下载文档原格式
Unit 10T ask3Listening: Y ou will now hear the answers to the puzzles above. Listen to the recording and write down the answers as well as the strategies for solving these problems. Did you solve the puzzle in the same way?Number 1Woman: Hey …uh…let’s l ook at the secret message.Man:Uh…What do you think it means? Any ideas?Woman:Well…uh…it looks as if each numbers stands for a different letter.Man:Y eah, you know, I think you’re right. Twenty-three is W and…5 is E.Woman: Hmm. Let’s see…Ah…oh, boy…ah…oh, and E is the fifth letter of the alphabet. Man:Mm-hmm. So…so the first word is we. Well, that makes sense.Woman: Y eah, so then 1 is A…Man:And 2 is B, 3 is C…Woman:and…yeah, right, so on, up to 26, which Z.Man:All right, well, let’s…let’s write down all the numbers, and…and then we’ll assign a letter to each one. Then we can, you know, replace all of the…Woman:…ah, so…wow-the answer is:’’We hope you enjoy using this book. ‘’Numbers 2Woman: …OK…ah, well, let’s look at these three sequ ences. What do you think?Man:I…think I know the answer. The next two numbers in the first sequence are 31 and 30. Woman: Wait a minute. How did you figure that out?Man:I’ll give you a hint. Think…of the months of the year.Woman: What? Months of the year?Man:Look, look, look, look. January has 31 days.Woman: Right.Man: February usually has 28 days, and then…Woman: Oh, Ok, I get it. March has 31 days, and April has 30 days, (Exactly.) so the last two numbers stand for May and June-31 and 30.Man that’s right.Woman: All right, but then about the next one?Man:Well…the next two letters in the second sequence are…uh…Woman: HmmMan: Hmm. Oh, I know—E and At..Woman: E and At? Why is that?Man:The key to this puzzle…is numbers.Woman:I’m stil l confused. What do you mean numbers?Man:O, 27, 77, F, F, --one, two, three, four, five.Woman: Oh! Ok, I get it. Each letter is the first letter of a number when it’s spelled out. OK. So 0 stands for two, T stands for three…Man: And so on. Then eight begins with the letter E…and nine begins with N.Woman: That’s it!Man:OK, now let’s look at the third sequence.Woman:I know it. It’s …um…Man: No, don’t…don’t tell me. I can figure it out. Are the next two letters…um…T and R? Woman: Y es. Why?Man: Well, January ends with the letter Y February ends with a Y, March ends with H, April with L, May with Y…Woman:And June with E, July with Y…Man: And August ends with T, and September with R.Woman: Y ou know what? Those are kind of fun, actually. They a ren’t so hard when you work together.T ask 4Listening: Y ou will hear four conversations. Some people are talking about the problems they face at the present time. Listen to the recording and complete the chart below what you hear. Just note down the key information.Number 1Lee:Hi, Jane. How are you?Jane:Fine, Lee.No, I’m not fine. I don’t know what to do.Lee: What’s the matter? Do you want to talk about it? I hope it’s not a problem with Allen. Jane:Well, yes and no. Our wedding is planned for next month.Lee: Y es, I know. Allen is such a nice person.Jane:Y es, he is. He’s very good to me. He owns two sporting goods stores. He makes quite a lot of money, and he’s generous with it.Lee:But…?Jane:Do you remember my first boyfriend, Stan? He moved to Africa to teach school?Lee:Y es, I remember him. He wanted you to marry him and go to Africa too.Jane:Y es, but I didn’t want to leave my family. Well, Stan is back from Africa, and he still wants to marry me.Lee:Do you want to marry him?Jane:I don’t know. I still love him. I’ve never forgotten him. But everything is arranged for the wedding with Allen.Lee:But it would be wrong to marry Allen if you don’t love him.Jane:It’s not that I don’t love him. It’s just…I don’t know. But there’s something else. My mother just lost her job, and my father can’t work because of his accident. Allen will help my family. Stan has no money. I love Stan, but Allen and I have already planned a wedding and a life together. I just don’t know what to d o.Number 2Clare:What’s the matter, Jim? Y ou look like you haven’t slept in a week.Jim: Oh, Clare. It’s Frank.Clare: Frank? He’s one of your best friends, isn’t he?Jim:Y ear, we’ve been friends since we were eight years old.Clare:So what’s wro ng?Jim:Well. Y ou know his uncle died. The funeral is the day of the final exam in economics, so he’s going to take the exam three days after the rest of the class.Clare:And…?Jim: He wants me to copy the questions and give them to him.Clare: That’s cheating.Jim:I know. But economics is hard for him. He hasn’t done very well this semester. And he’s been my best friend for ten years.Clare:But a really good friend wouldn’t ask someone to do a favor like that. Doesn’t the teacher know you two are best friends?Jim: Y es, she does. If Frank does really well, she’ll know it was me who told him about the test. Clare:And you might get into trouble.Jim: I guess so, but it’s not only that. She’s my best teacher. I respect her-and I don’t want to lose her respect.Clare: Y ou’ll probably need a recommendation from her too.Jim: That’s right. But when your best friend asks you for a favor, what can you do? Especially since he’s going to a funeral and all.Number 3T om: Hey, George! Congratulations! I heard about your good news.George: Thanks, Tom. Y ear, what luck, huh? I still can’t believe it.T om:How much did you win?George: Ten thousand dollars.T om:Boy, that’s great! What are you going to do with the money?George:Y ou know, we’re not sure. Our daughter, Emily, will be ready to go to college next year. She’s very smart. We’re very proud of her. She was accepted at