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质量控制(英文)Title: Quality ControlIntroduction:Quality control plays a vital role in ensuring the consistency and reliability of products or services. It involves various processes and methodologies to monitor and improve the quality of goods or services. This article will delve into the importance of quality control and explore five main points related to this topic. The points will be discussed in detail, followed by a comprehensive conclusion.1. Importance of Quality Control:1.1 Ensuring Customer Satisfaction:- Quality control measures ensure that products or services meet or exceed customer expectations.- Consistent quality builds trust, loyalty, and satisfaction among customers.1.2 Cost Reduction:- Implementing quality control measures helps identify and rectify defects early in the production process, reducing costs associated with rework or product recalls.- By minimizing defects, companies can avoid customer complaints and potential legal issues.1.3 Enhancing Brand Reputation:- High-quality products or services enhance a company's brand reputation and differentiate it from competitors.- Positive word-of-mouth and customer recommendations can be achieved through consistent quality control.1.4 Compliance with Standards and Regulations:- Quality control ensures adherence to industry standards and regulations, preventing legal and compliance issues.- Compliance with quality standards enhances the credibility and reliability of a company.1.5 Continuous Improvement:- Quality control processes enable companies to identify areas for improvement and implement corrective actions.- Regular monitoring and analysis of quality metrics facilitate continuous improvement efforts.2. Quality Control Methods:2.1 Statistical Process Control (SPC):- SPC involves statistical analysis to monitor and control the quality of products or services during the production process.- It helps identify variations and trends, enabling proactive measures to maintain quality standards.2.2 Six Sigma:- Six Sigma is a data-driven methodology that aims to minimize defects and improve overall quality.- It focuses on reducing process variations and achieving near-perfect performance levels.2.3 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA):- FMEA is a systematic approach to identifying potential failures in a product or process and assessing their impact.- It helps prioritize and address high-risk areas to prevent quality issues.2.4 Total Quality Management (TQM):- TQM is a comprehensive approach that involves all employees in continuously improving quality.- It emphasizes customer satisfaction, employee involvement, and process improvement.2.5 Lean Manufacturing:- Lean manufacturing aims to eliminate waste and optimize production processes to enhance quality and efficiency.- It focuses on reducing defects, lead time, and costs while maximizing customer value.Conclusion:In conclusion, quality control is crucial for businesses to ensure customer satisfaction, reduce costs, enhance brand reputation, comply with regulations, and drive continuous improvement. Various methods, such as Statistical Process Control, Six Sigma, Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, Total Quality Management, and Lean Manufacturing, can be employed to achieve and maintain high-quality standards. By implementing effective quality control measures, companies can gain a competitive edge in the market and build long-term success.。
质量控制中英文对照引言概述：质量控制是指通过一系列的管理活动和技术手段，确保产品或者服务的质量达到预期目标。
在国际贸易和跨国合作中，准确理解和运用质量控制术语是至关重要的。
