CFD modelling of the fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidised bed reactors. Part B- Heat, momentum and

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ChemicalEngineeringScience64(2009)1036--1045ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectChemicalEngineeringScience

journalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/ces

CFDmodellingofthefastpyrolysisofbiomassinfluidisedbedreactors.PartBHeat,momentumandmasstransportinbubblingfluidisedbeds

K.Papadikisa,S.Gub,∗,A.V.BridgwateraaSchoolofEngineeringandAppliedScience,AstonUniversity,AstonTriangle,BirminghamB47ET,UK

bSchoolofEngineeringSciences,UniversityofSouthampton,Highfield,SouthamptonSO171BJ,UK

ARTICLEINFOABSTRACTArticlehistory:Received3June2008Receivedinrevisedform10September2008Accepted7November2008Availableonline19November2008

Keywords:CFDFluidisedbedFastpyrolysisHeattransferParticlemodelling

Thefluid–particleinteractioninsidea150g/hfluidisedbedreactorismodelled.Thebiomassparticleisinjectedintothefluidisedbedandtheheat,momentumandmasstransportfromthefluidisinggasandfluidisedsandismodelled.TheEulerianapproachisusedtomodelthebubblingbehaviourofthesand,whichistreatedasacontinuum.Heattransferfromthebubblingbedtothediscretebiomassparticle,aswellasbiomassreactionkineticsaremodelledaccordingtotheliterature.Theparticlemotioninsidethereactoriscomputedusingdraglaws,dependentonthelocalvolumefractionofeachphase.FLUENT6.2hasbeenusedasthemodellingframeworkofthesimulationswiththewholepyrolysismodelincor-poratedintheformofuser-definedfunction(UDF).Thestudycompletesthefastpyrolysismodellinginbubblingfluidisedbedreactors.©2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.

1.IntroductionPyrolysisisthermaldegradationoforganicmaterialsinabsenceofoxygen.Theprimarypyrolysisproductsofbiomassparticlesareusu-allyreferredtoascondensable(tars)andnoncondensablevolatilesandchar.Thecondensablevolatiles(tars)arealsooftenclassifiedasliquids,andthenoncondensablevolatilesasgasesmainlyCO,CO2,H2andC1–C2hydrocarbons(DiBlasi,2000,1996).Theliquidsarefrequentlysubdividedintowaterandorganics.Secondaryreactionsofthetarsproducedresultintheformationofsecondarydegradationproducts,andgenerallyreducedorganicsyields.Theextentofsec-ondarycrackingdependsinparticularonthehotvapourresidencetime.Fluidisedbedsarethemostwidelyusedtypeofreactorforfastpyrolysis,astheyofferanumberofadvantages,suchashighheattransferratesandgoodtemperaturecontrol.Thehydrodynamicsoffluidisedbedshavebeenwidelyinvestigated,bothexperimentallyandnumerically,toallowvalidationofthemodelresults.Todatemostofthecomputationalresearchinteresthasbeenfocusedonthesimulationofthefluidisedbedhydrodynamics,usingeithertheEulerian(continuum)(Painetal.,2002)ortheLagrangian(discreteelement)(Apteetal.,2003;Kafuietal.,2002)model,aswellasnovelmodelsliketheonedevelopedbyBokkersetal.(2006)whichisbasedonthemodellingofthelargerbubblesasdiscreteelements

∗Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+4402380598520;fax:+4402380593230.

E-mailaddress:s.gu@soton.ac.uk(S.Gu).

0009-2509/$-seefrontmatter©2008ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.ces.2008.11.007

thataretrackedindividuallyduringtheirrisethroughtheemulsionphase,whichisconsideredasacontinuum.Duetothesignificantin-creaseincomputingpowerofrecentyears,thesemodelshavenowmadecomputationalmodellingofmultiphasegranularflowspossi-ble,thoughitisstillverychallenging,particularlysoforindustrialscalereactorunits.TheEulerianformulationofthegranularmedium,usingtheki-netictheoryofgranularflows,hasmadetherealisationoffluidisedbedsimulations,lesscomputationallyintensive.Theparticulatephaseistreatedasacontinuumwithaneffectiveviscosity,andthusthemethodisalsocalledtwo-fluidapproach.Thedragforceonasinglesphericalparticlehasbeenwidelystudiede.g.Cliftetal.(1978)andBirdetal.(2002).However,whenasingleparticlemovesinadispersedtwo-phaseflow,thedragforceisaffectedbythesurroundingparticles.Correlationsforcalculatingthemomentumexchangecoefficientofgas–solidsystemshavebeenreportedintheliterature,suchasthemodelsofSyamlalandO'Brien(1989),Gidaspow(1994),andWenandYu(1966).Comparedtotwo-phaseflowsthathavebeenwidelystudied(IshiiandZuber,1978;IshiiandChawla,1979;Tomiyama,1998;Kolev,2005),theinformationforbubblethree-phaseflowsislim-ited.Thecalculationofdragforcesonparticlesthatarepartofasolid/liquid/gasmixtureisamorecomplicatedcaseandcertainassumptionshavetobemade.Kolev(2005)analysesthebubblethree-phaseflowbymakingtheassumptionthatthesolidparticleiscarriedbytheliquidorthegasalone,dependingonthevolumefrac-tionofeachoneofthecontinuousphases.Hisapproachisadoptedfortheimplementationofthemodeldescribedinthispaper,concerning