2018届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意题专练(三)段落大意类

2018届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意题专练（三）段落大意类编辑整理:尊敬的读者朋友们:这里是精品文档编辑中心,本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的,发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方,但是任然希望（2018届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解主旨大意题专练(三）段落大意类)的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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阅读理解主旨大意题专练(三）段落大意类A(２０17·烟台诊断）Ｇrａndparents who help ouｔｏccａｓionalｌy with ｃhilｄcａre iｎ tｈeir ｃomｍunity ｔeｎｄｔo live longｅr than ｓeniｏrs wｈo do noｔ carｅfor othｅr people, ａｃｃorｄｉｎg to ａstｕdy froｍＢerliｎ, Ｇeｒmany.“Hａｖing nｏ conｔacｔ wｉth graｎdcｈｉｌdrｅｎａｔ alｌ can neｇatiｖely ｉmpaｃt grandｐarents’ｈeａlｔh. Ｔhis link ｃould ｂe dｅｅpｌy ｒｏo ｔeｄin oｕr evoｌutiｏnary ｐaｓｔ when ｈelp wiｔh ｃｈiｌdcare wａｓｉm ｐorｔaｎt for thｅｓurvival of the humaｎ species,” saｉｄ Sｏnja Hiｌbrand, onｅ of tｈｅ rｅｓearｃhｅrs。

The fｉndiｎgs aｒe dｒａwn frｏm ｄatａｏn more tｈan 500 peｏplｅoｖer age ７０。

十一、主旨大意——标题归纳题(2018·6月天津，C)There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus：food.Recent development has made possible machines that print，cook，and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isn’t stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do that—it takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-cre ate forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed，rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050，and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end，freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson，a professor at Columbia University，said，“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket，you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing，the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently，most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them，and the printing process is quite time-consuming，becauseingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients，because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers，believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.语篇解读本文是一篇科普说明文，主要介绍了3D食物打印机的优点和缺点。

锁定主旨大意题A(2017·江西五市八校二次联考)Anna Schiferl hadn't even got out of bed when she reached for her cell phone and typed a text to her mom，one recent Saturday.Her mom was right downstairs in the kitchen.The text was that Anna wanted an egg for breakfast.Soon after，Joanna Schiferl called，“If you want to talk to me，Anna，come downstairs and see me！” Anna laughs about it now.“I was kind of lazy，” she admits.These days，many people with cell phones prefer texting to a phone call.And that's creating a communication divide of sorts—the talkers VS the texters.Some would argue that it's no big deal.But many experts say the most successful communicators will，of course，have the competence to do both.And they fear that more of us are unable to have—or at least are avoiding—the traditional face－to－face conversations.Many professors say it is not common to see students outside of class.“I sit in my office lonely now because if my students have a question，they e­mail me，often late at night，” says Renee Houston，a professor at the University of Puget Sound in Washington state.“And they never call.”As Anna sees，“There are people you'll text，but won't call.It's just a way to stay in touch with each other.” Some believe that scores of texts each day keep people more connected.“The problem is that the conversation isn't very deep，” says Joseph Grenny，co－author of the book Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High.“The problem has been there since we've had telephones—probably since the time of a telegraph，” G renny says.Texting is just the latest way to do that.Though they may not always be so good at deep conversations themselves，Grenny suggests that parents model the behavior for their children and put down their own cell phones.He says that they also should set limits，as Anna's mom did when she made the “no texting to people in the same house” rule.语篇解读：现在很多人用发信息的方式和别人交流而忽视了面对面的交流，本文介绍了不同的人对这种交流方式的态度和观点。

专题一阅读理解第3讲主旨大意题[真题演练]A(2016·全国卷Ⅲ，阅读理解D)(导学号 58210008)Bad news sells.If it bleeds，it leads.No news is good news，and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控)in different ways，researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people's e－mails and online posts，scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The‘if it bleeds’rule works for mass media，”says Jonah Berger，a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don't care how you're feeling.But when you share a story with your friends，you care a lot more how they react.You don't want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Researchers analyzing word－of－mouth communication—e－mails，Web posts and reviews，face－to－face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的)，but that didn't necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility，Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories：thousands of articles on The New York Times' website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the“most e－mailed”list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much mo re likely to make the list than non－science articles.He found that science amazed Times' readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny，or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety，but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other，and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article，the more likely it was to be shared，as Dr.Berger explains in his new book，“Contagious：Why Things Catch On.”【语篇解读】人们常说“没有消息就是最好的消息”，类似的传统说法只适合于大众媒体。

题型三主旨大意题A(2018·全国卷Ⅰ·B篇)Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning，but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Sa v e Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.“We love Mexican churros，so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份)，but Matt makes them for 26p a portion，because they are flour，water，sugar and oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food，but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”The eight－part series (系列节目)，Sa v e Money：Good Food，follows in the footstep s of ITV’s Sa v e Money: Good Health，which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense，Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.【语篇解读】本文介绍了在英国的一档名为Sa v e Money：Good Food的电视节目。