one of the best universities in the country. She’d be the first in our family to go to college. But the cost is very high-more than $10,000 a year. We had planned to use the money for that.T om: That sounds like a good use for your lottery money to me.George:Well, it’s more difficult than that. Y ou see, my mother just got some bad news. Her house needs some major repairs-new electrical wiring and plumbing, and the roof is a mess! It’s going to cost a lot.T om: Can’t she just move?George:She’s lived in that house for oven fifty years, Tom. And now Dad gone, it’s all she has. She really doesn’t want to move. She doesn’t have the money for the repairs; to she needs to borrow it from me. The problem is we can’t afford to send Emily to collage and help Mom at the same time.T om:Boy, that’s a hard decision to make. Y our daughter’s young and has her whole life before her. If she can go to a good university, she’ll probably do very well in life. But your mother has always helped you.George: Y ear, this is tough. She’s my mother. How can I say no? At the same time, my daughter’s future…?T om: That is hard, really hard.Number 4Larry: Hey, Marta. How are you doing? How’s the job search going?Marta:It’s going well, too well,in fact! I’ve had two job offers, and I don’t know which one to take.Larry: which one do you want?Marta: Well, there are parts of both of them that I’m not sur e I like. One of the jobs is being a sales representative for a computer company. I would travel between two and three weeks each month, mostly in Europe and Asia.Larry:That sounds really exciting. I’d like that.Marta: Y ear, I would too. I love the idea of travelling. But my salary would depend completely on sales. So if I don’t sell anything, I don’t get paid.Larry:Ouch! That’s tough.Marta:On the other hand, if I’m successful, I would be in a very small office-only two other people. There would be no outside travel.Larry: So it would probably be kind of dull.Marta: Maybe. But it would be safe. The salary is pretty good-not great, but enough to live on. I wouldn’t be able to travel, but I’d know that I’d always have a paycheck.Larry: Hmm…sounds li ke a tough choice to me.Task 7Listening: Below is a list of questions about stress. You will bear an expert giving answers to these questions. Listen to the recording and briefly note down the expert’s answers to these questions.Interviewer: Too much work to do? Working long hours? Taking work home? Too busy to take the weekend off? No holidays? Nonsocial life? Stressed out? Of course you are! Well, today on the health Programmer we have a guest who may have some interesting advice. Dr. Squire, author of Wow to Beat Stress. Welcome, Dr. Squire.Dr. Squire: Hello.Interviewer: Obviously lots of people feel stressed, but what exactly causes stress?Dr. Squire:Well, you need to realize that there are two kinds of stress—good stress and bad stress. Good stress comes from situations where you feel in control. These situations are a challenge. Bad stress comes from situations where you feel out of control, and that could be when the washing machine breaks down, or when you go shopping and the supermarket is very crowded.Interviewer: How do I know if I’m suffering from stress?Dr. Squire: Well, there are many symptoms of stress, such as headaches, tiredness, or backache. If you get angry easily, then you’re probably suffering from stress.Interviewer: And so what can we do once we’ve identified that we suffer from stress?Dr. Squire: Stress is like smoking—if you really want to stop, you can. By changing the way you think and the way you behave, you can reduce the amount of stress that you feel. You don’t need to see a doctor, you don’t need tranquilizers, and you don’t need sleeping pills!Interviewer: Now in your book, you identify some exercises that people can do if they’re feeling stressed. Tell us about some of these.Dr. Squire: Well, exercise is one of the best things you can do for stress. How much exercise do you take? Not running or going to the gym, but ordinary, everyday exercise. Probably not much. Most people drive to work, take the lift to their office, and sit there all day. Try running up the stairs, and take a ten-minute walk at lunchtime. Some people find that doing very physical sports helps them to relax—it makes them fell energized and happy. It’s very important to take breaks during the day and do the things that you want—even if it’s just having lunch with a friend. I think it’s also important to have fun…spend a minute making a list of all the things that you enjoy doing, like reading a book or going to the cinema, and make sure that you do these things regularly.Interviewer: You also suggest some more unusual things, don’t you?Dr. Squire: Well, perhaps they might seem unusual because they’re so obvious. Slow down your eating, for example. Put your knife and fork down between bites, and count to 20 while you chew your food. It’ll give you time to talk and relax. If you slow down your eating, you’ll find that you slow down in other areas of life. You should avoid too much coffee and too much alcohol—and you should eat healthy foods like vegetables, salads, and fruit—but more importantly you should enjoy eating. And finally try to spend a day without your watch. Make an effort to forget about time.Interviewer: Dr. Squire, that’s all we’ve got time for. Thanks for joining us. Coming up after the break it’s…Task 8Listening: Y ou will bear a woman talking about her annoying co-worker. What are the problems of this co-worker? Listen to the recording and note down the six points the woman makes