Chapter 2 Word Collocations（词汇搭配）
and Sentence Members（句子成分）
I. Word Collocations（词汇搭配）
1. Set phrases（固定词组）—in a word, take place, as usual, as a matter of fact, …
2. Habitual collocations（习惯搭配）
(1) Some nouns must go with definite verbs.
质量improve the quality
效率raise [increase] the efficiency
能力increase [improve] the ability
认识deepen one’s understanding
警惕enhance [heighten] the vigilance
成就[进步] make achievements [progress]
一致意见reach complete agreement of views
教训draw lessons
成功achieve success
同意obtain consent
[比较；研究]
make an analysis [a comparison; a study]
[描述；说明]
give an introduction [a description; an explanation]
（2）Some verbs, adjectives, and nouns must go with definite prepositions.
Laser beams are sent at the moon.
send
point
aim rush [冲向]
(vt.) shoot … at ～(vi.) fire at ～[向…开火]
emit shout [朝…欢呼]
throw
(be) representative of = represent
(be) descriptive of = describe
(be) characteristic of = characterize
(be) indicative of = indicate
(be) symptomatic of = symptomize [symptomatize]
Emphasis should be laid on the collocation of a noun with a preposition, which may present much difficulty to the Chinese students, especially in writing.
① A fixed preposition goes before or after a noun.
ⅰ. Before a noun
无线电波向四面八方传播。
Radio waves travel in all directions.
为此目的，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。
For this purpose [To this end], college students must have a good command [mastery] of at least one foreign language.
At this temperature, the metal melts.
on a large scale（大规模地）
to a great [large] extent [point, degree]（在很大程度上）
in (a) great [large] measure（在很大程度上）
at a rate（以某一速率）
at a point（在某一点上；在某一时刻）
●at a conference [meeting]（在会上）
ⅱ. After a noun
他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。
They are attending an international conference on mobile communications.
王教授是雷达专家。
Professor Wang is an expert in [on] radar.
the answer [key] to [for](a problem)
the solution to [of, for] (a problem)
the preface to (a book)
an exception to (a rule)
the research on [into; with; for] image processing
the current through (a component)
the voltage across (a component)
a tangent to…
a correction for [to; of]
increase [decrease; rise; fall reduction; variation] in [of]…
condition [requirement; algorithm, technique, method; language; skill, equation; expression] for…
②An important format of word collocation★(which has fixed patterns of its translation into Chinese)
Format:
[A and B here are also nouns.]
which can be further classified as the following three sub-classes:
ⅰ. The “noun” is an ordinary abstract noun.
Translation pattern: “A。
B的～”
“月球离地球中心的距离为二十四万英里。
”
The distance of the moon from the center of the earth is 240,000 miles.
“温度对半导体电阻的影响必须考虑进去。
”
The effect of temperature on [upon] the resistance of semiconductors must be taken into account.
“本节论述AC与DC相比的一些优点(advantage)。
”
This section deals with the advantages of AC over DC.
“月亮对地球的吸引力(attraction)引起了潮汐(tide)。
”
The attraction of the moon for the earth causes the tides.
the ratio of A to B
the effect of A on [upon] B
the superiority of A to B
the relationship of A to B
the attraction（引力）of A for B
the susceptibility of A to B
the sensitivity of A to B
the applicability of A to B
perpendicularity of A to B
the immunity of A to [from] B
familiarity of A with B
ⅱ. The “noun” comes from an intransitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical subject of the logical action expressed by the “noun.”
Translation pattern: “A。
B的～”
This curve shows the dependence of the output on [upon] the input.
The control engineer is usually interested in the response of a control system to unit step（单位阶跃）, ramp （斜波）, and parabolic（抛物）functions.
The interaction of the ball with the ground is called friction.
●This section deals with the action of an acid（酸）on
metal.
●Consider first the collision of a single molecule with
the piston（活塞）.
“图1画出了电流随阻抗的变化情况。
”
Fig. 1 shows the variation of current with impedance.
as a function of impedance
against impedance
versus[vs.] impedance.
the passage of A through B
the motion of A round [around] B
the departure of A from B
the deviation of A from B
the reaction of A to B
the interaction of A with B
*** A special case:
rise
fall
the increase in [of] A with B“A随B的～”
decrease
reduction
A gradual increase in resistance with speed is characteristic of friction between the boat’s bottom and the water.
ⅲ. The “noun” comes from a transitive verb, in which case “A” is the logical object of the action expressed by the “noun.”
Translation technique: The “noun” is put into a transitive verb so that the “V-O” pattern is used.
In solving the problem, the resolution（分解）of this force into x- and y-components（分量）is necessary.
The definition（定义）of electric current as a flow of charge is familiar to all of us.
