文艺复兴英语

英国文学（1）-----古英语—文艺复兴Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance PeriodI. 古英语（文学）Old English—Anglo-Saxon, language spoken by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes 449 (the Anglo-Saxon Invasion) -1066 (the Norman Conquest)Beowulf-- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons （最高成就）Anglo-Saxon ChronicleII. 中世纪英语(文学) Medieval (Middle) English—With the three languages intermingling, Old English developed into Middle English1066 - middle 14th century1. Romance—the most prevailing kindof literaturein feudalEngland （封建英国最流行的文学形式，取材于贵族，为贵族而作）2. 民间流行文学—Piers the Plowman by William Langland (written version)the Ballads (oral form)（英国民间文学最重要的一个分支）3. 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer ----the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity)The Canterbury Tales---the first time to use ―heroic couplet‖英雄双韵体诗4. 文学术语----Alliteration；Epic;Romance; BalladIII. 文艺复兴The Renaissance - A rebirth or revival of art, literature and science between 14th and mid 17th centuries in Europe; An intellectual movement; started in Italy1. Series of historical events:1). rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2). the religious reformation & economic expansion3).the appearance of the Authorized Version of the English Bible (the King James Bible)2. Humanism人文主义- the essence(keynote, great spirit) oftheRenaissance, the dignity of humanbeing & the importanceof the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More,Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare3. The Elizabethan drama: the realmainstream of the English RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben JohnsonEdmund Spenser斯宾塞- the poets' poet诗人中的诗人,The Faerie Queenequality: 1) a perfect melody 2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a splendid imagination4)a lofty(高尚的) moral purity and seriousness 5)a dedicated idealism6) written in Spenserian Stanza ( 8iambic pentameter lines followedby a ninth line of six iambic feetwith the rhyme schemeababbcbcc)Major Characters：Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana –the Fairy QueenChristopher Marlowe–“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama Marlowe’s achievement:1) blank verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力) and grandeur(伟大) into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,”which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.(not strong in dramatic construction.)→the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies:Dr. Faustus the human passion for knowledge, power and happinessTamburlaine a play about an ambitious and pitiless overpowering king.The Jew of Maltanon-drama The Passionate Shepherd to His Love pastoral life，one of the most beautiful lyricsREADING: 1. excerpt from Dr. FaustusA play based on the German legend Content: Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒文召唤) he call upMephistophilis, the Devil’s servant. Hemake a bond(契约) to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give himeverything he desires. Devil’s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is human rather than religious2.The Passionate Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.The shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature. William Shakespeare–playwright & poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)1. historical plays:Henry Ⅵ, Richard Ⅲ…Richard Ⅱ, Henry Ⅳ, Henry Ⅴ, KingJohn…2. Comedies:Four great comedies--A Midsummer Night’s Dream, TheMerchant of Venice, TwelfthNight,As You Like It（皆大欢喜）3. Tragedy:Four great tragedies-- Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth romantic tragedy--Romeo and Juliet. To praise the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.4. tragicomedies：The Tempest Achievement:A. exploring the characters’s inner mind.soliloquy or monologue - fully revealthe inner conflict of the characters contrasts –bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is an important device to create dramatic irony.D. the language. A great master of the English language, a large vocabulary in his work: commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writers and used about 16000 words. Many of his coinages and expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible (in 1611, James I) are the 2 great treasuries of the English language.READING：1. Sonnet 18Sonnet 18eternal or immortal（不朽的）beauty, have a faith in the permanence of poetry.A nice summer’s day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable（不知足的）greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:(1) Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia(2) Antonio borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock make a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of hisflesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there is no mention of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be confiscated(充公) according to he law of Venice. 3．Excerpt from HamletHamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated（复杂的）to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengercontent: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of world-weariness（厌世）occasioned by his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father’s brother. Hamletis informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father’s throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge. Note: To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionFrancis Bacon –philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻）and cadence（韵律）.The Advancement of Learning man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry toman’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.Novum Organum written in Latin on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法( i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general)in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法( i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of StudiesOf Studies uses and benefits of study –studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude toreading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.