about her mate.a. I share an office with a woman who’s forever talking to her boyfriend on the phone, blowing kisses and saying intimate things that I don’t want to listen to. It really gets on my nerves!b. She will insist on opening all the windows when she arrives in the morning, and then she complains it’s freezing and puts the heating on full blast. The office is either freezing or boiling!c. She’s always leaving half finished cups of coffee around the desk—then I knock them over and it’s my fault!d. She will go on talking about her personal problems. Honestly, you’d think I was her therapist or something—I should charge her for my time!e. She’s always telling me what to do, which I resent. I mean, I was working here when she was still at school!f. I’ve told her hundreds of times to get her own pencil sharpener and scissors, but she will keep using mine and not putting them back in their place. So when I need them I can never find them!Task 9Listening: Y ou will bear some points about an issue. There are six paragraphs. Listen to the recording. After each pause, write down the main point the speaker makes.And here’s another reason we need your vote for governor. Gun control is one of the most important issues we face today. In the next four years, it is absolutely essential that we find a solution to the problem of gun violence in our streets!With have heard that you are worried about violence at school, violence at home, andviolence in the workplace. The number of deaths caused by guns has skyrocketed in the last four years, and the current governor doesn’t even seem to notice. Something must be done now!Many people will tell you that the vest way to solve the problem of gun violence in our society is to take away all guns from all citizens .I however, what these people don’t realize is that guns don’t kill people, people kill people! What we need to do is make sure that people who use guns to hurt others are put to jail for along, long time. Then, our streets will be safe!Now, hear me out. My husband does not believe that putting people in jail is the only solution to this problem. Did I mention that he is very much in favor of putting special safety locks on guns so that children cannot use them? He also, of course, believes that anyone who has committed a crime in the past should not be allowed to even own a gun.However, we do not want to take away guns from people who use them responsibly. People have a right to defend their homes from criminals! People have a right to go hunting! People have a right to enjoy gun sports。
第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of KnowledgeThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such a state of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, thegreat English scientist, in his immensely popular book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may "discover a complete theory" that "would be the ultimate triumph of human reason--for then we would know the mind of God." Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of "theories of everything," meaning theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory (1992).Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the constellations. In the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras proposed the notion of a spherical Earth and of a universe with objects in it chat moved in accordance with natural laws. Later Greek philosophers taught that the sky was a hollow globe surrounding the Earth, that it was supported on an axis running through the Earth, and chat stars were inlaid on its inner surface, which rotated westward daily. In the second century A.D., Ptolemy propounded a theory of a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the sun, planets, and stars moved in circular orbits of cycles and epicycles around the Earth, although the Earth was not at the precise center of these orbits. While somewhat awkward, the Ptolemaic system could produce reasonably reliable predictions of planetary positions, which were, however, good for only a few years and which developed substantial discrepancies from actual observations over a long period of time. Nevertheless, since there was no evidence then apparent to astronomers that the Earth itself moves, the Ptolemaic system remained unchallenged for more than 13 centuries.In the sixteenth century Nocolaus Copernicus, who is said to have mastered all the knowledge of his day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology, became dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic system. He found that a heliocentric system was both mathematically possible and aesthetically more pleasing, and wrote a full exposition of his hypothesis, which was not published until 1543, shortly after his death. Early inthe seventeenth century, Johannes Kepler became imperial mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of Tycho Brahe, and he acquired a collection of meticulous naked-eye observations of the positions of celestial bodies chat had been made by Brahe. On the basis of these data, Kepler calculated that both Ptolemy and Copernicus were in error in assuming chat planets traveled in circular orbits, and in 1609 he published a book demonstrating mathematically chat the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are still regarded as basically valid.In the first decade of the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei learned of the invention of the telescope and began to build such instruments, becoming the first person to use a telescope for astronomical observations, and thus