本文将介绍一些常用的质量控制术语的中英文对照，以匡助读者更好地理解和运用。
一、质量控制概念1.1 质量控制(Quality Control)质量控制是指通过一系列的管理活动和技术手段，确保产品或者服务的质量达到预期目标。
它包括质量计划、质量控制、质量保证和质量改进等方面。
1.2 质量计划(Quality Plan)质量计划是指为了实现产品或者服务的质量目标，制定的一系列质量控制措施和方法。
它包括质量目标、质量标准、质量检测方法等内容。
1.3 质量控制图(Quality Control Chart)质量控制图是一种用于监控和分析质量数据的工具。
它可以匡助我们判断一个过程是否处于控制状态，并及时采取措施以保证质量。
二、质量控制方法2.1 检验(Inspection)检验是指通过对产品或者服务进行检查和测试，判断其是否符合质量要求。
它可以匡助我们及时发现和纠正质量问题，确保产品或者服务的质量。
2.2 抽样(Sampling)抽样是指从一个较大的批次中随机选取一部份样本进行检验。
通过对样本的检验结果进行统计分析，我们可以判断整个批次的质量水平。
2.3 测试(Test)测试是指通过实验或者其他方法对产品或者服务进行全面的性能和功能测试。
它可以匡助我们发现潜在的问题和改进的空间，提高产品或者服务的质量。
三、质量控制指标3.1 缺陷率(Defect Rate)缺陷率是指在一定数量的产品或者服务中，存在缺陷的比例。
它是衡量质量问题严重程度的一个重要指标。
3.2 不合格品率(Nonconforming Rate)不合格品率是指在一定数量的产品或者服务中，不符合质量要求的比例。
它是衡量质量控制效果的一个重要指标。
3.3 退货率(Return Rate)退货率是指在一定时间内，被客户退回的产品或者服务的比例。
质量控制(英文)Title: Quality ControlIntroduction:Quality control plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and consistency of products or services. It involves a systematic approach to monitor, evaluate, and improve the quality of processes and outputs. This article will delve into the key aspects of quality control, providing a comprehensive understanding of its significance and implementation.I. Importance of Quality Control1.1 Enhancing Customer Satisfaction:- Quality control measures help in meeting customer expectations by ensuring that products or services meet or exceed their requirements.- By consistently delivering high-quality products, businesses can build trust and loyalty among their customers.1.2 Cost Reduction:- Implementing quality control measures helps identify and rectify defects or errors early in the production process, reducing the cost of rework or scrap.- By minimizing defects, businesses can avoid customer complaints, product recalls, and legal issues, thus saving costs in the long run.1.3 Competitive Advantage:- Quality control enables businesses to differentiate themselves from competitors by offering superior products or services.- Companies that prioritize quality control often enjoy a strong market reputation, leading to increased customer demand and market share.II. Quality Control Methods2.1 Statistical Process Control (SPC):- SPC involves monitoring and controlling the production process through statistical analysis.- It helps identify variations in the process, enabling timely corrective actions to maintain quality standards.2.2 Six Sigma:- Six Sigma is a data-driven methodology aimed at reducing defects and improving process efficiency.- It follows a structured approach, involving the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) framework, to achieve continuous improvement.2.3 Total Quality Management (TQM):- TQM is a management philosophy that focuses on involving all employees in the quality improvement process.- It emphasizes customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, and the involvement of every department in quality control efforts.III. Quality Control Tools3.1 Control Charts:- Control charts visually represent process variations, helping identify trends, outliers, and abnormalities.- They provide a graphical representation of data, enabling quick decision-making and process adjustments.3.2 Pareto Analysis:- Pareto analysis helps prioritize quality issues by identifying and ranking them based on their frequency or impact.- It aids in focusing resources on the most critical issues, ensuring efficient problem-solving.3.3 Root Cause Analysis:- Root cause analysis is a technique used to identify the underlying causes of quality issues or defects.