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MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)即化学品安全说明书，亦可译为化学品安全技术说明书或化学品安全数据说明书。

是化学品生产商和进口商用来阐明化学品的理化特性（如PH值，闪点，易燃度，反应活性等）以及对使用者的健康（如致癌，致畸等）可能产生的危害的一份文件。

我国为同国际标准eqvISO11014-1:1994(E)接轨也制定了相关的标准GB15258-2009《化学品安全技术说明书编写规定》，规定msds要有十六部分的内容1 化学品及企业标识（chemical product and company identification）主要标明化学品名称、生产企业名称、地址、邮编、电话、应急电话、传真和电子邮件地址等信息。

2 成分/组成信息（composition/information on ingredients)标明该化学品是纯化学品还是混合物。

纯化学品，应给出其化学品名称或商品名和通用名。

混合物，应给出危害性组分的浓度或浓度范围。

无论是纯化学品还是混合物，如果其中包含有害性组分，则应给出化学文摘索引登记号（CAS号）。

3 危险性概述（haxards summarizing)简要概述本化学品最重要的危害和效应，主要包括：危害类别、侵入途径、健康危害、环境危害、燃爆危险等信息。

4 急救措施（first-aid measures)指作业人员意外的受到伤害时，所需采取的现场自救或互救的简要处理方法，包括：眼睛接触、皮肤接触、吸入、食入的急救措施。

5 消防措施（fire-fighting measures）主要表示化学品的物理和化学特殊危险性，适合灭火介质，不合适的灭火介质以及消防人员个体防护等方面的信息，包括：危险特性、灭火介质和方法，灭火注意事项等。

6 泄露应急处理（accidental release measures)指化学品泄露后现场可采用的简单有效的应急措施、注意事项和消除方法，包括：应急行动、应急人员防护、环保措施、消除方法等内容。