文学术语Sonnet—a poem of 14 lines in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme scheme1.I talian form: octave, sestet; abba abba cde cde2.E nglish or Shakespearean form: 3 quatrains and one couplet; abab cdcd efef ggBlank verse(无韵体)—unrhymed iambic pentameter, literary form masterly handled by Shakespeare and MiltonI. Choose the right answer:1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of a magician aspiring for____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A.British/ immoralityB.French/moneyC.German/knowledgeD.American/political power Answer: C2. _____, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Wife’s ComplaintB.BeowulfC.The Dream of the RoodD.The SeafarerAnswer: B3.It’s Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society in his masterpiece__________.A.The Canterbury TalesB.The Legend of Good WomenC.Troilus and CriseydeD. The Romaunt of the Rose. Answer: A4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_____.A. Geographical explorationB. Religious reformationC. Publishing and translationD. Humanism.Answer: D5. ―Prince Arthur’s greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a love vision.‖The two figures come from_____.A.Paradise LostB.Dr. FaustusC.The Faerie QueeneD.HamletAnswer: C6. In ―Sonnet 18‖, Shakespeare_________________.A.Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry.B.Satirize human’s vanity.C.Predict the eternity of love.D.Eulogize the power of the beauty. Answer: A7. ____ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his ―mighty lines‖ and make ’blank verse’ the principle vehicle of expression in drama.A.SurreyB.WyattC.MarloweD.SidneyAnswer: C8. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except____.A.HamletB.King LearC.Romeo and JulietD.OthelloAnswer: C9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th----mid-17th century, which was under the reign of Queen___and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the ―real mainstream ‖ was ____.A.Victoria/poetryB.Elizabeth/ dramaC.Mary/ novelD.James/ dramaAnswer: B10. In The Legend of Good Women, Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called later____.A.The Spenserian stanzaB.The heroic coupletC.The blank verseD.The free verseAnswer: B11. The Redcrosse Knight in ―The Faerie Queene‖ stands for_____, and Una stands for_____.A.bravery/ chastityB.holiness/ truthC.error/ deliveryD.true gentleman/ lady.Answer: B12. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C.Exaltation of man’s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man’s foibles.D.Praise of man’s efforts in soul delivery and personal salvation. Answer: D13. ―The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune‖ is an example of ______.A.MetaphorB.SimileC.IronyD.PersonificationAnswer: A14. _____ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Greeks/ RomansD.Romans/ NormansAnswer: B15. It is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A.Edmund SpenserB.Geoffrey ChaucerC.William ShakespeareD.John DonneAnswer: B16. The following belong to the characteristics of ’metaphysical poetry’ represented by ’John Donne’ except___.A.ConceitsB.Actual imagery and simple dictionC.Argumentative formD.Elegant styleAnswer: D17. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A.Greek MythologyB.Roman legendC.The Old TestamentD.The New TestamentAnswer: C18. In ―Paradise Lost‖, Satan says ―We may with more successful hoperesolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe‖ What does the ―Eternal war‖ mean?A.To remove God from his throneB.To burn the Heaven DownC.To corrupt God’s creation of man and woman-----Adam and EveD.To beguile into a snake to threaten man’s lifeAnswer: C19. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a ―blood-and-thunder‖ thriller and a ’philosophical exploration’ of life and death.A.The Merchant of VeniceB.HamletC.King LearD.The Winter’s TaleAnswer: B20. It was ___and ___ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Romans/ NormansD.Greeks/ RomansAnswer: B21. Paradise Lost is ___’s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority.A.John DonneB.Christopher MarloweC.John MiltonD.Edmund SpenserAnswer: C22. The following description fit into Milton ’except’_____.A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylist and master of blank verseD.a kind of elegant and refine style. Answer: D23. _____is not written by John Milton.A.Samson AgonistesB.Paradise LostC.Paradise regainedD.TamburlaineAnswer: D24. Marlow’s greatest achievement is that he perfected the ’blank verse’, and he is regarded as ’the pioneer of English drama’, which of the following is not written by him?A.TamburlaineB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Passionate to His LoveD.The Sun RisingAnswer: D25. ____Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.A.John Milton’sB.Francis Bacon’sC.Montaigne’sD.Thomas Gray’sAnswer: B26. _____Was known as ―the poets’ poet‖.A.William ShakespeareB.Edmund SpenserC.John DonneD.John MiltonAnswer: B27. ―And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Em broidered all with leaves of myrtle.‖The above lines are probably taken from______.A.Spenser’s The Faerie QueeneB.John Donne’s The Sun RisingC.Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18D.Marlow’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.Answer: D28. Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.Answer: CII. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1.―For herein Fortune shows herselfmore kindThan is her custom. It is still her use To let the wretched man outlive his wealth,To view with hollow eye and wrinkled browAn age of poverty; from which ling’ring penanceOf such misery doth she cut me off‖ 1.Identify the title of the works and author.2.Explain ―from which…cut me off‖.3.What happened to him, which caused the words?The lines are from ―The Merchant of Venice‖,William Shakespeare.2) This sentence means she, ’Lady Fortune’, is more kind to him because she is taking away both his wealth and life.3) The speaker is Antonio, it’s said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of flesh if he can’t repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.) 2.―Read not to contract and confuse, not to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider‖1)Identify the work and author.2)What idea does the passage express?1) The sentence comes from ―Of Studies‖ written by ’Francis Bacon’. 2) The Sentence talks about the proper way to read: When you read, don’t be puzzled by the content of the book; don’t take it for granted; don’t quote too much from the book; before accepting its idea, you’d better thinkabout its shortcomings and consider it from all sides.3.― Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall dea th brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it?What does ―eternal lines‖ mean? Interpret it briefly.1) The poem is ― Shall I Compare thee to a Summ er’s Day‖, by Shakespeare.2) Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets.3) It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten youwith darkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you eternal life. (Or A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. 4.―… All is no lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?……Irreconcilable to our grand Foe‖1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) Interpret―all is not lost‖.3) What does the whole passage mean?1) It is taken from Joh n Milton’s ―Paradise Lost‖.2) ―all is not lost‖ is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are driven fromHeaven into hell. In the fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and the courage to fight till death still remain.3) This passage shows Satan’s will not to submit, and the desire to long for freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful and disgraceful than the downfall. 5.―If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.‖Questions:3)What does ―beat over matters‖ mean?4)What does ―receipt’ r efer to?5)From which essay does the above sentences come, what is the essay mainly about?1)It means: make through examinations of things.2)―Receipt‖ ref ers to cure, prescription.3)The sentences are from ―Of Studies‖ (Francis Bacon). It is the most popular of bacon’s essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.6.―What, is great Mephistophilis to passionateFor being deprived of the joys of heaven?Learn thou of Faustus manly fortitude And scorn those joys thou never shalt possess.……Say he will spare him Four and twenty yearsLetting him live in all voluptuousnessHaving thee ever to attend on me…Questions:1)Identify the passage and author;2)―Say he surrenders up to him his soul‖, who will surrender his soul? What for?3)Who are thee? What will he do?1) The passage comes from ―Dr.Faustus‖ written by Chris topher Marlowe.2) Dr.Faustus will surrender his soul to devil. Because he was a great scholar who has a strong desire to ’get knowledge’ in vain, finally he ’made a bond’ to sell his soul to Devil in return for 24 years of life in which he may get anything he desires.3) The ―thee‖, refers to ―Mephistophilis‖, the Devil’s servant. He helped Dr.Faustus to do anything he wants.7.―Busy old fool, unruly sun,Why does thou thus,Through windows and through curtains call on us?‖Questions:6)Identify the work and author.7)What idea does the passage express?1)The passage comes from ―The Sun Rising‖,written by ’John Donne’.2) The speaker questions the sun’s authority and speaks condescendingly, placing the sun in the status of a subordinate. In the lover’s kingdom, the sun has no right to dictate the time of day or the passing of seasons. His presence in their bedchamber is an intrusion on their privacy.III. Questions and answers:1. What do you know about Renaissance? Give a summery about English literature in the period?1).The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th----mid-17th century. Itfirst started in Italy.2).The Renaissance means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.3).In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman Catholic church.4). Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability toperfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms.5). Shakespeare, Marlowe and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkable representatives of the English Renaissance.2. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be”soliloquy.“To be or not to be‖ is ’a philosophical exploration of life and death’. The soliloquy condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so ’speculative, questioning, contemplative and melancholy./gloomy’. It was notbecause he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his ’hesitative/hesitant character’, when the chance for action came, it seemed defeat.It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, he is forced to live in the suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that it wou ld be better to ’commit suicide’, but being scared of what might happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness’.3. What common features do the characters share in Marlow’s works? The creation of The Renaissance herois one of Marlow’s contributions.1)Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from god and men. They had human dignity and capacity, trying to get heaven/highest ideas on the earth by their own efforts.2)For example: Tamburlaine is a character written by Marlowe. By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal forc4e in conquering, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of man for infinite/ limitless power and authority. In Dr.Faustus, Marlowe celebrated the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.3) Tamburlaine and Dr.Faustus are typical in owning such Renaissance spirit, Tamburlaine, being a cruel conquer, found happiness in conquering other kingdom. Only deathcould defeat him. While Dr.Faustus, a more introspective and philosophical figure, had high spirit for knowledge but he had sin for having despair in God and trust in Devil.4. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s plays? Shakespeare’s plays are divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays.1) His historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might and just sovereign/ruler is necessary. 2)In his romantic comedies, he takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth.3)In his tragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero has his weakness ofnature. We also see the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters are always individuals representing certain types.5. Please comment on the character of Satan in ―Paradise Lost.‖Satan is a rebellious figure against God in literature, defeated, he and his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost”and that he would revenge for his downfall. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Satan’s character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. But he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness.6. What are the characteristics of the Humanism?1)’Humanism’ is the essence ofRenaissance.2)Humanists see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to ’question, explore, and enjoy’. 3)They also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.。