The separation（分开）of aluminum（铝）from its ore（矿）was very difficult at that time.
In this case, exposure（使暴露）of the body（人体）to sunlight helps to overcome anemia（贫血）and stimulate （刺激）metabolism（新陈代谢）.
The most familiar example is the attraction of iron or steel objects to a permanent magnet.
The relation of Eq. (7 - 21) to Eq. (7 - 22) is shown in Fig. 8.
a comparison of A with B
the transformation of A into [to] B
the use of A as B
the exposure of A to B
the separation of A from [into] B
the protection of A from B
the isolation of A from B
the transfer of A to B
the conversion of A to [into] B
One More Pattern:
What is the date of the discovery of America by Columbus?
The formulation（确立）of the theory of relativity（相对论）by Einstein was one of the most significant events of the 20th century.
Niels Bohr, in 1913, first applied these ideas to the emission of light by atoms.
***************************************************
1. The second and subsequent（随后的）flip-flops（触发器）toggle（翻转）at frequencies one-half or less that of the first.
2. In this case it is necessary to move the binary point（二进位点）n places to the left.
3. If the basic relation I C = I B were to hold（成立）here, we should have I C = 100 mA, and V CE = 10 – 100 = –90 V, an impossible situation.
4. It is possible to produce an interference pattern（干涉特性图）by using two identical（相同的）lasers, something that cannot be done with ordinary light sources.
5. Faraday（法拉第）was unable to calculate the velocity of propagation（传播）of electromagnetic waves（电磁波）, a task which required the mathematical precision（精度）of Maxwell（麦克斯韦）, which Faraday entirely
lacked（缺乏）.
6. This property justifies（使…正当）our choice of the above constant（常数）as positive.
7. The importance of this device in modern communications systems is largely due to its realization（实现）as an integrated circuit（集成电路）.
8. Addressing modes（寻址方式）are sometimes computer specific.
II. Sentence Members
The following points may be important.
1. Positions of an appositive (Pay attention to its translation into Chinese.)
(1) normal positions
①▲immediately followed by
②★set off by a comma from
noun ③set off by a colon from appositive
④set off by a dash from
⑤set off by an introducing word or phrase from
(namely, that is, such as, for example, ...)
The term "sensitivity"（灵敏度）is often used in radio engineering.
The word “radar” comes from RAdio Detection And Ranging.
The rigid body（刚体）, a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape, is itself an idealized model.
Arithmetic（算术）, the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics.
The decibel is one tenth of a bel, a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell.
[In the last three examples, the appositive is often translated into a separate sentence.]
Salt water（盐水）, a mixture, is made up of two compounds（化合物）, salt and water.
(2) special positions (a summary)
①appositive, subject ～
②～, appositive (a noun phrase)
[The appositive is translated into a separate sentence.]
2. Parenthetic clause “插入句”(Parenthesis with an S-V structure)—which may appear in the main clause and in sub-clauses (mainly in a relative clause)
*** A rule for its judgment: Its being crossed out won’t affect the meaning and the structure of the whole sentence.
(1) in the main clause
Living things too, it now seems certain, obey the laws
of physics and chemistry. [≈It now seems certain that ….]
√- 1 √- 1, it was agreed, should be replaceable（可替换的）at will（随意地）by – 1. [≈It was agreed that ～.] The density（密度）of a substance, we recall, is its mass（质量）per unit volume（体积）.
●This band（能带）, it is important to realize, is half-filled（半满的）.
(2) in the sub-clause
Last year RCA demonstrated a new technique for a wall-hung TV that it was predicted would be on the consumer market “close to 1990.”
The machine seems to do many tasks which one would have thought required intelligence.
The following table lists（列出了）some of the ways I feel the book may be used to teach either undergraduates or graduate students（本科生或研究生）.
One of the major problems which faced me in writing this book was “digesting”（消化）the vast literature（文
献）on computer-based library systems and presenting it in what I hope is a clear and concise manner.
[Chaplin（卓别林）was criticized for not being an American citizen and for his political views, which some people thought leaned toward（倾向于）communism（共产主义）. ]
●You are required to make any simplifying assumptions you think are justified（证明是合理的）.
[内含式定语从句]
（3）us ing “say = let us say” or some type of “what-clause”
A resistor of say 100 ohms may be connected across C2.
what is equivalent, the number of protons per nucleus.
Now let the object and the reference axes be rotated 90o which amounts to the same thing, let us consider the gravitational forces to be rotated 90o counterclockwise.
which amounts to the same thing “换句话说”
what is equivalent “换句话说”
what is more important
what is more “而且；更有甚者”
what is the same thing “同样的是；换个说法（也一样）”。