discovering craters on the moon, phases of Venus, and the satellites of Jupiter. His observations convinced him of the validity of the Copernican system and resulted in the well-known conflict between Galileo and church authorities. In January 1642 Galileo died, and in December of chat year Isaac Newton was born. Modern science derives largely from the work of these two men.Newton's contributions to science are numerous. He laid the foundations for modem physical optics, formulated the basic laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and devised the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's laws of motion and gravitation are still used for calculations of such matters as trajectories of spacecraft and satellites and orbits of planets. In 1846, relying on such calculations as a guide to observation, astronomers discovered the planet Neptune.While calculations based on Newton's laws are accurate, they are dismayingly complex when three or more bodies are involved. In 1915, Einstein announced his theory of general relativity, which led to a set of differential equations for planetary orbits identical to those based on Newtonian calculations, except for those relating to the planet Mercury. The elliptical orbit of Mercury rotates through the years, but so slowly that the change of position is less than one minute of arc each century. The equations of general relativity precisely accounted for this precession; Newtonian equations did not.Einstein's equations also explained the red shift in the light from distant stars and the deflection of starlight as it passed near the sun. However, Einstein assumed chat the universe was static, and, in order to permit a meaningful solution to the equations of relativity, in 1917 he added another term, called a "cosmological constant," to the equations. Although the existence and significance of a cosmological constant is still being debated, Einstein later declared chat this was a major mistake, as Edwin Hubble established in the 1920s chat the universe is expanding and galaxies are receding fromone another at a speed proportionate to their distance.Another important development in astronomy grew out of Newton's experimentation in optics, beginning with his demonstration chat sunlight could be broken up by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, which led to the science of spectroscopy. In the twentieth century, spectroscopy was applied to astronomy to gun information about the chemical and physical condition of celestial bodies chat was not disclosed by visual observation. In the 1920s, precise photographic photometry was introduced to astronomy and quantitative spectrochemical analysis became common. Also during the 1920s, scientists like Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrodinger, and Dirac developed quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with subatomic particles of matter and quanta of energy. Astronomers began to recognize that the properties of celestial bodies, including planets, could be well understood only in terms of physics, and the field began to be referred to as "astrophysics."These developments created an explosive expansion in our knowledge of astronomy. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere. It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos pervades the solar system. He states:In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology, general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernicantheories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations. Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls "correct quantum gravity."Furthermore, the observations astronomers make with new technologies disclose a total mass in the universe that is less than about 10 percent of the total mass that mathematical calculations require the universe to contain on the basis of its observed rate of expansion. If the universe contains no more mass than we have been able to observe directly, then according to all current theories it should have expanded in the past, and be expanding now, much more rapidly than the rate actually observed. It is therefore believed that 90 percent or more of the mass in the universe is some sort of "dark matter" that has not yet been observed and the nature of which is unknown. Current theories favor either WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) or MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Other similar mysteries abound and increase in number as our ability to observe improves.The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions disclosing areas of ignorance of which we were not previously aware.Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper, a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed its task, clanks to the "infinity of our ignorance."At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or considering.To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase more than its related knowledge.My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line from Matthew Arnold: "For we are here as on a darkling plain...." The dark chat surrounds us, chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995 by Lee Loevinger.Lee Loevinger is a Washington lawyer and former assistant attorney general of the United States who writes frequently for scientific c publications. He has participated for many years as a member, co-chair, or liaison with the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, and he is a founder and former chair of the Science andTechnology Section of the American Bar Association. Office address: Hogan and Hartson, 555 Thirteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20004.人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。
