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最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 从《百舌鸟之死》探析美国种族冲突2 <<罗伯特家的苔丝>>中动植物的作用3 中外大学校训对比研究4 汽车广告英语的语言特点及其翻译5 论网络英语的特征6 影响英语专业学生理解英语习语的因素调查7 论小说《看不见的人》中的象征主义8 中美文化视阈中的商务谈判风格9 浅析英语粘着词素及其在词汇教学中的实用价值10 网络环境下英语专业学生学习策略研究11 从《厄舍古屋的倒塌》看爱伦坡写作的哥特式风格12 Etiquette and Protocol on Intercultural Business Negotiation13 浅析电视口译的特点及其译文质量评价14 小说《飘》中斯嘉丽的人物性格分析15 Yellow Peril–the Image of Fu Manchu in the West16 《二十二条军规》中关于军规的控制及反控制17 解析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女性主义思想在其婚姻中的体现18 A Script-based Study of the Female Theme in Scent of a Woman19 汽车广告中的双关研究:关联理论视角20 英汉职业委婉语中“礼貌原则”之对比分析21 影响大学生英语自主学习的因素研究22 Study on the Basic Principles of Legal English Translation23 埃德加•爱伦•坡小说《黑猫》的写作技巧应用分析24 浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中两位男主人公25 The Tragedy Characteristics of Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy26 女性哥特视角下的《蝴蝶梦》27 商务英语新词构词研究28 从里奇的礼貌原则角度分析《老友记》中的言语幽默29 善，还是恶――《我弥留之际》中安斯性格分析30 功能对等翻译理论指导下的汽车商标名的汉英互译31 中餐菜谱翻译的错误分析32 跨文化营销策略研究－－以宝洁为例（开题报告+论）33 《老人与海》中的象征主义34 论跨文化交际中的体态语35 谈英汉文学作品中数字的模糊性及其翻译36 简爱和林黛玉的反叛性格对比分析37 Study on Translation of Long Sentences in Literature Works38 英汉同义词对比及翻译39 Passion & Religion — A Comparison between The Scarlet Letter and The Thorn Birds40 交际法在初中英语教学中的应用41 从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的幻灭42 她们的自我选择—解读简奥斯汀傲慢与偏见中女性的婚恋观43 论田纳西•威廉斯《欲望号街车》中的逃遁主义44 简•奥斯丁的婚姻观在《傲慢与偏见》中的体现45 美国女性地位变化浅析46 网络委婉语中的模因现象研究47 英汉颜色词的文化象征意义及翻译48 从产品说明书的英译错误分析探讨其翻译策略49 从中西文化差异看文化负载词的翻译50 Gone with the Wind: From Novel to Film51 关于英语口语纠错的研究与建议52 试谈母语对外语学习的影响53 美剧《欲望都市》中女性语言的语用分析54 论象征在海明威《永别了，武器》中的应用55 《弗朗西斯麦康伯短促的幸福生活》中麦康伯个性转变之分析56 文化图式理论视角下汉英动植物联想意义比较57 对抗还是和谐——论《白鲸》人与自然的关系58 从跨文化交际角度看电影片名翻译59 论《老无所依》中的英雄缺失60 从文化角度浅析新闻英语的翻译61 《最蓝的眼睛》中的自我迷失和身份寻求62 Comparative Studies on Metaphors with Animal Images in Chinese and English63 从目的论角度看公司网页误译64 英汉“悲”、“喜”情感隐喻的认知比较研究65 外贸函电文体及语言特点66 浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵及翻译67 魔幻现实主义在《所罗门之歌》中的应用68 论《梅丽迪安》中主人公梅丽迪安的觉醒69 文化碰撞和融合——探讨少数裔文化在美国主流文化下的生存70 次贷危机对广东珠三角出口贸易的影响71 词汇负迁移对汉译英的影响72 中美文化差异对其商务谈判的影响73 浅析《红字》的含混性74 The Influences of the Bible on Some American Movies75 英语“名词+ ly”类形容词的词化分析、语义特征及句法功能76 从《汤姆索亚历险记》中分析马克吐温的幽默讽刺手法77 纽马克交际翻译理论指导下的外宣材料英译78 The Narrative Strategies of O. 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英汉成语的文化差异及翻译苏州大学!高立东［摘!要］成语中包含着丰富的文化信息，是语言中的精华所在。
本文主要研究了英汉成语中的文化差异，如宗教历史因素等，并提出了成语翻译的几个方法以及翻译中需注意的一些问题。
［关键词］成语!文化差异!翻译!!成语是语言高度发展的产物，它形式简练，含义精辟，是劳动人民智慧的结晶。
英汉两种语言都有着悠久的历史，在各自发展进程中都积累了丰富的成语，但由于两者在历史、政治、文化等诸多方面的不同，英汉成语的文化形象及内涵有较大差异，这对我们理解及翻译成语都有很大影响。