1 The Twelve Regular Channels十二经脉：The nomenclature of the twelve regular channels is based on three factors, which are hand or foot, yin or yang, and zang or fu organ. the distribution characteristics of twelve divergent channels十二经别分布特点：separating、entering、resurfacing、joining.2 Acupoints or points腧穴：are the specific sites where the qi of zang-fu organs and channels is transported to the body surface.3 Classification of Points腧穴的分类：channel points经穴(the points distributed along the course of the fourteen channels are called “points of the fourteen channels,”or “channel points”for short)、extra points奇穴(extra points outside the channels)、Ashi-points阿是穴(an ashi-point refers to the site which is neither a point of the fourteen channels nor an extra point, but alsoly the tender spot instead).4 Rules for the Effects of Points腧穴的作用：local therapeutic effects近治作用remote therapeutic effect 远治作用special therapeutic effects特殊作用5 Rules for the Point indications腧穴的主治规律：Rules of indication in channels分经主治规律Rules of indication According to the Physical Region分部主治规律6 Specific Points特定穴(refers to those points of the fourteen channels that have special therapeutic effects and are specifically named under certain categories)：five transport points五输穴(refer to five groups of points distributed distally to the elbow or knee joints, namely jing-well, ying-spring, shu-stream, jing-river and he-sea)、yuan-source points原穴(the twelve yuan-source points)、luo-connecting points络穴(are the sites where the fifteen collaterals branch out from the channels)、xi-cleft points郄穴、back-shu points 背俞穴(are the corresponding points on the back where the qi of the respective zang-fu organs is infused)、front-mu points募穴、lower he-sea points下合穴(refer to the six points where the qi of the six fu-organs pours downward the three yang channels of the foot：zusanli、shangjuxu、xiajuxu、weiyang、weizhong、yanglingquan)、eight influential points八会穴(refer to the eight points which are the gathering places for the zang-organs, fu-organs, qi, blood, tendon, vessel, bone and marrow respectively：zhangmen zhongwan danzhong geshu yanglingquan Taiyuan dazhu juegu(xuanzhong))、eight confluent points八脉交会穴(refer to the eight points on the four limbs where the twelve regular channels communicate with the eight extra channels：gongsun、neiguan、houxi、shenmai、zulinqi、waiguan、lieque、zhaohai)、crossing points交会穴(era those points at which two or more channels intersect)7 Methods for locating points腧穴定位法：Measurement with anatomic landmarks体表标志定位法Bone-length proportional measurement 骨度分寸定位法Finger measurement手指同射定位法Simplified measurement简便定位法8 Acupuncture刺法：or needling, is a type of therapy that stimulates certain locations or points of the body, by manipulating needles or other similar instruments.9 Moxibustion灸法：is a therapy that utilizes cauterization or heating with ignited flammable material applied to certain areas on the body.(Actions of Moxibustion灸法的作用：warming channels and dispersing coldness; supporting yang to rescue collapse; removing blood stasis and stagnation; disease prevention and health maintenance). 10 needle tip尖body(shaft)身root根handle柄tail 尾11 posture selection of the patient体位选择：supine posture仰卧位lateral recumbent posture侧卧位prone posture俯卧位sitting in supine posture仰靠坐位sitting in flexion俯伏坐位sitting in lateral posture侧伏坐位12 methods of needle insertion进针法：inserting the needle with one hand单手；both hands双手进针法(inserting the needle with the aid of the finger of the pressing hand指切gripping and inserting the needle夹持inserting the needle by pinching the skin提捻inserting the needle by stretching the skin舒张)；inserting the needle within a guide tube针管13 Direction of insertion针刺的方向：according to the direction of the channel依循行定方向according to the points依腧穴according to the condition of the disease依病情14 angle of insertion针刺角度：perpendicular insertion直刺oblique ~斜刺horizontal ~横刺15 basic manipulations基本手法：lifting and thrusting提插法twirling and rotating捻转法16 assistant manipulations辅助手法：channel pushing method 循法needle-scraping method刮法needle-flicking method弹法needle-shaking method摇法wing-spreading method飞法needle-vibrating method震颤法17 Arrival of qi得气：the arrival of qi, or deqi in Chinese, refers to a special sensation produced in the area after acupuncture and certain manipulations, it is also named as the needling sensation.(针感：the operator will feel tightness around the needle; the patient will feel soreness酸,numbness麻,distension胀,heaviness重). 18 Retaining the needle留针：means to hold the needle in place after it is inserted up to a given depth in the point and manipulated. 19 Acupuncture syncope晕针：refers to the patient fainting during the course of acupuncture treatment.(Management处理：stop the needling immediately, and withdraw all the needles out of the body. Have the patient lie on his or her back and keep the patient's body warm. In minor cases, ask the patient to have a rest, and give him or her some warm water or sugar water to drink. The symptoms will be removed shortly. For severe cases, patient rescue can be obtained by pinching or puncturing certain points such as renzhong, suliao, neiguan, and zusanli, or administering moxibustion on the baihui, qihai, and guanyuan. Other first aid methods should be administered as deemed necessary). 20 Hematoma血肿：refers to the swelling and pain caused by subcutaneous bleeding after needling.(deal with处理：No management is necessary for a small hematoma which will disappear by itself within a few days. if the hematoma is moderately severe with obvious swelling and pain that inhibits normal activities, it needs to be managed by applying cold compresses early on to stop the bleeding, and applying hot compresses or mildly massaging the area to dissipate the stagnated blood). 