of scouring冲刷系数cohesive soil粘性土cold laid method冷铺法cold mixing method冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar冷拉钢筋column pier柱式墩combination-type road system混合式道路系统compaction压实compaction test击实试验compaction test apparatus击实仪compactness test压实度试验composite beam bridge联合梁桥composite pipe line综合管道(综合管廊) compound curve复曲线concave vertical curve凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner(水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer(水泥混凝土)路面填缝机concrete mixing plant水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机concrete pump水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw(水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机cone penetration test触探试验conflict point冲突点conical slope锥坡consistency limit(of soil)(土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil加固地基consolidation固结construction by swing转体架桥法construction height of bridge桥梁建筑高度construction joint施工缝construction load施工荷载construction survey施工测量continuous beam bridge连续梁桥contour line等高线contraction joint缩缝control point路线控制点converging合流convex vertical curve凸形竖曲线corduroy road木排道counterfort retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutment扶壁式桥台country road乡村道路county road县公路(县道)，乡道creep徐变critical speed临界速度公路工程英语词汇第4页，共13页cross roads十字形交叉cross slope横坡cross walk人行横道cross-sectional profile横断面图cross-sectional survey横断面测量crown路拱crushed stone碎石crushing strength压碎值culture地物culvert涵洞curb路缘石curb side strip路侧带curve length曲线长curve widening平曲线加宽curved bridge弯桥cut挖方cut corner for sight line(路口)截角cut-fill transition土方调配cut-fill transition program土方调配图cutting路堑cycle path自行车道cycle track自行车道deceleration lane减速车道deck bridge上承式桥deflection test弯沉试验degree of compaction压实度delay延误density of road network道路(网)密度depth of tunnel隧道埋深design elevation of subgrade路基设计高程design frequency(排水)设计重现期design hourly volume设计小时交通量design of elevation(城市道路)竖向设计design of vertical alignment纵断面设计design speed计算行车速度(设计车速)design traffic capacity设计通行能力design vehicle设计车辆design water level设计水位designed elevation设计高程designed flood frequency设计洪水频率dislicking treatment防滑处理Deval abrasion testing machine狄法尔磨耗试验机(双筒式磨耗试验机)diamond interchange菱形立体交叉differential photo微分法测图directional interchange方向式立体交叉diverging分流dowel bar传力杆drain opening泄水口drainage by pumping station(立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch排水沟dressed stone料石drop water跌水dry concrete干硬性混凝土ductility(of bitumen)(沥青)延度ductilometer(沥青)延度仪dummy joint假缝dynamic consolidation强夯法economic speed经济车速economical hauling distance土方调配经济运距element support构件支撑elevation高程(标高)embankment路堤emergency parking strip紧急停车带emulsified bitumen乳化沥青erecting by floating浮运架桥法erection by longitudinal pulling method纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion悬臂拼装法公路工程英语词汇第5页，共13页erection with cableway缆索吊装法evaporation pond蒸发池expansion bearing活动支座expansive soil膨胀土expantion joint胀缝expressway(城市)快速路external distance外(矢)距fabricated bridge装配式桥fabricated steel bridge装拆式钢桥factories and mines road厂矿道路factory external transportation line对外道路factory-in road厂内道路factory-out road厂外道路fast lane内侧车道faulting of slab ends错台feeder highway支线公路ferry渡口fibrous concrete纤维混凝土field of vision视野fill填__________方filled spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥final survey竣工测量fineness细度fineness modulus细度模数fixed bearing固定支座flare wing wall abutment八字形桥台flared intersection拓宽路口式交叉口flash point闪点flash point tester(open cup method)闪点仪(开口杯式) flexible pavement柔性路面flexibie pier柔性墩floor system桥面系flush curb平缘石foot way人道道ford过水路面forest highway林区公路forest road林区道路foundation基础free style road system自由式道路系统free