- By addressing the root causes, businesses can prevent the recurrence of similar issues in the future.IV. Implementing Effective Quality Control4.1 Clearly Defined Quality Standards:- Establishing clear quality standards is essential to ensure consistency and uniformity in products or services.- These standards should be communicated to all employees and regularly reviewed to meet evolving customer needs.4.2 Training and Skill Development:- Providing adequate training to employees regarding quality control techniques and tools is crucial.- It helps them understand their roles in maintaining quality and empowers them to contribute to continuous improvement.4.3 Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation:- Regularly monitoring and evaluating processes, outputs, and customer feedback is vital for effective quality control.- It helps identify areas for improvement, implement corrective actions, and ensure ongoing adherence to quality standards.V. Conclusion:Quality control is a fundamental aspect of any business that aims to deliver reliable and high-quality products or services. By implementing robust quality control methods, utilizing appropriate tools, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, businesses can enhance customer satisfaction, reduce costs, and gain a competitive edge in the market.。
原文 Quality Control Material Source: Journal of Applied Statistics， 2022 Author: Fah Fatt Abstract :to be competitive in the intermational market-place,modern manufactures need to pay keen attention to quality monitoring and control.In this paper,we discuss process quality monitoring,control and adjustment from a modern statistical time series analysis point of view. In particular,we show how several approaches can be reconciled. Control is a continuous endeavour to achieve process stability .This is a hard task because it requires us to undo the effects of the second law of thermal dynamics.You will recall that this law says that,left to itself,the entropy (or disoraganization)of any system must always increase or stay constant.While it is never possible to defeat the second law of thermal dynamics completely,two different techniques which achieve this approximately are process monitoring and process adjustment..Depending on circumstances,either (or,more likely,both)may be needed. By process monitoring,I mean the use of ,for example,Shewhart charts and/or Cusum or Cuscore charts (Box&Ramirez,1991).These are devices for continually cheecking a model which is intended to represent the desired stable state of the system-for example NIID variation about a fixed target T.their use can lead to the elimination of assignable causes pointed to to by discrepant behavior.Process monitoring parallels hypothesis and its properties are described in terms of probabilities (for example the probability of point falling outside the 3σ limits of a Shewhart chart). Process Quality Control Objectives.Construction projects through the entire process together with procedures to be completed. The quality of each process must have to meet the corresponding requirements under the procedures of quality standards, process quality is bound to decide the quality of products. Project quality control objectives Resolvable as: personnel, materials, machinery, construction methods and construction of the environment 5. Engineering product quality refers to the project to meet the relevant standards or contractual requirements, including in the use of functional, safety and durability and environmental protection of all visible and hidden characteristics of the sum of the