专八真题语言知识

第三章英语语言学第一节语言学基本概念知识点较多，但是多集中于基本概念和运用，不需要深入挖掘，记住基本概念即可。

1 语言的特点和功能特点：Creativity 可创造性Duality 两重性（声音和意义）Arbitrariness 任意性Displacement 移位性Cultural Transmission 文化传递性Interchangeabilty 可交换性Reflexivity 自反性人类的语言可以描述语言本身功能：Informative 信息功能（功能语言学中称之为ideational function）Interpersonal 人际功能通过语言来建立社会联系Performative 施为功能通过语言来完成任务，来自于语用学Emotive 感情功能可以改变听者的感情Phatic Communion 交感功能特定的表达方式来维护关系，例如打招呼Recreational 娱乐功能，例如唱歌Metalingual 元语言功能可以用语言来谈论语言本身2 语言学的主要分支内部分支：Phonetics 语音学Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学语音产生Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学研究物理特性Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学发音的潜在机制Consonants / VowelsPhonology 音系学研究语音和音节结构分布和排列Phone 音素语言的一个单元或是音段Phoneme 音位在语言中具有区别意义的最小的语言单位Allophones 音位变体put spanContrastive Distribution 对立分析能够找到的最小的语音对bear pearComplementary Distribution 互补分析从不在相同环境出现的音位变体peak speakFree Variation 自由变体同一个词由于某个原因发了两个音，这种差异可能来源于方言或是习惯increaseSuprasegemental Features 超音段特征（音节、重音、音调、语调）Morphology 形态学研究英语中最小单位——语素和成词过程，即单词的内部构造Morpheme 词素最小的有意义的语言单位Free Morpheme 自由语素（有自己构成英语单词的称为此，是单词root/stem）和BoundMorpheme 粘连语素（需要和自由语素联合构成单词的称为此，是词缀，进一步分为Inflectional Affixes 屈折词缀，在现代英语中主要指单复数，时态比较级等等和Derivational Affixes 派生词缀，这是形成新词的关键）。

专八语言知识强化练习题专八语言知识强化练习题2018年专八语言知识题型，除了要求考生对语法进行巩固之外，练习也是必不可少的。

下面，店铺送给大家两篇专八语言知识练习题，供大家使用。

专八语言知识练习题一It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidences of the depressing ____(1)____state of literacy. These sums from the Department of Education are ____(2)____sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, a further 35 million read on a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society. (3) But my own worry today is more that of the overwhelming problem of____ (4)____elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentrating,____ (5)____that surrounds the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested____ (6)____that almost 80 percent of America's literate, educated teenagers can no longer read with accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickered at the corner of their field of perception. We know____ (7)____very little about the brain and how it dealt with simultaneous conflicting ____(8)____input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part—reading, of partperception against background distraction, enders impossibly certain____ (9)____essential acts of apprehension and concentration, leave alone that most important tribute anyhuman being can pay on a poem or a piece of prose he or ____(10)____she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.答案和解析:1. evidences—evidence. evidence 为不可数名词，不能使用复数形式。

03年1.The term transformational-generative grammar was introduced into linguistic in themid-1950s byA.Leonard BloomfieldB. Edward SapirC. Noam JohnsonD. Michael Halliday（C）解析：转换生成语法（transformational-generative grammar）这个术语是Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基)在20世界50年代中期引入语言学的。

他是美国语言学家，在《句法结构》（1957）----书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论使语言学研究发生突破性进展。

2.In term of opposite of meaning, _____is a pair of conversivesA.“long” and “short”B. “present” and “absent”C. “sell” and “buy”D. “dead” and “alive”(C ) 解析：从意义的对立（oppositeness of meaning）来看，C的sell and buy 属于换位反义词（conversives）。

换位反义词也称为关系反义词。

换位反义词的两个词语之间语义相互依赖。

3.The word” marshal” used to mean “ a horse tender”; now it means” an officer of the highestrank”. The word has undergone a sort of semantic change calledA.ElevationB. degenerationC. extensiveD. restriction（A）解析：marshal 以前表示“马夫”，现在表示“元帅”。

这属于词义的升格（elevation）04年1.The _____view of language acquisition holds that children are born with an innate ability toacquire languages of a specific typeA.BehaviouristB. nativistC. structuralistD. psycholiguist(B)解析：认为小孩生来就具有习得某种语言的天生能力（innate ability）是语言习得（language acquisition）的nativist天生主义者。

全面的语言学知识一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能informative人际功能interpersonal施为功能performative感情功能emotive function寒暄功能phatic communication娱乐功能recreational function元语言功能metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。