way高速公路free-flow speed自由车速freeze road冻板道路freezing and thawing test冻融试验frost boiling翻浆frozen soil冻土full depth asphalt pavement全厚式沥青(混凝土)路面function planting功能栽植general scour under bridge opening桥下一般冲刷geological section(道路)地质剖面图geotextile土工织物gradation级配gradation of stone(路用)石料等级grade change point变坡点grade compensation纵坡折减grade crossing平面交叉grade length limitation坡长限制grade of side slope边坡坡度grade separation简单立体交叉grade-separated junction立体交叉graded aggregate pavement级配路面grader平地机grain composition颗粒组成granular material粒料gravel砾石gravity pier(abutment)重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙green belt绿化带gridiron road system棋盘式道路系统ground control-point survey地面控制点测量公路工程英语词汇第6页，共13页ground elevation地面高程ground stereophotogrammetry地面立体摄影测量guard post标柱guard rail护栏guard wall护墙gully雨水口gutter街沟(偏沟)gutter apron平石gutter drainage渠道排水half-through bridge中承式桥hard shoulder硬路肩hardening硬化hardness硬度haul road运材道路heavy maintenance大修hectometer stake百米桩hedge绿篱height of cut and fill at center stake中桩填挖高度high strength bolt高强螺栓high type pavement高级路面highway公路highway landscape design公路景观设计hill-side line山坡线(山腰线)hilly terrain重丘区horizontal alignment平面线形horizontal curve平曲线hot laid method热铺法hot mixing method热拌法hot stability(of bitumen)(沥青)热稳性hydraulic computation水力计算hydraulicity水硬性imaginary intersection point虚交点immersed tunnelling method沉埋法inbound traffic入境交通incremental launching method顶推法industrial district road工业区道路industrial solid waste(路用)工业废渣industrial waste base course工业废渣基层inlet雨水口inlet submerged culvert半压力式涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert无压力式涵洞inorganic binder无机结合料instrument station测站intensity of rainstorm暴雨强度intercepting ditch截水沟interchange互通式立体交叉interchange with special bicycle track分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance中修intermediate type pavement中级路面intersection(平面)交叉口intersection angle交叉角，转角intersection entrance交叉口进口intersection exit交叉口出口intersection plan交叉口平面图intersection point交点intersection with widened corners加宽转角式交叉口jack-in method顶入法kilometer stone里程碑land slide坍方lane车道lane-width车道宽度lateral clear distance of curve(平曲线)横净距lay-by紧急停车带level of service道路服务水平leveling course整平层leveling survey水准测量light-weight concrete轻质混凝土lighting facilities of road道路照明设施公路工程英语词汇第7页，共13页lime pile石灰桩line development展线linking-up road联络线、连接道路liquid asphaltic bitumen液体沥青liquid limit液限living fence绿篱load荷载loading berm反压护道loading combinations荷载组合loading plate承载板loading plate test承载板试验local scour near pier桥墩局部冲刷local traffic境内交通location of line定线location survey定测lock bolt support with shotcrete喷锚支护loess黄土longitudinal beam纵梁longitudinal gradient纵坡longitudinal joint纵缝loop ramp环形匝道Los Angeles abrasion testing machine洛杉面磨耗试验机(搁板式磨耗试验机)low type pavement低级路面main beam主梁main bridge主桥maintenance养护maintenance period大中修周期manhole检查井marginal strip路缘带Marshall stability apparatus马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability test马歇尔试验masonry bridge圬工桥maximum annual hourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum dry unit weight(标准)最大干密度maximum longitudinal gradient最大纵坡mine tunnelling method矿山法mineral aggregate矿料mineral powder矿粉mini-roundabout微形环交minimum height of fill(路基)最小填土高度minimum longitudinal gradient最小纵坡minimum radius of horizontal curve最小平曲线半径minimum turning radius汽车最小转弯半径mixed traffic混合交通mixing method拌和法mixture混合料model split交通方式划分modulus of elasticity弹性模量modulus of resilience回弹模量modulus ratio模量比monthly average daily traffic月平均日交通量motor way高速公路mountainous terrain山岭区movable bridge开启桥mud淤泥multiple-leg intersection多岔交叉national trunk highway国家干线公路(国道) natural