capacity. Product quality control objectives of the project decomposed into: applicability, safety, durability, reliability, economy and in harmony with the environment, etc. 6. Norms or rules to achieve the quality requirements of data taken by the operating technologies and measures. That is to say, quality control are adopted in order to monitor the quality of the formation process, the elimination of all stages on the quality of Central India from failed or are not satisfied with the effect of factors. To meet the quality requirements, access to economic benefits and quality of operation with the various technologies and activities. Fields in the enterprise, quality control activities are enterprises within the production site management, it has nothing to do with whether the contract is to achieve and maintain quality control and technical measures and management measures for areas of activity. Quality Inspection subordinate quality control, quality control are important activities. Operation technology" means and methods of control are a general term, "Activity" is the operation of these technologies has planned, organized use of the system is a scientific quality management practices. The former emphasis on methods, tools, and the latter focused on the activities of the process. The purpose of quality control to prevent the main factors governing the outcome of security to ensure that requirements, cost-effective implementation. The primary function of quality control is through a series of operating techniques and activities will be a variety of quality variations and to minimize the extent of fluctuations. Wear it in quality, the formation and implementation of the entire process. In addition to controlling product differentiation, quality control department is also involved in management decision-making activities in order to determine the level of quality. Quality Control of the witness point and stop point At the international level, the quality control of important objects according to their degree of control and monitoring requirements are different, can set the "witness points" or "stop point." "Witness points" and "stop point" is the quality control point, because of their importance or impact of the consequences of its quality are different, their operational procedures and monitoring requirements are
QE=品质工程师（Quality Engineer）MSA: Measurement System Analysis 量测系统分析LCL: Lower Control limit 管制下限Control plan 管制计划Correction 纠正Cost down 降低成本CS: customer Sevice 客户中心Data 数据Data Collection 数据收集Description 描述Device 装置Digital 数字Do 执行DOE: Design of Experiments 实验设计Environmental 环境Equipment 设备FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect analysis 失效模式与效果分析FA: Failure Analysis 坏品分析FQA: Final Quality Assurance 最终品质保证FQC: Final Quality control 最终品质控制Gauge system 量测系统Grade 等级Inductance 电感Improvement 改善Inspection 检验IPQC: In Process Quality Control 制程品质控制IQC: Incoming Quality Control 来料品质控制ISO: International Organization for Standardization 国际标准组织LQC: Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制LSL: Lower Size Limit 规格下限Materials 物料Measurement 量测Occurrence 发生率Operation Instruction 作业指导书Organization 组织Parameter 参数Parts 零件Pulse 脉冲Policy 方针Procedure 流程Process 过程Product 产品Production 生产Program 方案Projects 项目QA: Quality Assurance 品质保证QC: Quality Control 品质控制QE: Quality Engineering 品质工程QFD: Quality Function Design 品质机能展开Quality 质量Quality manual 品质手册Quality policy 品质政策Range 全距Record 记录Reflow 回流Reject 拒收Repair 返修Repeatability 再现性Reproducibility 再生性Requirement 要求Residual 误差Response 响应Responsibilities 职责Review 评审Rework 