Unite 3 Doctor's Dilemma: Treat or Let Die？Abigail Trafford1。
Medical advances in wonder drugs，daring surgical procedures，radiation therapies，and intensive—care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword。
2。
Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space—age techniques has outstripped the body's capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated，but for many patients，there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred。
3。
Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim，who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function。
With the permission of his family，doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed。
研究生英语高级教程第10单元How to Live and Love in the 21st Century[1] There are many reasons to think quotidian ethics matter. For one, go back to Aristotle, the inventor of what has come to be known as virtue ethics. Aristotle recognized that human beings are essentially creatures of habit. If we want to be good, we have to get into the habit of being good. And habits are formed by constant repetition of behaviors. The daily practice of civility and politeness helps, because it reinforces a regard for others and concern for their welfare. Another reason to be worried about small acts of virtue is that life is, on the whole, made up of small things. Most of us manage to avoid murdering people or stealing their cars．Among the majority, what makes the difference between people we think of as good and those we regard as selfish, mean or just disagreeable, is very much how they behave over myriad small issues. Just think about the nicest people you kno w and most of the time you’ll discover that your regard for them is not based on their tireless work to eradicate world poverty, but a basic decency expressed through their everyday dealings with others．[2] Just as good character comes from the bottom up, so does a good society. This is why the idea of clamping down on anti-social behavior builds on a genuine insight. Respect for our fellow citizens starts with a respect for their right to leave a train without having to push past others trying to get on, or to sit on a bus without having someone shouting in their ears the whole way．So it is that good manner and civility need to be reclaimed by social progressives．Forget etiquette：it really doesn’t matter how you hold your fork or which way you pass the port.What matters is how you treat your host and fellow guests. It’s not primarily a question of rules; it’s a question of having an attitude of respect and consideration. Still, rules help, even if they are only of thumb. Here are some of ours.[3] Wrong numbersYou should not accept or continue a phone call if a shop assistant is serving you. If Jean-Paul Sartre were a live, which he isn’t, and he gave advice, which he didn’t, he may well have shed light on the correct use of a mobile phone. So when we ignore the presence of someone like a shop assistant, treating them as absent and the absent caller as present, we are doing no less than denying their humanity. For the same reason, you should never text anybody while in the middle of a conversation. Or email, for that matter. You should always monitor your volume when chatting on your mobile. People who haven’t yet learne d this basic fact show themselves to beoblivious to the presence of others. This is no small failing. David Hume argued, that morals are founded on a basic sympathy for our fellow creatures, by which we can appreciate that they too have plans, projects and experiences of the world, ones that may not involve having to listen to the fascinating details of where-we-are-now. Confucius says, “Wha t you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.” QED.[4] Travelling right Stop for pedestrians at pedestrian crossings. Even someone who rejects conventional morality and asserts their Nietzschean will to power has reason to do this. You demonstrate your power over the pedestrian more effectively, not by ignoring them, but by showing that you voluntarily stop, even though you could just motor on by. Such a display of magnanimity is worthy of the ubermensch. On public transport,allow people to alight before you board. Do not put your feet up on the seats. As Burke said, “Society is indeed a contract,” and each of us has to meet our side of the bargains.[5] Good Loving Do not smooch in the company of others. It is an oddity of human nature that while pornography is much sought after, we do not generally delight in seeing others slurpily manifest their love in public. Maybe it is just envy: the single are harshly reminded of the lack of affection in their lives, the long-attached of the lack of raw passion in theirs. Whatever the explanation, public smooching is exceedingly irri tating to others, which means we shouldn’t do it. Always dump in person, not by text, fax or email. Hamlet may have said that “conscience doth make cowards of us all”, but sur ely it takes a special lack of conscience to be so cowardly as to end a relations hip any other way than face to face. It’s the only way to preserve both respect for the dumped and the dignity of the dumper.