asphalt天然沥青natural scour自然演变冲刷natural subsoil天然地基navigable water level通航水位nearside lane外侧车道net-shaped cracking路面网裂New Austrian Tunnelling Method新奥法observation point测点one-way ramp单向匝道open cut method明挖法open cut tunnel明洞open spandrel arch bridge空腹拱桥公路工程英语词汇第8页，共13页opencast mine road露天矿山道路operating speed运行速度optimum gradation最佳级配optimum moisture content最佳含水量optimum speed临界速度organic binder有机结合料origin-destination study起迄点调查outbound traffic出境交通outled submerged culvert压力式涵洞outlet inlet main road城市出入干道overall speed区间速度overlay of pavement罩面overpass grade separation上跨铁路立体交叉overtaking lane超车车道overtaking sight distance超车视距paper location 纸上定线paraffin content test含蜡量试验parent soil原状土parking lane停车车道parking lot停车场parking station公交(车辆)停靠站part-cut part-fill subgrade半填半挖式路基pass垭口passing bay错车道patrol maintenance巡回养护paved crossing道口铺面pavement路面pavement depression路面沉陷pavement recapping路面翻修pavement slab pumping路面板唧泥pavement spalling路面碎裂pavement strengthening路面补强pavement structure layer路面结构层pavemill路面铣削机(刨路机)peak hourly volume高峰小时交通量pedestrian overcrossing人行天桥pedestrian underpass人行地道penetration macadam with coated chips上拌下贯式(沥青)路面penetration method贯入法penetration test apparatus长杆贯入仪penetration(of bitumen)(沥青)针入度penetrometer(沥青)针入度仪periodical maintenance定期养护permafrost多年冻土permanent load永久荷载perviousness test透水度试验petroleum asphaltic bitumen石油沥青photo index像片索引图(镶辑复照图) photo mosaic像片镶嵌图photogrammetry摄影测量photographic map影像地图pier桥墩pile and plank retaining wall柱板式挡土墙pile bent pier排架桩墩pile driver打桩机pipe culvert管涵pipe drainage管道排水pit test坑探pitching method铺砌法plain stage of slope边坡平台plain terrain平原区plan view(路线)平面图plane design(城市道路)平面设计plane sketch(道路)平面示意图planimetric photo综合法测图plant mixing method厂拌法plastic limit塑限plasticity index塑性指数poisson's ratio泊松比公路工程英语词汇第9页，共13页polished stone value石料磨光值pontoon bridge浮桥porosity空隙率portable pendulum tester摆式仪possible traffic capacity可能通行能力post-tensioning method后张法pot holes路面坑槽preliminary survey初测preloading method预压法prestressed concrete预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed steel bar drawing jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶pretensioning method先张法prime coat透层productive arterial road生产干线productive branch road生产支线pro纵断面设计profilometer路面平整度测定仪proportioning of cement concrete水泥混凝土配合比protection forest fire-proof road护林防火道路provincial trunk highway省干线公路(省道) railroad grade crossing(铁路)道口ramp匝道rebound deflection回弹弯沉reclaimed asphalt mixture再生沥青混合料reclaimed bituminous pavement再生沥青路面reconnaissance踏勘red clay红粘土reference stake护桩reflection crack反射裂缝refuge island安全岛regulating structure调治构造物reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete pavement钢筋混凝土路面reinforced earth retaining wall加筋土挡土墙relative moisture content(of soil)(土的)相对含水量relief road辅道residential street居住区道路resultant gradient合成坡度retaining wall挡土墙revelling of pavement路面松散reverse curve反向曲线reverse loop回头曲线ridge crossing line越岭线ridge line山脊线right bridge正交桥right bridge正桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥rigid pavement刚性路面rigid-type base刚性基层ring and radial road system环形辐射式道路系统ripper松土机riprap抛石road道路road alignment道路线形road appearance路容road area per citizen(城市)人均道路面积road area ratio(城市)道路面积率road axis道路轴线road bed路床road bitumen路用沥青road condition路况road condition survey路况调查road crossing(平面)交叉口road crossing design交叉口设计road engineering道路工程road feasibility study(道路工程)可行性研究road improvement改善工程公路工程英语词汇第10页，共13页road intersection道路交叉(路线交叉) road mixing method路拌法road network道路网road network planning道路网规划road planting道路绿化road project(道路工程)方案图road trough路槽road way路幅rock breaker凿岩机rock filled