返工Rolled yield 直通率sample 抽样,样本Scrap 报废SOP: Standard Operation Procedure 标准作业书SPC: Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制Specification 规格SQA: Source(Supplier) Quality Assurance 供应商品质保证Taguchi-method 田口方法TQC: Total Quality Control 全面品质控制TQM: Total Quality Management 全面品质管理Traceability 追溯UCL: Upper Control Limit 管制上限USL: Upper Size Limit 规格上限Validation 确认Variable 计量值Verification 验证Version 版本QCC Quality Control Circle 品质圈/QC小组PDCA Plan Do Check Action 计划执行检查总结Consumer electronics 消费性电子产品Communication 通讯类产品Core value （核心价值）Love 爱心Confidence 信心Decision 决心Corporate culture (公司文化)Integration 融合Responsibility 责任Progress 进步QC quality control 品质管理人员FQC final quality control 终点品质管制人员IPQC in process quality control 制程中的品质管制人员OQC output quality control 最终出货品质管制人员IQC incoming quality control 进料品质管制人员TQC total quality control 全面质量管理POC passage quality control 段检人员QA quality assurance 质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance 出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering 品质工程人员FAI first article inspection 新品首件检查FAA first article assurance 首件确认CP capability index 能力指数SSQA standardized supplier quality audit 合格供应商品质评估FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis 失效模式分析AQL Acceptable Quality Level 运作类允收品质水准S/S Sample size 抽样检验样本大小ACC Accept 允收REE Reject 拒收CR Critical 极严重的MAJ Major 主要的MIN Minor 轻微的Q/R/S Quality/Reliability/Service 品质/可靠度/服务P/N Part Number 料号L/N Lot Number 批号AOD Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采FPIR First Piece Inspection Report 首件检查报告PPM Percent Per Million 百万分之一SPC Statistical Process Control 统计制程管制SQC Statistical Quality Control 统计品质管制GRR Gauge Reproducibility & Repeatability 量具之再制性及重测性判断量可靠与否DIM Dimension 尺寸DIA Diameter 直径QIT Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组ZD Zero Defect 零缺点QI Quality Improvement 品质改善QP Quality Policy 目标方针TQM Total Quality Management 全面品质管理RMA Return Material Audit 退料认可7QCTools 7 Quality Control Tools 品管七大手法通用之件类ECN Engineering Change Notice 工程变更通知(供应商)ECO Engineering Change Order 工程改动要求(客户)PCN Process Change Notice 工序改动通知PMP Product Management Plan 生产管制计划SIP Standard Inspection Procedure 制程检验标准程序SOP Standard Operation Procedure 制造作业规范IS Inspection Specification 成品检验规范BOM Bill Of Material 物料清单PS Package Specification 包装规范SPEC Specification 规格DWG Drawing 图面系统文件类ES Engineering Standard 工程标准IWS International Workman Standard 工艺标准ISO International Standardization Organization 国际标准化组织GS General Specification 一般规格部类PMC Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCC Product control center 生产管制中心PPC Production Plan Control 生产计划控制MC Material Control 物料控制DCC Document Control Center 资料控制中心QE Quality Engineering 品质工程(部)QA Quality Assurance 品质保证处QC Quality Control 品质管制(课)PD Product Department 生产部LAB Laboratory 实验室IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程R&D Research & Design 设计开发部。
质量控制中英文对照质量控制是指通过一系列的措施和活动，确保产品或者服务达到既定的质量标准和客户要求的过程。
质量控制是企业管理中非常重要的一环，它可以匡助企业提高产品质量、降低成本、增加客户满意度，并提升企业的竞争力。
以下是质量控制中常用的一些术语和对应的英文翻译：1. 质量控制（Quality Control）质量控制是指通过一系列的措施和活动，确保产品或者服务达到既定的质量标准和客户要求的过程。
2. 质量标准（Quality Standards）质量标准是指对产品或者服务质量的要求和规定，它是衡量产品或者服务是否合格的依据。
3. 质量管理（Quality Management）质量管理是指通过制定和实施一系列的质量控制措施，确保产品或者服务达到质量标准和客户要求的过程。
4. 质量检测（Quality Inspection）质量检测是指对产品或者服务进行检查和测试，以确定其是否符合质量标准和客户要求的过程。
5. 质量改进（Quality Improvement）质量改进是指通过分析和解决质量问题，提高产品或者服务的质量水平和性能的过程。
6. 质量控制图（Control Chart）质量控制图是一种统计工具，用于监控和分析产品或者服务质量的变化趋势和异常情况。
7. 测量系统分析（Measurement System Analysis）测量系统分析是指对测量系统进行评估和分析，以确定其测量结果的准确性和可靠性。
8. 过程能力指数（Process Capability Index）过程能力指数是一种衡量过程稳定性和一致性的指标，用于评估产品或者服务是否能够满足质量标准和客户要求。