[6] New age If you go through a door first you should always hold it open for those who follow. Age, gender and social class make no difference. Extending this common courtesy to all is a sign that we hold everyone in equal respect. In other words, it’s nothing less than an expression of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the smallest possible level. Offer your seat to the elderly, but don’t assume they’ll want it. Marx may have got his economics and history terribly wrong, but when it comes to public transport, you can’t do much better than ap ply his principle, “From each according to his abilities,to each according to his needs.” The trouble is that many older people are fitter than the fat thirty somethings who can barely get their arses into the seats on public transport, and they resent the assumption that they are too frail to stand for more than fiveminutes without having a cardiac arrest. So although in general you should offer the elderly a seat, avoid patronizing them when you do so. Offer your seat to a pregnant woman. But please, onl y if you’re confident she really is pregnant.[7] Social work If invited to someone’s house for dinner, don’t be one of the ungrateful fed. Exactly what you do can vary, and it is silly to think that you must always bring wine or flowers, or send a thank-you message, even though both are usually advisable. The main thing is not to take your host’s hospitality for granted and show gratitude. Don’t drink more at a party than you brought. This is a version of the so-called freeloader problem, which on a grander scale includes people who use public services without paying for them, accept charity while never giving, or ponce cigarettes but are never knowingly ponced themselves. This breaks Kant’s maxim that one should only act in a way that you can consistently wish all to follow. And, of course, we can’t all freeload, as there would be no one to freeload from.[8] Child’s play Do include little Emily and baby Jack when addressing Christmas cards to their parents. Never tell somebody else’s child off in front of them, or criticize adults for their poor parenting. Except when you should. Do not undertake. It may be a free country, but as John Stuart Mill pointed out, our liberty does not extend to causing harm to others. Undertaking is a safety and so a moral issue, not one of etiquette. Wipe down gym equipment after use. Stick to the swimming lane that’s right for you. Remember that neither the cinema nor the theatre is your front room. Apart from, obviously, making sure your mobile is turned off, don’t talk during the performance, and if you have to say something to your companion, make sure it is inaudible toothers. If you want to talk, rent a video. Sorry, DVD. Don’t punctuate your sentences with profanities in public. It’s OK with fellow foul-mouthed fucker s, but many people are likely to be either offended or bored by your repetitive and unimaginative use of vocabulary. Don’t think “I was here first” is a trump card. Let someone else go first if their need is greater. A person who only ever asserts their right s isn’t necessarily always in the right. Don’t write in and say these rules are stupid. They’re not.。
Unit 10 The Role of EducationReading FocusThe Role of the Academy in Times of Crisis普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到：与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。
危机时代大学该扮演的角色雪莉·提尔曼Para. 1今天，由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识，大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。
一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到，“没有哪个国家像美国这样，不论对公立教育还足私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。
美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。
”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的，即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。
Para. 2我国社会对高等教有机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来：联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资，这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来；联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助；一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资，他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径；一些个人和私人部门给予投资，他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。
社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。
社会期望我们产生新思想，开发新知识，以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题，培养未来一代公民和领导者。
当处于困境的时候，我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。
Para. 3中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔，学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思，不关心窗外之事——这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的，而足高度开放的机构，允许内外自由交流。
高校是属于社会的，而不是游离于社会之外的。
高校的理想，经由许多代人的铸造，旨在渗入国民意识之中。
研究生英语综合教程下unit10_原文+翻译Unit 10Almost all of us have heard about General Motors trying to sell their Nova model in Latin America and finding out that “no va” in Spanish literally means “it doesn’t go”. And of course, there was the famous first try of Coca Cola in China,when the translation of the soft drink’s name read “bite the wax tadpole”.1我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型，结果发现在西班牙语中，“no va”的字面意思是“它走不了”。
当然，同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时，这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。
But cultural awareness in marketing is a lot more than careful translation. There are subtleties and nuances to every culture, and there are just plain tablls. Although most people wouldn’t be able to list the rules of their own culture, they certainly know when those rules are violated. Our own culture tendd to be “invisible” to us, while differences we run into when abroad strike as strange, funny or extrotic. So how much more difficult it to discern the unwritten rules of another country?2但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。