文化复兴的英语作文英文回答：The Renaissance, a transformative era spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, left an indelible mark on European civilization. Originating in Italy, it marked a rebirth of classical learning, art, and science after the stagnation of the Middle Ages.Humanism and Individualism.Humanism, a hallmark of the Renaissance, emphasized the importance of human reason, experience, and potential. It shifted focus from theocentric perspectives to anthropocentric ones, valuing human agency and intellectual achievement. Artists depicted realistic, lifelike figuresin their works, emphasizing the beauty and individuality of the human form.Art and Architecture.The Renaissance witnessed a burst of creative genius in the arts. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael emerged as masters of painting and sculpture, their works capturing the essence of human emotion and anatomy. Architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti revived classical ideals in designing magnificent buildings, domes, and churches.Science and Exploration.The spirit of inquiry and experimentation permeated the Renaissance scientific sphere. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system, revolutionizing astronomy. Explorers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama embarked on daring voyages of discovery, expanding European horizons and fostering global trade.The Printing Press.The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century had a profound impact on theRenaissance. It facilitated the widespread dissemination of knowledge and ideas, empowering the masses with access to information and education.Social and Political Change.The Renaissance coincided with significant social and political transformations. The rise of wealthy merchant families in urban centers led to the growth of capitalism and the patronage of the arts. However, religious and political conflicts, such as the Protestant Reformation, also marked this period.Legacy of the Renaissance.The Renaissance laid the foundation for the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment, and the modern world. It ignited a passion for learning, creativity, and human potential that continues to inspire societies today.中文回答：文艺复兴，一个跨越14世纪至17世纪的变革时代，为欧洲文明留下了不可磨灭的印记。