gabion石笼roller压路机rolled cement concrete碾压式水泥混凝土rolling terrain微丘区rotary interchange环形立体交叉rotary intersection环形交叉roundabout环形交叉route development展线route of road道路路线route selection选线routine maintenance小修保养rubble片石running speed行驶速度rural road郊区道路saddle back垭口safety belt安全带safety fence防护栅salty soil盐渍土sand砂sand drain(sand pile)砂井sand gravel砂砾sand hazard沙害sand mat of subgrade排水砂垫层sand patch test铺砂试验sand pile砂桩sand protection facilities防沙设施sand ratio砂率sand sweeping回砂sand sweeping equipment回砂机sandy soil砂性土saturated soil饱和土scraper铲运机seal coat封层secondary trunk road(厂内)次干道，(城市)次干路seepage well渗水井segregation离析semi-rigid type base半刚性基层separate facilities分隔设施separator分隔带sheep-foot roll羊足压路机(羊足碾)shelter belt护路林shield盾构(盾构挖掘机)shield tunnelling method盾构法shoulder路肩shrinkage limit缩限side ditch边沟side slope边坡side walk人行道sieve analysis筛分sight distance视距sight distance of intersection路口视距sight line视线sight triangle视距三角形silty soil粉性土simple supported beam bridge简支梁桥single direction thirsted pier单向推力墩single-size aggregat同粒径集料siphon culvert倒虹涵skew bridge斜交桥skew bridge斜桥skid road集材道路公路工程英语词汇第11页，共13页slab bridge板桥slab culvert盖板涵slab staggering错位slide滑坡slope protection护坡slump坍落度snow hazard雪害snow plough除雪机snow protection facilities防雪设施soft ground软弱地基soft soil软土softening point tester(ring ball method)(沥青)软化点仪(环—球法)softening point(of bitumen)(沥青)软化点solubility (of bitumen)(沥青)溶解度space headway车头间距space mean speed空间平均速度span跨径span by span method移动支架逐跨施工法spandrel arch腹拱spandrel structure拱上结构special vehicle特种车辆speed-change lane变速车道splitting test劈裂试验spot speed点速度spreading in layers层铺法springing弹簧现象stabilizer稳定土拌和机stabilized soil base course稳定土基层stage for heaping soil and broken rock碎落台staggered junction错位交叉standard axial loading标准轴截steel bar heading press machine钢筋冷墩机steel bridge钢桥steel extention machine钢筋拉伸机stiffness modulus劲度stone coating test石料裹覆试验stone crusher碎石机stone spreader碎石撒布机stopping sight distance停车视距stopping truck heap(厂矿道路)阻车堤street街道street drainage街道排水street planting街道绿化street trees行道树strengthening layer补强层strengthening of structure加固stringer纵梁striping test for aggregate集料剥落试验structural approach limit of tunnel隧道建筑限界sub-high type pavement次高级路面subgrade路基subgrade drainage路基排水submersible bridge漫水桥subsidence沉陷subsoil地基substucture下部结构superelevation超高superelevation runoff超高缓和段superstructure上部结构supported type abutment支撑式桥台surface course面层surface evenness路面平整度surface frost heave路面冻胀surface permeameter路面透水度测定仪surface roughness路面粗糙度surface slipperinness路面滑溜surface water地表水surface-curvature apparatus路面曲率半径测定仪surrounding rock围岩公路工程英语词汇第12页，共13页suspension bridge悬索桥switch-back curve回头曲线T intersection丁字形交叉(T形交叉)T-shaped rigid frame bridge〓T形刚构桥tack coat粘层tangent length切线长tar焦油沥青technical standard of road道路技术标准Telford锥形块石Telford base(锥形)块石基层terrace台地thermal insulation berm保温护道thermal insulation course隔温层thirtieth highest annual hourly volume年第30位最大小时交通量through bridge下承式桥through traffic过境交通tie bar拉杆timber bridge木桥time headway车头时距time mean speed时间平均速度toe of slope(边)坡脚tongue and groove joint企口缝top of slope(边)坡顶topographic feature地貌topographic map地形图topographic survey地形测量topography地形township road乡公路(乡道) traffic assignment交通量分配traffic capacity通行能力traffic composition交通组成traffic density交通密度traffic distribution交通分布traffic flow交通流traffic generation交通发生traffic island交通岛traffic mirror道路反光镜traffic planning道路交通规划traffic safety device交通安全设施traffic square交通广场traffic stream车流traffic survey交通调查traffic volume交通量traffic volume observation station交通量观测站traffic volume prognosis交通量预测traffic volume survey交通量调查transition curve缓和曲线transition slab at bridge