Unit 10Text AII. Language points1. New strategies to confront the perils of climate change reflect a sense of urgency and fresh perspectives. (para.1) New strategies to tackle the dangers brought about by climate change show that people feel that the climate problem is urgent and look at this problem from a new angle.2. On Wednesday, September 16, as part of an ongoing series on natural disasters, the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement hosted a roundtable on the future challenges of climate change and the role of the international community. (para.2) On Wednesday, September 16, as part of series of actions being taken to deal with natural disasters, the Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement organized a discussion about the challenges brought about by climate change in the future and the role the international community plays in the battle against it.3. Rod Snider, of the American Red Cross, opened the discussion by outlining the rapid increase of natural disasters worldwide and the pressing need for adaptable international responses. (para.2) Rod opened the discussion by speaking of the rapid increase of natural disasters and the urgency of flexible international responses.4. Brookings Senior Fellow Elizabeth Ferris added to the discussion a response stressing the need for a rights-based approach with the specific intent to protect vulnerable populations affected by natural disasters. (para.2) Brookings Senior Fellow Elizabeth Ferris responded to the discussion by emphasizing that it is necessary to adopt an approach based on the protection of rights with the special purpose to protect populations easily influenced by natural disasters.5. Brookings Fellow Noam Unger moderated the discussion.(para.2) Brookings Fellow Noam Unger made compromises between different opinions in the discussion.6. In the current approach to natural disasters, gaining access to the affected region can be limited by a lack of coordination and adaptability. (para.4) In the present ways to deal with natural disasters, entering the areas hit by the disaster is limited because of a lack of cooperation and flexibility.7. However, he also noted that these efforts must expand their focus and look at recovery from the beginning.(para.5) However, these responses must expand their focus andconsider recovery from disaster in the beginning.8. Further, such efforts must involve the affected community in recovery activities in a real and participatory way. (para.5) What’s more, such responses must include local areas and let them participate in the recovery activities.9. In some cases, the government may have to physically relocate people to protect them from impending natural disasters.( para.7) Sometimes, the government may have to move people to other areas to protect them from imminent natural disasters.10. Ferris outlines the approach taken in the IASC Operational Guidelines to formulatea hierarchy of rights for people affected by a natural disaster. (para.8) Ferris gave ashort description of the approach taken in the IASC Operational Guidelines to express rights of different levels for affected people in a natural disaster.11. At the top of this hierarchy is the right to life, illustrating that physically protectingpeople must be a top priority. (para.8) Among those rights, the most important is the right to life. To ensure people’s li ves must be the first thing to consider.12. For example, sometimes, NGOs unknowingly replicate and reproduce the domesticcaste structure within their own staff, fostering inherent discrimination. (para.9) For example, non-government organizations unconsciously copy the hierarchical structure of their own country in their organizations, therefore, the discrimination within the organization itself develops.13. During the workshops, participants were able to see the human rights implications ofdisaster response and welcomed existing tools to assist them in adapting a rights-based approach.(para.9) During the practical work against natural disasters, participants were able to see the significance of human rights in disaster response and welcomed present systems to help them in making certain changes to find an approach based on the protection of human rights.14. …the international response is still very weak, as evidenced by th e lack of adesignated lead agency for protection in natural disasters. (para.10) …the international response is still not so effective, which can be proved by the lack of an appointed lead agency for protection in natural disasters.15. …ensuring that Dis aster Risk Reduction is a national and local priority. (para.12) ...guaranteeing that Disaster Risk Reduction is the most important thing both in a nation and in the local areas.16. Resilience is the key to empowering these vulnerable populations in the face of harshclimate change. (para.16) Flexibility is important to give these easily-hurt people power when they encounter the severe climate change.17. “The great tragedy of sustainable development is that we have not invented a politicsto go with it.” (para.17) It is a pity that our politics are not good enough to ensure the implementation of sustainable development.18. Cameron pointed out that an integral component has to be political will.(para.20)Cameron pointed out that for climate change strategies, one necessary thing is the will of politicians.19. Ferris noted that migration is likely to be an adaptation strategy. (para.21) Ferrisnoted that moving to other places is a strategy used to adapt to the severe climate situation.20. The potential of large-scale climate-induced migration raises major political, legal,economic, and security questions. For example, politically, migration could signal the “death” of nations, such as island states.