Renaissance 文艺复兴：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, which encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures.Constantinople君士坦丁堡：Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantium, which was founded on the site of the ancient city of Byzantium.Lombard 伦巴族人：The term Lombard refers to members of or things related, directly or indirectly, to Lombardy, a region in northern Italy.Justinian Code《查士丁尼法典》：Justinian Code was a coherent body of law that was codified by all Roman laws and it was the preservation and systematization of a large number of existing Roman laws.Iconoclasm 反圣像运动：The Iconoclasm controversy concerned the use of icons as aids to worship. In 726, Emperor Leo Ⅲlaunched it to destroy and forbid icons.Sassanid 桑萨王朝: Sassanid was one of the two major powers divided by west Asua.Zoroastrianism 波斯拜火教: Zoroastrianism is an ancient Iranianreligion and a religious philosophy. It arose in the eastern region of the ancient Persian Empire, and it was the state religion of the Sassanid.Kaaba: K aaba is a sacred black meteorite. Arabs called it “the black stone that fell from the heaven in the days of Adam” and considered it the holiest shrine in the Arabia.Allah: Allah is the supreme deity of Arabs, and he is the creator and the giver of rain, the Arabic word for the only God in Islam.Medina 麦地那：“the city of prophet”Hegira: the migration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622 CEQur’an《古兰经》：the holy book of Islam. The word Qur’an means recitation, which Muslims believe to be the revelation from Allah.Ramadan 斋月: Muslims worldwide observe this as a month of fasting. This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.Islamic Golden Age: an age of discovery and exploration for Arab traders and explorers from the mid-8th to the mid-13thFatalistic belief（宿命化信仰）: believe that nothing would happen unlessthe God actively willed itKnowledge of Truth: it is not just knowledge, rather, it is "epi - gnosis"（from the Internet and can not find a exact definition）Arab numeral system（阿拉伯数字体系）: a system that log with Latin numberArabian Nights（一千零一夜）: also called The Book of One Thousands and One Nights, mostly a compilation of earlier folk tales.Feudalism(封建制度): the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war Charlemagne(查理曼大帝): (also called Charles the Great) the greatest Frankish king who established the vast Carolingian EmpireCarolus Magnus: the Latin version of Charlemagne’s nameVassal（封臣）: a person holding a fief; a person who owes allegiance and service to a feudal lordCounty（郡）: distinct similar to the Roman ProvinceCount（伯爵）: the administrator, judge and military leader of the county Clergy(什一税): 10% income taxDark Ages: the two centuries after Carolingian Empire collapsed which Western Europe being attached by non-Christian invadersTribute(贡金)：money that forced to pay to the invaders after being occupiedNormandy(诺曼底): (also called “land of Norse”) the part of the northern Frankish coastal region which under Norseman’s control in 911 Vassalage(采邑制，封臣制): the relationship between a vassal and his lordCrusader(十字军)：a warrior who engages in a holy warTreaty of Verdun(凡尔登条约): a treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire into three parts in 843, signed by Louis the PiousTreaty of Meerssen（莫尔森条约）: a treaty signed in 870 that ended the civil war between the East Franks and the West Franks。