主旨大意题【题型突破】主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。

根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。

它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。

常见的提问方式有：1. What is the main / general idea of this text?2. What is mainly discussed in this passage?3. What is the text mainly about?4. This text mainly tells us ________.5. This passage mainly deals with _________.6. The main idea of this passage may be best expressed as_________.选择标题题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。

通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。

常见的提问方式有：1. What would be the best title for the text?2. Which of the following is the best / most suitable title for this text?3. The best / most suitable title for this text would be ________.4. The topic of this passage is _________.不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，总是围绕一个主题来展开的。

高考阅读理解专项：主旨大意题Class：Name：Group：No：Learning Objectives：1.Develop the ability to get the main idea of the passage2.Learn to accumulate vocabulary while readingLearning Key Points：1.Learn the skill of finding out the topic sentence in the passage2.Learn to summarize the main idea of the passage givenLearning Difficult Points：1.How to find out the topic sentence of the passage2.How to choose the best title of the passage givenLearning Procedures：I.【Pre-class homework】A.Introduction:主旨大意、标题选择题是阅读理解试题中的必考题，所占比例虽不太大，但难度比较大。

主旨大意是全文的核心，是作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明的中心话题。

主旨大意题旨在考查考生对文章的理解和概括归纳能力。

主旨大意题包括：1.主要内容型：问某段或某篇文章的大意，题干中常含有____________________________________________________________等词。

2.文章标题型：题干通常设置为_____________________________________B. Practice：Underline the topic sentence in the passage1.According to some sleep researchers, a short period of insomnia (失眠) at midnight is not a disorder. It is normal. Humans can experience another state of consciousness around their sleeping, which occurs in the brief period before we fall asleep or wake ourselves in the morning. This period can be an extraordinarily creative for some people. The impressive inventor, Thomas Edison, used this state to hit upon many of his new ideas.2.S tudies show that only seven percent of communication in everyday life is in words. Westerners expect people to look each other in the eyes when they are - 1 -Editor：陈曼君talking to each other. If you do not do that while you are talking, it is considered that you may not respect the other person, or that you may not be interested in what the other person is saying. In the west, pointing with one finger at a person while talking usually means that the person who is speaking is criticizing ( 批评) the one being pointed at. Therefore, understanding body language is very important in daily communication.3. People believe that climbing can do good to hea lth. Where can you learn the skill of climbing then? 1f you think that you have to go to the mountains to learn how to climb, you're wrong. Many Americans are learning to climb in city gyms. Here, people are learning on climbing. The climbing wall goes straight up and has small holding places for hands and feet.Choose the best answer:1.The power of words, then, lies in their relation-with the things they bring up to our minds. Words become filled with meanings for us by experience ; and the longer we live, the more certain words bring ba ck to us the happy and sad events of our past ; and the more we read and lear n, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.What’s mainly discussed in the paragraph?A. The learning of new words.B. The importance of old wordsC. The relation of human experience with words.2. The Forbidden city, 753 meters from east to west, and 961 meters from north to south, covers a total area d720, 000 square meters. It has several dozen major palaces of different sizes and some 9, 900 rooms, with a total floor area of 150. 000 square meters. Most of the buildings were bu ilt with wood and yellow roofs and they were build on blue-and-white stone foundations, looking brilliant. There are city walls, 10 meters high, and 52 meters wide, surrounding the Forbidden City.Three-storied towers are placed at each comer of the wall.This paragraph is about__________________A. the style of the Forbidden CityB. the owners of the Forbidden CityC. the history of the Forbidden CityD. the buildings of the Forbidden City3. The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. S ilences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap（间隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some tra ditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied（暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, sile nce is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic u nder discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons i n Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing（治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.Can you find out the topic sentence of the text？- 3 -Editor：陈曼君_____________________________________________________C. Accumulate vocabularywords_____________________________________________________ phrases____________________________________________________ sentence___________________________________________________ D. Skills:做主旨大意题的关键是找到文章的_________________;分析文章的_______,全盘考量. 留意文章表转折的词，如__________________________，表总结的词，如________________________________和多次重复的词。

十三、主旨大意——段落大意题(2018·江苏，B)In the 1760s，Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat soup called consommé.Although the main attraction was the soup，Roze’s chain shops also set a new standard for dining out，which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.Today，scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what we eat：diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one，customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldn’t tell how much they’d had：those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller，and they were just as ready for dessert.Time is money，but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places，fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round：put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical，rather than pop，music was playing，diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particular scents also have an effect：diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon，or no scent.Meanwhile，things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad” tables，crowding，high prices—don’t necessarily.Diners at bad tables—next to the kitchen door，say—spent nearly as much as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables，” given that they’re profitable.As for crowds，a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant’s reputation，suggesting great food at fair prices.And doubling a buffet’s price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.58.The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were .A.not aware of eating more than usualB.not willing to share food with othersC.not conscious of the food qualityD.not fond of the food provided答案 A解析词义猜测题。