(para.21) Moving to other places to live in large numbers due to climate change causes significant political, economic, and security problems. For example, from the political perspective, migration could be a sign that a nation is dead.21. Legally and economically, it is unclear what happens if a nation moves. (para.21) If anation moves to other places, the legal and economic significance is not clear.22. Finally, a clear discrepancy exists between those responsible for climate change andthose most affected by it.(para.22) Finally, a big difference exists between developed countries that emit most of the greenhouse gases and developing countries greatly influenced by climate change.23. Cameron pointed out that between these two groups, those vulnerable to climatechange are aware of their vulnerability but do not know what to do to combat it. To the contrary, those responsible for climate change know what to do to combat it, but have become complacent. (para.22) Cameron pointed out that between these two groups, those easily influenced by climate change realize their fragility but do not know what to do to fight against it. By contrast, those countries that emit most of the carbon into the atmosphere know what to do but have become too self-satisfied to take any action.III. Key to the exercises1. Reading Comprehension(1) The current international response lacks coordination and sustainable developmentapproaches. What’s more, it fails to protect the rights of displaced persons.(2) The discussion is about the future challenges of climate change and the role ofinternational community.(3) Rod Snider believes that international responses to natural disasters should not be limitedto a single model. Instead, the international community should take a holistic model, strengthen cooperation and share information together. At the same time, the affected community should be involved in recovery activities in a real and participatory way. (4) According to Elizabeth Ferris, to protect affected people, the most important thing is toprotect their rights to life. Once the right to life is guaranteed, the focus of international response can shift to other basic needs. And the international community should takerights-based approach to protect the rights of displaced people.(5) According to Edward Cameron, climate change is serious and should be tackled urgently.And developing greater coherence among different organizations and programs is essential.According to him, more long-term and sustainable approaches are needed after a natural disaster.2. VocabularySection A(1) holistic (2) refugee (3) hierarchy (4) coherence (5) synergy(6) sustainable (7) aftermath (8) convene (9) implement (10) reconcileSection B(1) B(2) A(3) D(4) C(5) A(6) C(7) B(8) D(9) A(10) B3. Cloze(1) binding (2) emissions (3) otherwise (4) preservation (5) allowing (6) intact (7) reality (8) avert (9) forests (10) but (11) average (12) as (13) deforestation (14) combined (15) impact (16) credit (17) insistence (18) avoid (19) tackle (20) inflict4. TranslationA. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English.(1) In the international society, there is a trend that countries all over the world put their owninterests on top priority. Therefore, it is difficult for them to reach an agreement on the problem of tackling global warming.(2) The need for perfection and the desire for inner tranquility conflict with each other.(3) We should soberly rethink what we have done in the past, look to the future, review ourexperience, draw the lessons from it and seriously address the problems we are faced with at present.(4) In the face of adversity, courage and perseverance shown by people in the affected areaswin great respect from people all over the world.(5) In the aftermath of natural disasters，food in affected areas may become contaminated andconsequently be at risk for outbreaks of foodborne disease.(6) It is not true that suffering ennobles the character; happiness does that sometimes, butsuffering, for the most part, makes men petty and vindictive.(7) This conference centers on how to develop a low-carbon economy to realize thesustainable development of the whole society.(8) When it comes to mitigation of earthquake disasters, people’s governments at differentlevels shall strengthen leadership over the work and mobilize the relevant departments totake effective measures to protect people’s safety.2) Translate the following paragraph into English.During the summit, Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed said, “This is not a negotiation. This is different from the WTO negotiations. You cannot cut a deal with Mother Nature.” While the speech was being delivered, Maldives islanders were moving inland. Nonetheless, in contrast to the strong statements made by international businesses, count ries’ representative negotiators made careful government commitments. As Churchill said, “There are no permanent friends or permanent enemies, only permanent interests.” The national interests are putting great pressures on the negotiations. One long-time UN climate change negotiator expressed, “Internationalism is only reflected at the civic level; it is impossible at the national level.” Any country that takes the first step to give way faces large risks and would be labeled as being foolish.B. English to Chinese1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.气候的变化引起了自然灾害的增加。