21 cupping methods拔罐方法：retaining cupping 留；sliding ~走；flashing ~闪；blood-letting and ~刺血；needle-retaining ~留针拔罐法.(effects for cupping拔罐作用：free channels and dredge collaterals; promote qi and activate blood; relieve swelling and pain; dispel wind and scatter cold). 22 effects of acupuncture and Moxibustion 针灸治疗作用：regulating yin and yang; dredging the channels and collaterals; reinforcing the healthy qi and dispelling the evil qi. 23 therapeutic principles of acupuncture and Moxibustion针灸治疗原则：reinforcing deficiency and reducing excess; clearing heat and warming cold; determining the foundation and branch in acute or moderate conditions; treatment of diseases according to time place and person. 24 principles of point selection选穴原则：selection of local points近部取穴(refers to choosing points on or adjacent to the diseased areas. This principle embodies the local effects of points); selection of distant points远部取穴(refers to choosing points that are far away from the diseased area. This principle represents the idea of “points of a channel are indicated for diseases located on the pathway of the channel”); selection of special points based on the pattern of a disease随证取穴. 25 methods of point combination配穴方法：combining points of the affected channel; combining points from exteriorly-interiorly related channels; combining points from the upper and lower parts of the body; combining points from the front and back of the body; combining points from the left and right side of the body. 26 qi pathways(qi thoroughfare)气街：is the direct pathway where the channel-qi spreads in the trunk, head, and face transversely and obliquely. 27 four seas theory四海：the sea of marrow,~ blood,~ qi,~ grain and water. 28 indications of auricular acupuncture耳穴的适应证：painful disorders; inflammatory and infectious diseases; functional disorders and allergic diseases; endocrinal and metabolic disorders; conditions. 29 principles for selecting auricular points耳穴的选穴原则：choosing the corresponding point to the location of the diseased or affected part of the body; choose points based on the visceral manifestation theory; choose points based on the channel pattern identification; choosing points is based on clinical experience; choose points as instructed by biomedical principles. 30 Channels and collaterals经络：are pathways that transport qi and blood, and connect the internal zang-fu organs with the surface and other parts of the body.(channel effects经络作用：linking zang and fu organs and communicating the internal with the External; circulating qi and blood and coordinating yin and yang; resisting evil qi and manifesting symptoms and signs of diseases; transmitting sensation and regulating the deficiency and excess. 31 facial paralysis 面瘫clinical manifestations 临床表现：Unilateral facial weakness, numbness and paralysis, disappearance of wrinkles, enlarged rima oculi, exposure of the sclera, lacrimation, flattened nasolabial groove, and drooping mouth-angle with deviation to the healthy side. The affected side is unable to frown, to raise the eyebrow, to close the eyes, to show the teeth, and to expand the cheeks. For some patients in the beginning of the episode, there may be pain behind the ear, hyperacousia and a taste deficiency in the front 2/3 of the tongue on the affected side. 32 The course of the Large Intestine Channel of Hand-Yangming 手阳明大肠经的循行：①The Large Intestine Channel the of Hand-Yangming starts from tip of the index finger→the radial side of the index finger→the first and second metacarpal bones→the two tendons→the lateral anterioraspect of the forearm→the lateral side of the elbow→the lateral anterior aspect of the upper arm→the highest point of the shoulder joint→the anterior border of the acromion→the Governor Vessel →the supraclavicular fossa→the lung channel→the diaphragm further→the large intestine.②Its branch splits from the supraclavicular fossa→the neek→the cheek→the gums of the lower teeth→the corner og the mouth→the philtrum with the opposite side of the same channel→the channel on the right hand proceeds to the left while the leftto right→the lateral side of the nose. 33 The course of Stomach Channel of Foot-Yangming 足阳明胃经的循行：the lateral side of the nose→the root of the nose→the lateral side of the nose→the upper gum→the mentolabial groove →the posterior aspect of the mandible→the anterior hairline→the forehead. ①cheek branch of the front of the daying→the supraclavicular fossa→the diaphragm→the Stomach→the spleen; ②the straight line: the supraclavicular fossa→4cun lateral to the midline of the chest→2cun lateral to the anterior midline of the abdomen→the inguinal groove→the knee→the anterior aspect of the lateral side of the tibia→the dorsum of the foot→the lateral side of the tip of the second toe; ③abdorminal branch: the lower orifice of the stomach→descend inside the abdomen; ④Tibial branch:3cun below the knee→the lateral side of the middle tone; ⑤The branch on the foot: dorsum of the foot→the medial side of the tip of the big toe. 34 the distribution characteristics of twelve divergent channels十二经别分布特点separating、entering、resurfacing、joining. 35 the eight channels are different from twelve regular channels 奇经八脉和十二正经的区别：①they do not belong to any zang-fu organs directly;②they have no exterior-interior relationship amongest themselves;③they travel in an extraordinary way compared to the twelve regular channels;④apart from GV and CV which have their own points, the other channels have the points with the twelve regular channels.。

