自考英语词汇学00832
Chapter1
【单词的角度】1.In visual terms: word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally in the peace of paper.
2.In spoken language: word is a sound and combination of sound.
3.In semanticists: a word is a unit of meaning .
4.In grammarians: a word be a free form that can function in the sentences.
【单词的定义】A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
1) a minimal free from of a language;
2) a sound unity;
3) a unit of meaning;
4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
【音和义的关系】The connection of the sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning. E.g woman-femme-funu
【音和形不同的原因】Sound and form
1. More phonemes than letters in English.
2.Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling.
3. Some of the differences are created by the early scribes. (识记u-o\ deliberately changed \not ended ’n,v’+e)(printing&dictionary选择题).
4. Borrowing.
【词汇的定义】Vocabulary not only can it refer to a total number of words in a language, but it can stand for all the words use in a particular historical period. （1,000,000）
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.填空题
【词汇的分类】①Use frequently----
basic word stock:is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated for centuries and forms the common core of language.
1.all national character
2. stability
3.productivity
4.polysemy
5.collocability(选择题多/记例子*)
nonbasic vocabulary：
(1.terminology consist of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. E.g photoscanning.
(2.jargon refers to specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts,science,trades and professions communicate among themselves. E.g hypo.
(3.slang: belongs to the sub-standard language. (colourful,blunt,impressive,expressive)e.g bear.
(4.argot:jargon of criminals. E.g dip.
(5.dialectal words: used only by speakers of the dialect in question. E.g coo(cow)
(6.archaisms: were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use
(7.neologisms:are newly-created words or expression ,or words that have taken on new meanings. E.g E-mail.
*（选择题）All national character: natural phenomena/names of plant and animal/human body and relations/action,domain,size,state/num,pron,conj,prep)
②Notion（多为选择题）
content words（n/v/a/adj/num）：denotes clear notions and thus are known as notional words.
functional words =empty words =form words（prep/conj/aux/art/人称代词)数量小且稳定
③native words(‘Anglo-Saxon words 5万-6万’)
[5+2]6.neutral in style.(neither formal nor informal) E.g begin
7.frequent in use
borrowed words =loan words =borrowing : words taken over from foreign language.
(1.denizens：words borrowed early in the past and well assimilated into the English language.E.g cup-cuppa./2 aliens :are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. E.g kowtow./ 3.translation-loans :words and expression formed from the existing material in the English language and modelled on the patterns from foreign language. E.g long time no see/ 4.semantic-loans : are not borrowed with references to the form,but their meanings are borrowed. E.g dream)