9. 稳定性分析（Stability Analysis）稳定性分析是指对产品或者服务的性能和质量进行长期监测和分析，以确定其是否稳定和可靠的过程。
10. 不合格品（Nonconforming Product）不合格品是指不符合质量标准和客户要求的产品或者服务。
质量控制中英文对照Quality Control 中英文对照一、引言质量控制是指在产品或服务的生产过程中，通过一系列的措施和方法，确保产品或服务符合既定的质量标准和客户需求。
质量控制的目标是提高产品或服务的质量，减少缺陷和不合格品的数量，并确保客户满意度的提升。
本文将介绍质量控制的基本概念和常用的质量控制方法，并提供中英文对照，以便更好地理解和应用。
二、质量控制的基本概念1. 质量控制(Quality Control)质量控制是指通过对产品或服务的各个环节进行监控和检测，以确保产品或服务的质量符合预期的标准和要求。
质量控制包括质量计划、质量检查、质量纠正和质量改进等环节。
2. 质量标准(Quality Standards)质量标准是指产品或服务的质量要求和规范。
质量标准可以是国家标准、行业标准或企业内部标准等，用于衡量产品或服务的质量水平。
3. 质量检查(Quality Inspection)质量检查是指对产品或服务进行全面的检测和评估，以确定其是否符合质量标准和要求。
质量检查可以通过抽样检验、物理测试、化学分析等手段进行。
4. 缺陷(Defect)缺陷是指产品或服务中存在的不符合质量标准和要求的问题或缺陷。
缺陷可以是物理上的缺陷、功能上的缺陷或外观上的缺陷等。
5. 不合格品(Nonconforming Product)不合格品是指不符合质量标准和要求的产品或服务。
不合格品需要进行处理，可以是修复、重新加工或报废等。
三、常用的质量控制方法1. 统计抽样(Statistical Sampling)统计抽样是一种常用的质量控制方法，通过对产品或服务的样本进行抽样检验，以推断整个批次或过程的质量水平。
统计抽样方法包括接收抽样、过程控制图和抽样检验等。
2. 过程控制(Process Control)过程控制是指对产品或服务的生产过程进行监控和调整，以确保产品或服务的质量稳定和一致。
过程控制方法包括控制图、SPC(统计过程控制)和质量管理工具等。
质量控制(英文)Title: Quality ControlIntroduction:Quality control plays a crucial role in ensuring the consistent delivery of high-quality products or services. It involves a systematic approach to monitor and manage various processes to meet predetermined quality standards. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of quality control, its importance, and the key aspects involved in its implementation.I. Importance of Quality Control:1.1 Enhancing Customer Satisfaction:- Quality control ensures that products or services meet or exceed customer expectations, leading to increased customer satisfaction.- By consistently delivering high-quality products, businesses can build a loyal customer base and maintain a competitive edge in the market.1.2 Minimizing Costs:- Implementing quality control measures helps identify and rectify defects or errors at an early stage, reducing the cost of rework or product recalls.- By preventing quality issues, businesses can minimize customer complaints, warranty claims, and associated costs.1.3 Building a Strong Reputation:- Quality control plays a vital role in building a strong reputation for a brand or organization.- By consistently delivering high-quality products, businesses can establish themselves as reliable and trustworthy, attracting more customers and business opportunities.II. Key Aspects of Quality Control:2.1 Quality Planning:- Quality planning involves defining quality standards, determining the necessary resources, and establishing processes to meet those standards.- It includes identifying customer requirements, setting quality objectives, and developing a comprehensive quality management plan.2.2 Quality Assurance:- Quality assurance focuses on preventing defects or errors by implementing processes and procedures to ensure compliance with quality standards.- It involves conducting regular audits, inspections, and reviews to identify any deviations from the defined quality requirements.2.3 Quality Improvement:- Quality improvement aims to continuously enhance processes, products, or services to achieve higher levels of quality.- It involves analyzing data, identifying areas for improvement, implementing corrective actions, and monitoring the effectiveness of those actions.III. Tools and Techniques in Quality Control:3.1 Statistical Process Control (SPC):- SPC involves using statistical methods to monitor and control processes, ensuring they operate within acceptable limits.- It helps identify any variations or abnormalities in the production process, allowing for timely corrective actions.3.2 Six Sigma:- Six Sigma is a data-driven approach that aims to minimize defects or errors and improve process efficiency.