head桥头搭板transition zone of cross section断面渐变段transition zone of curve widening加宽缓和段transitional gradient缓和坡段transverse beam横梁transverse joint横缝traverse导线traverse survey导线测量trencher挖沟机triaxial test三轴试验trip出行true joint真缝trumpet interchange喇叭形立体交叉trunk highway干线公路truss bridge桁架桥tunnel(道路)隧道tunnel boring machine隧道掘进机tunnel lining衬砌tunnel portal洞门tunnel support隧道支撑turnaround loop回车道，回车场turning point转点公路工程英语词汇第13页，共13页two-way curved arch bridge双曲拱桥two-way ramp双向匝道type of dry and damp soil base土基干湿类型U-shaped abutment〓U形桥台under-ground pipes comprehensive design管线综合设计underground water地下水underground water level地下水位underpass grade separation下穿铁路立体交叉universal photo全能法测图urban road城市道路valley line沿溪线variable load可变荷载vehicle stream车流vehicular gap车(辆)间净距verge路肩vertical alignment纵面线形vertical curb立缘石(侧石)vertical curve竖曲线vertical pro(路线)纵断面图viameter路面平整度测定仪vibratory roller振动压路机viscosimeter(沥青)粘度仪viscosity(of bitumen)(沥青)粘(滞)度void ratio孔隙比washout水毁waste弃土waste bank弃土堆water cement ratio水灰比water content含水量water level水位water reducing agent减水剂water stability水稳性water-bound macadam水结碎石路面wearing course磨耗层weaving交织weaving point交织点weaving section交织路段wheel tracking test车辙试验width of subgrade路基宽度workability和易性Y intersection〓Y形交叉___。

结构控制structural controlstructure control结构控制: structural control結構控制: structural control结构控制剂: constitution controller裂缝宽度容许值裂缝宽度容许值: allowable value of crack width装配式预制装配式预制: precast装配式预制的: precast-segmental装配式预制混凝土环: precast concrete segmental ring安装预应力安装预应力: prestressed最优化optimization最优化: Optimum Theory|optimization|ALARA 使最优化: optimized次最优化: suboptimization空心板梁空心板梁: hollow slab beam主梁截面主梁截面: girder section边、中跨径边、中跨径: side span &middle spin主梁girder主梁: girder|main beam|king post 桥主梁: bridge girder主梁翼: main spar单墩单墩: single pier单墩尾水管: single-pier draught tube单墩肘形尾水管: one-pier elbow draught tube结构优化设计结构优化设计: optimal structure designing扩结构优化设计: Optimal Struc ture Designing 液压机结构优化设计软件包: HYSOP连续多跨多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports拼接板splice barsplice plate拼接板: splice bar|scab|splice plate 端头拼接板: end matched lumber销钉拼接板: pin splice裂缝crack crevice跨越to step acrossstep over跨越: stride leap|across|spanning跨越杆: cross-over pole|crossingpole 跨越点: crossing point|crossover point刚构桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥: rigid frame bridge形刚构桥: T-shaped rigid frame bridge连续刚构桥: continuous rigid frame bridge刚度比stiffness ratioratio of rigidity刚度比: ratio of rigidity|stiffness ratio 动刚度比: dynamic stiffenss ratio刚度比劲度比: stiffnessratio等截面粱uniform beam等截面粱: uniform beam|uniform cross-section beam桥梁工程bridge constructionbridgework桥梁工程: bridgeworks|LUSAS FEA|Bridge Engineering 桥梁工程师: Bridge SE铁路桥梁工程: railway bridge engineering悬索桥suspension bridge悬索桥: suspension bridge|su e io ridge 懸索橋: Suspension bridge|Puente colgante 加劲悬索桥: stiffenedsuspensionbridge预应力混凝土prestressed concrete预应力混凝土: prestressed concrete|prestre edconcrete 预应力混凝土梁: prestressed concrete beam预应力混凝土管: prestressed concrete pipe预应力钢筋束预应力钢筋束: pre-stressing tendon|pre-stre ingtendon 抛物线型钢丝束(预应力配钢筋结构用): parabolic cable最小配筋率minimum steel ratio轴向拉力axial tensionaxial tensile force轴向拉力: axial tension|axial te ion 轴向拉力, 轴向拉伸: axial tension轴向拉力轴向张力: axialtensileforce承台cushion cap承台: bearing platform|cushioncap|pile caps 桩承台: pile cap|platformonpiles低桩承台: low pile cap拱桥arch bridge拱桥: hump bridge|arch bridge|arched bridge 拱橋: Arch bridge|Puente en arco|Pont en arc 鸠拱桥: Khājū强度intensitystrength强度: intensity|Strength|Density刚强度: stiffness|stiffne|westbank stiffness 光强度: light intensity|intensity箍筋hooping箍筋: stirrup|reinforcement stirrup|hooping 箍筋柱: tied column|hooped column形箍筋: u stirrup u预应力元件预应力元件: prestressed element等效荷载equivalent load等效荷载: equivalent load等效荷载原理: principle of equivalent loads 等效负载等效荷载等值负载: equivalentload模型matrix model mould pattern承载能力极限状态承载能力极限状态: ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态: serviceability limit state正常使用极限状态验证: verification of serviceability limit states弹性elasticityspringinessspringgiveflexibility弹性: elasticity|Flexibility|stretch 彈性: Elastic|Elasticidad|弾性弹性体: elastomer|elastic body|SPUA平截面假定plane cross-section assumption平截面假定: plane cross-section assumption抗拉强度intensity of tension tensile strength安全系数safety factor标准值standard value标准值: standard value,|reference value作用标准值: characteristic value of an action 重力标准值: gravity standard设计值value of calculationdesign value设计值: design value|value|designed value 作用设计值: design value of an action荷载设计值: design value of a load可靠度confidence levelreliabilityfiduciary level可靠度: Reliability|degree of reliability 不可靠度: Unreliability高可靠度: High Reliability几何特征geometrical characteristic几何特征: geometrical characteristic配位几何特征: coordinated geometric feature 流域几何特征: basin geometric characteristics塑性plastic nature plasticity应力图stress diagram应力图: stress diagram|stress pattern 谷式应力图: Cremona's method机身应力图: fuselage stress diagram压应力crushing stress压应力: compressive stress|compression stress 抗压应力: compressive stress|pressure load内压应力: internal pressure stress配筋率ratio of reinforcement reinforcement ratioreinforcement percentage配筋率: reinforcement ratio平均配筋率: balanced steel ratio纵向配筋率: longitudinal steel ratio有限元分析finite element analysis有限元分析: FEA|finite element analysis (FEA)|ABAQUS 反有限元分析: inverse finite element analysis有限元分析软件: HKS ABAQUS|MSC/NASTRAN MSC/NASTRAN有限元法finite element method有限元法: FInite Element|finite element method 积有限元法: CVFEM线性有限元法: Linear Finite Element Method裂缝控制裂缝控制: crack control控制裂缝钢筋: crack-control reinforcement检查，核对，抑制，控制，试验，裂缝，支票，账单，牌号，名牌: check应力集中stress concentration应力集中: stress concentration应力集中点: hard spot|focal point of stress 应力集中器: stress concentrators主拉应力principal tensile stress主拉应力: principal tensile stress非线性nonlinearity非线性振动nonlinear oscillationsnonlinear vibration非线性振动: nonlinear vibration非线性振动理论: theory of non linear vibration 非线性随机振动: Nonlinear random vibration弯矩flexural momentment of flexion (moment of flexure) bending momentflexural torque弯矩: bending moment|flexural moment|kN-m 弯矩图: bending moment diagram|moment curve 双弯矩: bimoment弯矩中心center of momentsmoment center弯矩中心: center of moments|momentcenter弯矩分配法moment distributionmomentdistribution弯矩分配法: hardy cross method|cross method弯矩图bending moment diagrammoment curvemoment diagram弯矩图: bending moment diagram|moment curve 最终弯矩图: final bending moment diagram最大弯矩图: maximum bending moment diagram剪力shearing force剪力: shearing force|shear force|shear剪力墙: shear wall|shearing wall|shear panel 剪力钉: shear nails|SHEAR CONCRETE STUD弹性模量elasticity modulus young's modulus elastic modulus modulus of elasticity elastic ratio剪力图shear diagram剪力图: shear diagram|shearing force diagram剪力和弯矩图: Shear and Moment Diagrams绘制剪力和弯矩图的图解法: Graphical Method for Constructing Shear and Moment Diagrams剪力墙shear wall剪力墙: shear wall|shearing wall|shear panel 抗剪力墙: shearwall剪力墙结构: shear wall structure轴力轴力: shaft force|axial force螺栓轴力测试仪: Bolt shaft force tester 轴向力: axial force|normal force|beam框架结构frame construction等参单元等参数单元等参元: isoparametricelement板单元板单元: plate unit托板单元: pallet unit骨板骨单元: lamella/lamellaeosteon梁(surname) beam of roof bridge桥梁bridge曲率curvature材料力学mechanics