如语素和句子的意义语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学macrolingustics心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthro pological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics5 语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位phoneme3 音位变体allophones4 互补分布complementary distribution5 自由变体free variation6 区别特征distinctive features7 超音段特征suprasegmental feature音节syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇inflectional affix and derivational affix2 特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词borrowing五句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure 还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)3 直接成分分析法immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。

专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语言与社会）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purpose of trading is called______.A．dialectB．idiolectC．pidginD．register正确答案：C解析：pidgin洋泾浜是原本讲不同语言的人们由于某些特殊原因(如商业交流)的直接交流目的而产生的特殊语言混合体。

Dialect的意思是方言，idiolect是个人方言，register是语域。

知识模块：语言与社会2．The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT______.A．lexicalB．syntacticC．phonologicalD．psycholinguistic正确答案：D解析：语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。

心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。

知识模块：语言与社会3．Which of the following is NOT the speech variety?A．Regional dialects.B．Sociolects.C．Registers.D．Discourse accents.正确答案：D解析：在社会语言学的研究中，人们对三种言语变体特别感兴趣，即：地域方言、社会方言和语域。

专⼋语⾔学资料2【 1 】As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. descriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. prescriptiveD. psycholinguistic【 2 】The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult【 3 】The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in and vocabulary.A. usageB. grammarC. pronunciationD. structure【 4 】According to_____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky【 5 】The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner【 6 】Which of the following is NOT related to Noam Chomsky?A. Deep StructureB. Theme and RhemeC. Transformational ComponentD. Surface Structure【7 】The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A. semanticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics【8 】Which of the following are NOT relational antonyms?A. give: receiveB. father: sonC. clever: stupidD. teacher: student【9 】Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics ofspeech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. SemanticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneticsD. Pragmatics【10 】“I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ________A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement【11 】Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A. elaborationB. simplificationC. external borrowingD. internal borrowing【12 】“Don?t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. transformationalD. functional【13 】A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. subordinatorC. prepositionD. particle【14 】refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium ofA. Lingua francaB. PidginC. CreoleD. Standard language【15 】Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental stopC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental fricative【16 】According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition【17 】_________meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word andthe thing it refers to.A. DenotativeB. ConnotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflective【18 】Which of the following are gradable antonyms?A. good---badB. male----femaleC. alive----deadD. buy-----sell【19 】Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GermanicB. RomanC. ItalianD. Greek【20 】Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. voiceB. numberC. caseD. gender【21 】In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the__________.A. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Manner MaximD. Relation Maxim【22 】There are__________ diesis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.A. 6B.5C. 4D. 3【23 】The sense relation between ewe and sheep is _________A. synonymB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. homonymy【24 】The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism【25 】In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. ScandinavianC. CelticD. Roman【26 】“Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “ You have a bike.”A. presupposesB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. is synonymous with【27 】When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he isperforming__________.A. a perlocutionary actB. an illocutionary actC. a locutionary actD. none of the above【28 】The original meaning of wife is _______.A. a married womanB. a young womanC. womanD. widowed woman【29 】“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. behaviorismC. the naming theoryD. contexutalism【30 】In Shakespearean line …rats and mice and such small deer?, deer obviously designates …_____? in general.A. animalB. a doeC. a deer-like animalD. buck【 1 】Arbitrariness means you can use languages in any way you like.【 2 】The meaning of meat changed by mode of degradation.【 3 】One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their etymology.【 4 】In some languages, grammatical gender had little to do with the biological sex.【 5 】Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. 【 6 】Language change is a gradual and constant process, therefore often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation.【7 】The naming theory is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.【8 】Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.【9 】A person?s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.【10 】A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.【 1 】C is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.【 2 】The p relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.【 3 】Affective meaning indicates the speaker?s a towards the person or thing in question.【 4 】Homonymy refers to cases where lexemes with the same phonological or m_________________ shape have different meanings.【 5 】Cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted p or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.【 6 】Speakers give us clues about when they are finished speaking, about when they are going to change a topic, or when they expect us to speak or not to speak. These clues are known as discourse m .【7 】The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .【8 】 A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a m of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic backgrounds.【9 】The t is the starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off.【10 】Language is a : no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.1~5：Conversion paradigmatic attitude morphological purpose6~10：markers bilabial medium theme arbitrary。