- It involves a structured methodology, including the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC) approach, to achieve significant quality improvements.3.3 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA):- FMEA is a proactive technique used to identify potential failures or risks in a product or process.- It helps prioritize and implement preventive measures to mitigate the identified risks and ensure product or process reliability.IV. Quality Control in Different Industries:4.1 Manufacturing Industry:- In the manufacturing industry, quality control ensures that products meet the required specifications and standards.- It involves rigorous testing, inspections, and adherence to quality management systems such as ISO 9001.4.2 Service Industry:- In the service industry, quality control focuses on delivering consistent and satisfactory services to customers.- It involves training employees, monitoring service delivery, and obtaining feedback from customers to improve service quality.4.3 Healthcare Industry:- Quality control in the healthcare industry aims to ensure patient safety and the delivery of effective medical care.- It involves implementing quality management systems, monitoring clinical outcomes, and complying with regulatory standards.Conclusion:Quality control is an essential aspect of any business or industry, ensuring consistent delivery of high-quality products or services. By implementing effective quality control measures, organizations can enhance customer satisfaction, minimize costs, and build a strong reputation. Utilizing tools and techniques such as SPC, Six Sigma, and FMEA can further strengthen the quality control process. Regardless of the industry, quality control plays a vital role in achieving operational excellence and meeting customer expectations.。
质量控制中英文对照质量控制是指通过一系列的活动和措施来确保产品或服务的质量符合预期标准的过程。
在质量控制过程中，中英文对照是非常重要的，可以帮助不同语言背景的人员更好地理解和沟通质量要求和标准。
下面是质量控制中常见术语的中英文对照：1. 质量控制 (Quality Control)质量控制是指通过监测和调整生产过程中的各个环节，以确保产品或服务达到预期质量标准的管理活动。
2. 质量保证 (Quality Assurance)质量保证是指通过制定和执行一系列的质量管理体系和规程，以确保产品或服务持续符合预期质量标准的管理活动。
3. 检验 (Inspection)检验是指对产品或服务进行测量、测试、观察等手段，以确定其是否符合质量标准的活动。
4. 抽样 (Sampling)抽样是指从一个较大的批次或总体中选取一部分样本进行检验的过程。
5. 测量 (Measurement)测量是指使用工具、设备或方法对产品或服务的特定特性进行定量评估的过程。
6. 测量误差 (Measurement Error)测量误差是指测量结果与真实值之间的差异。
7. 校准 (Calibration)校准是指通过与已知标准进行比较，调整或确认测量设备的准确性和精度。
8. 缺陷 (Defect)缺陷是指产品或服务在设计、制造或交付过程中，不符合预期质量要求的特征或状态。
9. 不合格品 (Nonconforming Product)不合格品是指不符合规定质量标准的产品。
10. 合格品 (Conforming Product)合格品是指符合规定质量标准的产品。
11. 质量标准 (Quality Standard)质量标准是指规定产品或服务质量要求的文件、规范或准则。
12. 质量控制计划 (Quality Control Plan)质量控制计划是指规定质量控制活动、方法和责任的文件，用于指导和管理质量控制过程。
13. 程序文件 (Procedure Document)程序文件是指规定特定操作步骤和要求的文件，用于指导和记录质量控制活动。
资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 本文献来源于: [1] 董祥. 土木工程英语. ( 9) : 145-151 质量控制和安全施工 1在施工中存在的质量和安全问题 质量控制和安全问题对项目经理来说变得越来越重要。施工过程中的设备缺陷或故障可能会导致非常大的成本。即使有轻微缺陷, 也可能需要重新建设使设施运营受损。导致成本的增加和延误结果。在最坏的情况下, 故障可能导致人身伤害甚至死亡。在施工过程中的事故可能导致人身伤害和巨大的花费。保险, 检验和监管的间接成本迅速增加, 会导致直接成本的增加。好的项目经理应尽量确保在第一时间完成任务, 而且在工程中没有重大事故发生。 随着成本的控制, 关于已完成设施的质量的最重要的决策是在设计和规划阶段, 而不是在施工阶段。正是在该组件的配置, 材料规格和功能性能这些初步阶段而决定的。施工过程中的质量控制主要是确保其是否符合原先的设计和规划决策。 虽然符合现有的设计决策是质量控制的首要重点, 但也有例外的情况。第一, 不可预见的情况下, 错误的设计决策或希望经过在设备功能的所有者权益变动, 可能在施工过程中要求对设计决策进行重新评估。虽然这些变化可能是出于关心质量, 但她们意味着随之而来的所有目标和限制因素都要进行重新设计。至于第二种情况, 一些明智且适当的设计决策就是取决于施工过程本身, 例如, 一些隧道要求在不同的位置作出一定数量支护的方法, 就是根据土壤条件, 观察在隧资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 道里面的过程而做出的决策。由于这样的决定是基于有关工地的实际情况, 因此该设施的设计可能会更符合成本效益的结果。任何特殊的情况下, 重新设计的施工过程中都需要考虑各种因素。 