of materials结构力学structural mechanics结构力学: Structural Mechanics|theory of structures 重结构力学: barodynamics船舶结构力学: Structual Mechamics for Ships弯曲刚度flexural rigiditybending rigidity弯曲刚度: bending stiffness|flexural rigidity 截面弯曲刚度: flexural rigidity of section弯曲刚度，抗弯劲度: bending stiffness钢管混凝土结构encased structures钢管混凝土结构: encased structures极限荷载ultimate load极限荷载: ultimate load极限荷载设计: limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load极限荷载设计limit load designultimate load analysisultimate load design极限荷载设计: limit load design|ultimate load design 设计极限荷载: designlimitloadDLL|design ultimate load板壳力学mechanics of board shell板壳力学: Plate Mechanics板壳非线性力学: Nonlinear Mechanics of Plate and Shell本构模型本构模型: constitutive model体积本构模型: bulk constitutive equation 本构模型屈服面: yield surface主钢筋main reinforcing steelmain reinforcement主钢筋: main reinforcement|Main Reinforcing Steel 钢筋混凝土的主钢筋: mainbar悬臂梁socle beam悬臂梁: cantilever beam|cantilever|outrigger 悬臂梁长: length of cantilever双悬臂梁: TDCB悬链线catenary悬链线: Catenary,|catenary wire|chainette 伪悬链线: pseudocatenary悬链线长: catenary length加劲肋ribbed stiffener加劲肋: stiffening rib|stiffener|ribbed stiffener 短加劲肋: short stiffener支承加劲肋: bearing stiffener技术标准technology standard水文水文: Hydrology水文学: hydrology|hydroaraphy|すいもんがく水文图: hydrograph|hydrological maps招标invite public bidding投标(v) submit a bid bid for连续梁through beam连续梁: continuous beam|through beam多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports 悬臂连续梁: gerber beam加劲梁stiff girder加劲梁: stiffening girder|buttress brace 加劲梁节点: stiff girder connection支撑刚性梁，加劲梁，横撑: buttress brace水文学hydrology水文学: hydrology|hydroaraphy|すいもんがく水文學: Hydrologie|水文学|??? ??????古水文学: paleohydrology桥梁抗震桥梁抗震加固: bridge aseismatic strengthening抗风wind resistance抗风: Withstand Wind|Wtstan Wn|wind resistance 抗风锚: weather anchor抗风性: wind resistance基础的basal桥梁控制测量bridge construction control survey桥梁控制测量: bridge construction control survey桥梁施工桥梁施工控制综合程序系统: FWD桥梁最佳施工指南: Bridge Best Practice Guidelines桥梁工程施工技术咨询: Bridge Construction Engineering Service总体设计overall designintegrated design总体设计: Global|overall design|general arrangement 总体设计概念: totaldesignconcept工厂总体设计图: general layout scheme初步设计predesign preliminary plan技术设计technical design技术设计: technical design|technical project 技术设计员: Technical Designer|technician技术设计图: technical drawing施工图设计construction documents design施工图设计: construction documents design施工图设计阶段: construction documents design phase基本建设项目施工图设计: design of working drawing of a capital construction project桥台abutment bridge abutment基础foundation basebasis结构形式structural style结构形式: Type of construction|form of structure 表结构形式: list structure form屋顶结构形式: roof form地震earthquake地震活动earthquake activityseismic activityseismic motionseismicity地震活动: Seismic activity|seismic motion 地震活动性: seismicity|seismic地震活动图: seismicity map支撑体系支撑体系: bracing system|support system 物流企业安全平台支撑体系: SSOSP公路桥涵公路施工手册-桥涵: Optimization of Road Traffic Organization-Abstract引道approach roadramp wayapproach引道: approach|approach road引道坡: approach ramp|a roachramp 引道版: Approach slab装配式装配式桥: fabricated bridge|precast bridge 装配式房屋: Prefabricated buildings装配式钢体: fabricated steel body耐久性wear耐久性: durability|permanence|endurance不耐久性: fugitiveness耐久性试验: endurance test|life test|durability test持久状况持久状况: persistent situation 短暂状况短暂状况: transient situation 偶然状况偶然状况: accidental situation永久作用永久作用: permanent action永久作用标准值: characteristic value of permanent action可变作用可变作用: variable action可变作用标准值: characteristic value of variable action 可变光阑作用: iris action偶然作用偶然作用: accidental action偶然同化（作用）: accidental