3.用Newton法求f=x^4-4*x^3-6*x^2-16*x+4的极小点。

分别取初始点x0=2.5,x0=3function [x,minf]=minNewton(f,x0,eps)format long;if nargin==2;eps=1.0e-6;end;df=diff(f);d2f=diff(df);k=0;tol=1;while tol>epsdfx=subs(df,findsym(df),x0);d2fx=subs(d2f,findsym(d2f),x0);x1=x0-dfx/d2fx;tol=abs(dfx);x0=x1;end;x=x1;minf=subs(f,findsym(f),x);format short;>> syms x;f=x^4-4*x^3-6*x^2-16*x+4;x=minNewton(f,2.5)x=minNewton(f,3)x =4x =4f(x）=4^4-4*4^3-6*4^2-16*4+4=-156;min4.画出用Newton法求函数f(x)的极小点的程序框图，并编写计算程序，求f(x)=3*x^4-16*x^3+30*x^2-24*x+8的极小值，取初始点x0=3function [x,minf]=minNewton(f,x0,eps)format long;if nargin==2;eps=1.0e-6;end;df=diff(f);d2f=diff(df);k=0;tol=1;while tol>epsdfx=subs(df,findsym(df),x0);d2fx=subs(d2f,findsym(d2f),x0);x1=x0-dfx/d2fx;tol=abs(dfx);x0=x1;end;x=x1;minf=subs(f,findsym(f),x);format short;>> syms x;f=3*x^4-16*x^3+30*x^2-24*x+8;x=minNewton(f,3)f=3*x^4-16*x^3+30*x^2-24*x+8;x =2.0000f(x）=3*2^4-16*2^3+30*2^2-24*2+8=0;min6.用抛物线法求f(x)=x^4/4-4*x^3/3+5*x^2/2-2*x的极小点function [x,minf]=minPWX(f,a,b,eps)format long;if nargin==3;eps=1.0e-6;end;t0=(a+b)/2;k=0;tol=1;while tol>epsfa=subs(f,findsym(f),a);fb=subs(f,findsym(f),b);ft0=subs(f,findsym(f),t0);tu=fa*(b^2-t0^2)+fb*(t0^2-a^2)+ft0*(a^2-b^2);td=fa*(b-t0)+fb*(t0-a)+ft0*(a-b);t1=tu/2/td;ft1=subs(f,findsym(f),t1);tol=abs(t1-t0);if ft1<=ft0;if t1<=t0;b=t0;t0=t1;elsea=t0;t0=t1;endk=k+1;elseif t1<=t0;a=t1;elseb=t1;endk=k+1;endendx=t1;minf=subs(f,findsym(f),x);format short;>> syms x;f=(x^4)/4-(4*x^3)/3+(5*x^2)/2-2*x;x=minPWX(f,1,3)x =2.0000>> syms x;f=(x^4)/4-(4*x^3)/3+(5*x^2)/2-2*x;x=minPWX(f,2,2.5)x =2.00008.画出用平分法求函数f(x)的极小点的程序框图，并求解第六题，f(x)=x^4/4-4*x^3/3+5*x^2/2-2*x,取a0=0,b0=4function x=agui_bisect(fname,a,b,e)fname为函数名，a,b为区间端点，e为精度fa=feval(fname,a); %把a端点代入函数，求的fafb=feval(fname,b); %把b端点代入函数，求的fbif fa*fb>0 error('两端函数值为同号');end %如果fa*fb>0，则输出两端函数值为同号k=0x=(a+b)/2while(b-a)>(2*e) %循环条件的限制fx=feval(fname,x);%把x代入代入函数，求的fxif fa*fx<0%如果fa与fx同号，则把x赋给b，把fx赋给fbb=x;fb=fx;else %如果fa与fx异号，则把x赋给a，把fx赋给faa=x;fa=fx;endk=k+1 %计算二分了多少次x=(a+b)/2 %当满足了一定精度后，跳出循环，每次二分，都得新的区间断点a和b，则近似解为x=(a+b)/2endfun=inline('x^4/4-4*(x^3)/3+5*(x^2)/2-2*x');x=agui_bisect(fun,0,4,1.0e-6)x =2.76089.编写用”成功-失败”法求函数f（x）的极小点的计算程序，并求解minf(x)=x^5+2*x^4-4*x^3+x^2+x+2;function [minx,maxx]=minJT(f,x0,h0,eps)format long;if nargin==3;eps=1.0e-6;end;x1=x0;k=0;h=h0;while 1x4=x1+h;k=k+1;f4=subs(f,findsym(f),x4);f1=subs(f,findsym(f),x1);if f4<f1x2=x1;x1=x4;f2=f1;f1=f4;h=2*h;elseif k==1;h=-h;x2=x4;f2=f4;elsex3=x2;x2=x1;x1=x4;break;endendendminx=min(x1,x3);maxx=x1+x3-minx;format short;clearsyms x;f=x^5+2*x^4-4*x^3+x^2+x+2;[x1,x2]=minJT(f,0,0.1)x1 =-0.7000x2 =-0.1000>> syms x;f=x^5+2*x^4-4*x^3+x^2+x+2;[x1,x2]=minJT(f,1,2)x1 =-1x2 =3>> syms x;f=x^5+2*x^4-4*x^3+x^2+x+2;[x1,x2]=minJT(f,1,0.5)x1 =-2.5000x2 =0.500011.编写用0.618法求函数f(x)的极小点的计算程序，并求解min f(x)= exp(-x)+x^2,sit-1≤x≤3function [x,minf]=minHJ(f,a,b,eps)format long;if nargin==3eps=1.0e-6;endl=a+0.382*(b-a);u=a+0.618*(b-a);k=1;tol=b-a;while tol>eps&&k<100000fl=subs(f,findsym(f),l); fu=subs(f,findsym(f),u); if fl>fu;a=l;l=u;u=a+0.618*(b-a);elseb=u;u=l;l=a+0.382*(b-a);endk=k+1;tol=abs(b-a);endif k==100000disp(‘找不到最小值!‘);x=NaN;minf=NaN;return;endx=(a+b)/2;minf=subs(f,findsym(f),x); format short>> syms x;f=exp(-x)+x^2;[x,fx]=minHJ(f,-2,3)x =0.3518fx =0.8272。

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