在施工过程中以讲究一致性作为质量的衡量标准, 质量要求的设计和合同文件中的说明将变得极为重要。质量要求应该是明确的、 可验证的, 能使项目中的各方都能够理解的一致性要求。本章的大部分讨论均涉及到发展和建设的不同质量要求, 以及确保符合性的相关问题。 建设项目中的安全性也在很大程度上影响到规划设计过程中的决策。一些设计或施工计划本身就是又危险又很难实现的, 而其它类似的计划, 则能够大大降低事故发生的可能性。例如, 从施工区域内修复巷道使得交通分道行驶能够大大降低意外碰撞的可能性。除了这些设计决策, 在施工过程中安全在很大程度上取决于教育, 提高警惕, 合作。工人应对可能发生意外保持时刻警惕, 避免不必要的风险。 2组织的质量和安全 在施工过程中, 各种不同的组织均可对质量和安全进行控制。一个常见的模式是由一个组负责质量保证而另一个组则主要负责集团内的安全组织。在大型的组织中, 各部门致力于确保质量和安全, 可能会指定专人来承担这些具体项目的责任。对于较小的项目, 项目经理或助理可能会承担相应责任。在任一情况下, 确保安全和质量建设是项目经理在除人事、 成本、 时间和其它管理问题以外必须重点关注并全面负责的。 资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 检查人员和质量保证人员将代表各种不同的组织共同参与一个项目。跟项目直接相关的各方都可能有自己的质量和安全检查, 包括业主, 工程师/设计师, 和各种构造公司。这些检查员能够从专业的质量保证机构组织选择担任。除了现场检查, 材料样品一般会由专门的实验室测试, 以确保其权威性。为了保证符合监管要求, 相关部门也将参与其中。常见的例子是当地政府建设部门的督察, 环境机构, 和职业健康与安全机构。 美国职业安全与健康管理局( OSHA) 与获批准的国家检验机构合作, 定期对工作场所进行实地考察。OSHA的检查人员必须依法对所有违背标准的行为进行采证。以保障安全标准规定的各种机械措施和程序; 例如, 梯子的安全有超过140个法规。在极端不符合标准上面法规的情况下, 安全检查员能够停止在一个项目的工作。然而, 只有一小部分的建筑工地是由OSHA督察巡视的, 大多数施工现场的事故并非由违反现有标准造成的。因此, 安全问题在很大程度上应由现场管理人员而非公共督察负责。 而施工过程中的众多参与者都需要检查人员的服务, 也不能过于强调检查人员只检查质量控制的过程。好的质量控制应该是一个项目团队所有成员的首要目标。管理者应承担维护和提高质量控制的责任。员工参与质量控制包括引入了新的思路都应该被奖励。最重要的是, 质量改进能够作为提高生产率的催化剂。良好的质量控制能够经过提出新的工作方法, 避免返工, 并避免长期的问题, 达到自给自足。业主应促进良好的质量控制, 并寻求能保持这样的水准的承包商。 资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 除了参与质量控制的各种组织机构, 质量控制问题在几乎所有的建筑活动功能区均出现过。例如, 确保准确和有用的信息是保持质量性能的重要组成部分。质量控制的其它方面包括文件控制( 包括在施工过程中的变更) , 采购, 现场检查和测试, 以及设施的竣工验收。 3工作和材料规范 工作质量的规格是设备设计的一个重要特性。要求的质量和部件的规格代表了必要的文件来描述一个设备的一部分。一般情况下, 这个文件包含了施工期间使用的设备设计文件和公认的规范的任何特殊规定, 作为参考。 工作质量一般规格在许多领域都是在如美国材料与试验协会( ASTM) , 美国国家标准协会( ANSI) , 或施工规范协会( CSI) 等组织的刊物上发表。不同规格的形式为特定类型的建设活动, 如由美国焊接协会颁发的焊接标准, 或特定设施的类型, 如由美国协会的国家公路和运输官员颁发的公路桥梁的标准规范。这些一般规格必须进行修改, 以反映当地的条件, 政策, 提供的材料, 地方性法规及其它特殊情况。 施工规范一般由一系列的具体操作指令或禁令组成。例如, 下面的文章说明了一个典型的对在这种情况下的挖掘结构的规范: 符合标高和尺寸正负0.10英尺的容差范围内的计划显示, 从地基和基础延伸足够的距离, 允许放置及拆除混凝土模板, 安装服务, 其它建筑, 并进行检查。在挖掘挖掘地基和基础时, 当心别影响基坑开资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 挖。用手挖掘并最终分级来填置钢筋混凝土。调整( 挖掘的) 最底层到需要的路线和坡度, 留下坚实的基础去填充坚实( 的混凝土) 。 这一组规范要求应用判断, 是由于有些项目不能精确地指定。例如, 开挖必须延长”足够”的距离, 以便进行检查和其它活动。显然, ”足够”这个词, 在这种情况下, 可能会受到不同的解释。相反, 一个规范, 公差内加或减十分之一英尺则是直接测量。然而, 由于网站的设施或特征的具体要求, 可能会使得十分之一英尺的标准公差变得不合适。书写规范一般需要在假设有关各方在诸如”充分”与预指定所有操作的努力和可能的解释不准确的话双方的部分合理的行为之间的权衡。 近年来, 性能规格已经被开发运用于许多施工作业。这些规范是指所要求的性能的成品设施或质量, 而不是指定所需的施工过程中的规范。而如何从其中获得此性能的具体方法则是留给建筑承包商的。例如, 传统规格为沥青路面中指定的沥青材料, 沥青组合物的摊铺温度, 压实过程。相反, 一个性能规格沥青所需的详细性能是关于路面的抗渗性及强度等。如何达到所期望的性能水平则要依靠铺路承包商。
质量控制( Ⅰ) 1全面的质量控制 在施工质量控制一般包括投保符合材料和工艺上最低准则, 以便根据设计, 以确保设备的性能。这些最低标准都包含在上一节中描述的规范。对于符合保险的目的, 随机抽样和统计方法一般见于为基础, 资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 接受或拒绝工作完成, 材料批次。一批拒绝是基于不符合或违反有关设计规范。这种质量控制的实践过程在下面的章节中描述。 在这些传统的质量控制方法的一个隐含的假设是能够接受的质量水平, 这是不良品的允许分数的概念。由一个组织进行供应商或工作组获得的材料进行检查, 如果估计有缺陷, 可是所占百分比是在可接受的质量水平, 让供应商和工作组来判断判断是否经过验收。如果是材料或货物的问题则是在产品交付后校正。 与此相反, 质量控制这种传统的方法是全面质量管理的目标。在这个系统中, 施工过程中的任何地方都不允许有次品。而完美的目标却是永远无法达到的, 它提供了一个目标, 让组织永远不会满足于它的质量控制程序, 使得缺陷在年复一年的大量减少。这个概念和质量控制的方法最初是开发制造在日本和欧洲的公司, 但已蔓延到许多建筑公司。最有名的质量改进的正式认证是国际标准化组织ISO 9000标准。ISO 9000强调良好的文档, 质量目标和一系列的周期规划, 实施和审查。 全面质量管理是一个对质量的承诺, 表现在组织的各个部分, 一般涉及许多元素。设计审查是确保安全和有效的施工程序的一个主要元素。其它因素包括大量的人员培训, 转移检测产品缺陷的质量控制员的责任, 并不断维护设备。在质量圈中的工人小组定期开会, 提出质量改进的建议, 但工人参与改进质量控制往往是形式化的。材料供应商也需要确保交付货物的零缺陷。首先, 从供应商的所有材料进行资料内容仅供您学习参考，如有不当或者侵权，请联系改正或者删除。 检查, 有缺陷的商品被分批次退回。能证明自己信誉优良的供应商, 则能够在之后完成检查。 质量控制的传统微观经济学的观点是有缺陷的项目的”最优”的比例。努力实现比这更大的最佳的质量会大幅增加检验成本, 降低员工的工作效率。然而, 许多公司都发现, 致力于全面质量控制能够产生可观的经济效益, 这是一个曾经一直不受重视的传统方法。全面质量控制使得返工, 废钢和保证与库存相关费用均减少, 而且改进工作人员的积极性和工作决心。客户往往喜欢更高质量的作品, 并会为其高质量支付高价。其结果是, 完善的质量控制成为了一个竞争优势。 当然, 全面的质量控制是很难应用的, 特别是在建设中。各设施的独特性, 劳动力的变化性, 众多分包商, 教育和程序进行必要的成本投资, 使项目全面质量控制的实施难度大。然而, 一个组织虽不能保证达到完美的目标但却一直致力于提高质量, 那么它能够是一个真正为大家造福的组织。