assimilation作用效应偶然组合: accidental combination for action effects作用代表值作用代表值: representative value of an action作用标准值作用标准值: characteristic value of an action地震作用标准值: characteristic value of earthquake action 可变作用标准值: characteristic value of variable action作用频遇值作用频遇值 Frequent value of an action安全等级safe class安全等级: safety class|Security Level|safeclass 生物安全等级: Biosafety Level生物安全等級: Biosafety Level作用actionactivity actionsactseffectto play a role设计基准期design reference period设计基准期: design reference period作用准永久值作用准永久值: quasi－permanentvalueofanaction作用效应作用效应: effects of actions|effect of an action 互作用效应: interaction effect质量作用效应: mass action effect作用效应设计值作用效应设计值 Design value of an action effect分项系数分项系数: partial safety factor|partial factor作用分项系数: partial safety factor for action抗力分项系数: partial safety factor for resistance作用效应组合作用效应组合: combination for action effects作用效应基本组合: fundamental combination for action effects 作用效应偶然组合: accidental combination for action effects结构重要性系数结构重要性系数Coefficient for importance of a structure桥涵桥涵跟桥梁比较类似，主要区别在于:单孔跨径小于5m或多孔跨径之和小于8m的为桥涵,大于这个标准的为桥梁公路等级公路等级: highway classification标准:公路等级代码: Code for highway classification标准:公路路面等级与面层类型代码: Code for classification and type of highway pavement顺流fair current设计洪水频率设计洪水频率: designed flood frequency水力water powerwater conservancyirrigation works水力: hydraulic power|water power|water stress水力学: Hydraulics|hydromechanics|fluid mechanics 水力的: hydraulic|hydrodynamic|hyd河槽river channel河槽: stream channel|river channel|gutter 古河槽: old channel河槽线: channel axis河岸riversidestrand河岸: bank|riverside|river bank 河岸林: riparian forest河岸权: riparian right河岸侵蚀stream bank erosion河岸侵蚀: bank erosion|stream bank erosion 河岸侵蚀河岸侵食: bank erosion河岸侵蚀, 堤岸冲刷: bank erosion高架桥桥墩高架桥桥墩: viaduct pier桥梁净空高潮时桥梁净空高度: bridge clearance行车道lane行车道: carriageway|traffic lane|Through Lane 快行车道: fast lane西行车道: westbound carriageway一级公路A roadarterial roadarterial highway一级公路: A road arterial road arterial highway 一级公路网: primaryhighwaysystem二级公路b roadsecondary road二级公路: B road, secondary road涵洞culvert涵洞: culvert梁涵洞: Beam Culverts 木涵洞: timber culvert河床riverbedrunway河床: river bed|bed|stream bed冰河床: glacier bed型河床: oxbow|horseshoe bend|meander loop河滩flood plainriver beach河滩: river shoal|beach|river flat 河滩地: flood land|overflow land 河滩区: riffle area高级公路high-type highway高级公路: high-typehighway高架桥trestleviaduct高架桥: viaduct|overhead viaduct 高架橋: Viadukt|Viaducto|高架橋高架桥面: elevated deck洪水流量volume of floodflood dischargeflooddischarge洪水流量: flood discharge|flood flow|peak discharge 洪水流量预报: flooddischargeforecast平均年洪水流量: average annual flood设计速度design speed设计速度: design speed|designed speed|design rate设计速度，构造速度: desin speed|desin speed <haha最大阵风强度的设计速度: VB Design Speed for Maximum Gust Intension跨度span紧急停车emergency shutdown (cut-off)emergency cut-off紧急停车: abort|panic stop|emergency stop 紧急停车带: lay-by|emergency parking strip 紧急停车阀: emergency stop valve减速gear downretardment speed-down deceleration slowdown车道traffic lane路缘带side tripmarginal stripmargin verge路缘带: marginal strip|side strip|margin verge路肩shoulder of earth body路肩: shoulder|verge|shoulder of road 硬路肩: hard shoulder|hardened verge 软路肩: Soft Shoulder最小值minimum value最小值: minimum|Min|least value 求最小值: minimization找出最小值: min最大值max.最大值原理principle of the maximummaximum principlemaximal principle最大值原理: maximum principle,|maximal principle 离散最大值原理: discrete maximum principle极大值原理，最大值原理: maximum principle车道宽度车道宽度: lane-width自行车道cycle-track自行车道: bicycle path|cycle path|cycle track旗津环岛海景观光自行车道: Cijin Oceanview Bike Path 自行车道专供自行车行驶的车道。