文艺复兴（一）一、概念（Concept）意大利文艺复兴（Italy Renaissance）文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲，是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”？Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的，所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质（Solid matter）是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动，是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物，是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果，同时，它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质：资产阶级文化的兴起性质：资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利？The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利，这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

文艺复兴背景英语作文Title: The Renaissance: A Cultural Rebirth。

The Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" in French, was a period of immense cultural, artistic, and intellectual transformation that swept across Europe from the 14th tothe 17th century. It marked the transition from themedieval period to the modern era and brought about arevival of interest in classical art, literature, and learning. This essay will explore the key aspects of the Renaissance and its profound impact on Western civilization.One of the defining features of the Renaissance was the renewed interest in the literature and philosophy ofancient Greece and Rome. Scholars and artists studied classical texts and works of art, seeking inspiration and guidance from the achievements of antiquity. The revival of classical learning led to the development of humanism, an intellectual movement that emphasized the importance of human reason, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledgefor its own sake.Art flourished during the Renaissance, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael producing some of the most iconic works in Western art history. These artists broke away from the rigid conventions of medieval art and embraced naturalism, perspective, and anatomical accuracy. Their masterpieces, such as da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and Michelangelo's "David," continue to captivate audiences with their beauty and complexity.In addition to visual arts, the Renaissance witnessed significant advancements in literature, music, and science. Writers like William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes produced timeless literary works that explored the complexities of the human experience. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed music that remains an integral part of the Westernclassical music canon. Meanwhile, scientists like Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler revolutionized our understanding of the natural world through theirgroundbreaking discoveries and experiments.The Renaissance was also a period of great social and political change. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century facilitated the spread of knowledge and ideas, paving the way for the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution. The printing press allowed for the mass production of books, making literature and learning more accessible to people across Europe.Furthermore, the Renaissance saw the emergence of powerful city-states such as Florence, Venice, and Rome, which became centers of trade, finance, and culture. Wealthy merchants and patrons of the arts sponsored artists and scholars, fostering an environment of creativity and innovation. The rise of the merchant class challenged the traditional social hierarchy, leading to the growth of secularism and individualism.However, the Renaissance was not without its dark side. Despite its emphasis on humanism and enlightenment, it wasalso a period of religious intolerance, political intrigue, and social inequality. The Catholic Church, threatened by the spread of Protestantism and the questioning of its authority, launched the Counter-Reformation to suppress dissent and preserve its power.In conclusion, the Renaissance was a pivotal period in Western history that laid the foundations for the modern world. It brought about a revival of classical learning, artistic innovation, and scientific inquiry that continues to influence our society today. While it was a time of great achievement and progress, it was also a time of upheaval and conflict. Nevertheless, the legacy of the Renaissance endures as a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and intellect.。

英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。

文艺冷僻的英文单词1.小说: novel 小说家: novelist2.散文: essay3.诗歌: poem 诗人: poet4.文艺复兴: Renaissance5.游记: book of travels6.报告文学:reportage7.畅销书: best seller8.选集: anthology9.版: copyright10.版权, 著作权: edition, printing11.精装: deluxe binding12.平装: flat stitching13.线装: smyth sewed14.戏剧: drama 喜剧:comedy 悲剧:tragedy 滑稽剧:farce15.古典文学: classical literature16.Curtain 落幕17.Allure Love 倾城恋18.Tenderness 温存19.Flowers 繁花【外国人眼中5个最美英文单词】Petrichor 初雨的气息A pleasant smell that frequently accompanies the first rain after a long period of warm, dry weather。

很长一段温暖、干燥的天气后，第一场雨带来的清香。

petrichor，这个单词的英文释义那么美，可是如果查有道词典的话会显示是“潮土油”这么low又费解的词义。

为什么？词根petr-表石头，太多西方人的教名Peter其实就是“磐石”之意，再如petroleum石油。

而-ichor则是希腊神话中神仙体内流淌的“神液”，即神的血液。

希腊神话中青铜巨人[微博]Talos塔罗斯全身青铜铸就，所向无敌。

只有一根血管，从颈部通下，其内流淌着ichor直到膝盖处以铜钮遮掩。

阿尔戈号船员取得金羊毛后要在Talos所在的岛屿登陆，Talos阻止时被Medea拔掉了铜纽，金黄色的ichor流淌了满地而死。