专八语言学知识 目录 1. 内容概括................................................3 1.1 专八语言学知识的背景.................................3 1.2 专八语言学知识的重要性...............................5 2. 语言学基本概念..........................................6 2.1 语言的定义与性质.....................................7 2.2 语言的起源与发展.....................................8 2.3 语言的分类与功能....................................10 3. 语音学.................................................11 3.1 声母与韵母..........................................11 3.2 声调与语调..........................................12 3.3 语音变化与音位......................................13 4. 词汇学.................................................15 4.1 词汇的构成..........................................15 4.2 词汇的发展与演变....................................17 4.3 词汇的分类与功能....................................18 5. 句法学.................................................19 5.1 句子成分............................................21 5.2 句子结构............................................22 5.3 句子的类型与功能....................................22 6. 语义学.................................................23 6.1 语义的定义与分类....................................24 6.2 语义关系与语义场....................................26 6.3 语义变化与歧义......................................27 7. 语用学.................................................29 7.1 语用学的定义与范围..................................30 7.2 语用原则与策略......................................31 7.3 语用失误与会话含义..................................32 8. 语音学应用.............................................33 8.1 语音识别与合成......................................35 8.2 语音教学与语音测试..................................36 8.3 语音工程与语音技术..................................36 9. 词汇学应用.............................................38 9.1 词汇教学与词汇测试..................................39 9.2 词典编纂与应用......................................41 9.3 词汇学在翻译中的应用................................42 10. 句法学应用............................................43 10.1 句子分析与应用.....................................44 10.2 句法学在机器翻译中的应用...........................45 10.3 句法学与语言教学...................................46 11. 语义学应用............................................48 11.1 语义分析与应用.....................................49 11.2 语义学在自然语言处理中的应用.......................50 11.3 语义学在翻译理论与实践中的应用.....................51 12. 语用学应用............................................53 12.1 语用分析与应用.....................................54 12.2 语用学在跨文化交流中的应用.........................55 12.3 语用学在语言教学中的应用...........................56 1. 内容概括 本文档旨在深入探讨专八考试中的语言学知识，全面涵盖语言学的核心理论、研究方法以及其在英语教学、翻译实践中的应用。内容分为多个模块，包括语言学的基本概念、语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、历史语言学等分支领域。通过系统介绍这些理论体系，旨在帮助考生全面掌握语言学的基础知识，提高对语言本质的理解和分析能力，为专八考试打下坚实的理论基础。此外，文档还将结合实际案例和练习题，帮助考生将理论知识与实际应用相结合，提升语言学的综合运用能力。

法语专八真题及答案解析是法语专业的硕士研究生入学考试，是法语学习者测试其法语水平的重要考试。

本文将对的真题及答案进行解析，从而帮助考生更好地备考。

的真题覆盖面广泛，包括听力、阅读、写作和口语四个方面。

在听力方面，考生需要听取一段法语讲解，并根据所听内容回答相关问题。

在阅读方面，考生需要阅读一篇法语文章，并回答与文章内容相关的问题。

写作方面要求考生根据提供的主题写一篇文章，并进行逻辑思考和严密的语法表达。

口语方面主要是对话和演讲，需要考生能够流畅地用法语进行交流和演讲。

在听力部分，的真题通常涉及到法语语音、语调、词汇和句子理解等方面。

在解题过程中，考生需要注意提问者的语气、语速和语调，从而更好地理解题目所要求的答案。

此外，考生还需注意关键词的提取和理解，以便更准确地回答问题。

阅读部分是考试的重点。

考生需要阅读一篇文学作品、历史研究、社会问题等方面的文章，然后回答与文章内容相关的问题。

在解题过程中，考生需要仔细阅读文章，并从中提取关键信息，理解文章的结构和观点，并进行推理和分析。

考生应注意文章中的排比、对比、因果关系等修辞手法，以帮助理解文章的主旨和细节。

写作是考试中最难的一部分，也是一项很好展示语言能力和思维能力的机会。

考生需要在规定的时间内写出一篇有逻辑、有条理、有说服力的文章。

在写作过程中，考生应明确文章的主题、论点和结构。

要注意使用恰当的词汇和句式，避免语法错误和使用过度。

口语部分是考试最后一个环节。

考生需要与考官进行对话或进行演讲。

在对话过程中，考生需要回答问题、提问和交流；在演讲中，考生需要就给定的题目进行自由发挥和表达观点。

在口语考试中，考生应注意用法语进行流利、准确的交流，表达观点并且用适当的论据支持。

总之，考试是对法语学习者综合能力的一次全面考查。

考生需对各部分的内容和要求有深入的了解，并进行充分的准备。

通过对真题及答案的解析，考生可以更好地把握考试重点和难点，从而在考试中取得更好的成绩。