一"成语中的文化差异#民族心理英汉两民族拥有各自独有的心理特征和思维习惯，他们对许多事物有着不同的联想和感情色彩。
有时是同一事物表达不同的思想认识和概念，有时用不同参照物和表达形式反映同一事物。
两语言中关于动物、植物、颜色的字词或成语最能体现这一特征。
英语有成语$%&’()’*+,%&-*，汉语中却说“像老黄牛一样工作”。
其它如：+--.&%/0+-+,%&-*（像牛一样强壮），.+(’,%&-*（吹牛），1&)/’()’*+2)-,（牛饮）。
英语中说3,*)-0&**/4*5*1，而汉语则说“她眼红了”。
6自然环境自然环境包括地理环境、气候条件等诸多因素。
生活在不同自然环境的民族，对客观事物的想象不同，这必然要反映到语言中来。
中国地域宽广，是以陆地为主的国家，因而反映在成语上自然是以陆地上的人、事物作联想的多；相反，英国是个岛国，其成语则是与海洋或渔业有关的事物多一点。
英语中说“2)-,)/.,*+)&”，汉语中则有“缘木求鱼”，英语中说+--()77*&5+-+/**(，而汉语中则说“滑的像泥鳅”。
其它和鱼有关的成语如：+8)02)-,（大人物），+9%%(2)-,（无耻之徒），+-:;.*+-+2)-,（噤若寒蝉）。
英语中有<,*&*+&*:%&*2)-,)/.,* -*+（这个不行，还有其它的），主要用来安慰失恋者，与汉语中的“天涯何处无芳草”有异曲同工之妙。
文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译作者：徐静怡来源：《消费导刊·理论版》2008年第04期[摘要]成语作为英汉语言的精华，带有浓厚的历史和民族文化积淀，它的产生和使用在各自的文化中表现出各自的特色，成语翻译历来是翻译的难点。
文章从英汉文化差异的视角，阐述文化差异对英汉成语翻译的影响，探讨如何灵活运用英汉成语翻译策略，以尽可能在译文可读性和保留原语文化间寻求最佳平衡点。
[关键词]文化文化差异成语翻译策略作者简介：徐静怡，江西宜春人，广西民族大学外国语学院英语研究生，研究方向：翻译理论与实践。
一、引言成语（set phrases）是习语（the idiomatic phrases）的一种，是人们在长期实践和使用过程中提炼出的语言结晶。
成语一般来自于古代经典、著名著作、历史故事、民间传说等，蕴含着丰富的文化信息，具有强烈的民族特色。
进行英汉成语互译，要处理语言和文化的矛盾，不仅要译出原语成语的形象、喻义、修辞，也要译出其文化含义。
如成语“守株待兔”，是中国的一个古代故事,若译为stand by a stump waiting for the appearance of a hare,会令人大惑不解。
若译为stick to old practice and refuse to have a change 或是trust to chance and windfall，虽然其意表达出来了，但成语的文化特征已是荡然无存，因而也不可取。
可见, 处理英汉成语互译的关键是运用文化差异的视角。
二、英汉成语所反映的文化差异如果说语言是反映文化的一面镜子，那么作为语言的核心和精华的成语更是文化的结晶，集中的体现了各自文化的差异。
英语和汉语作为两门完全不同的语言，体现的是两种完全迥异的文化。
文化的最早定义是来自英国人类文化学家泰勒，他下的定义：文化是一个复杂的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所得的一切能力与习惯。
不同语境文化下的汉英翻译方法-英语论文-语言学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——摘要：任何一种语言信息的传达都是由言语和语言环境构成的, 语言环境, 即语境, 影响着人们言语交际的行为。
语境的高低差异, 使得英汉两种语言在表意时对语境的依赖程度不尽相同。
同时, 译者在做汉英翻译时, 也会因为受到语境的影响在翻译过程中遇到诸多困难。
主要从汉语所属的高语境文化和英语所属的低语境文化对比着手, 对汉英翻译策略翻进行分析和研究。
关键词：高语境文化; 低语境文化; 汉语; 英语; 翻译策略;Abstract：The conveying of any languages is including the language and the context. The context has got some influence to the communicative behavior. The differences of high and low context become the difficulties for the translators when they are doing Chinese-English translation, because of the high and low dependence in expressing meanings of the two languages. The author compares thehigh and low context cultures of Chinese and English, and makes analysis and research in Chinese-English translation strategies.Keyword：high-context culture; low-context culture; Chinese; English; translation strategies;美国文化人类学家爱德华T霍尔(Edward THall) 在1976年出版的《超越文化》一书中将文化分为高语境文化和低语境文化。
英汉成语的文化差异与翻译摘要: 英语和汉语都拥有丰富的成语。
成语是一个社会的语言和文化的重要组成部分, 带有文化色彩的英汉成语在翻译中占有很大的一部分。
本文旨在讨论英汉成语翻译中存在的文化差异现象, 并就成语翻译中的文化差异的处理方法进行分析与探讨。
关键词: 成语翻译; 文化差异; 翻译标准; 翻译方法中图分类号: H315. 9 文献标识码: A文章编号: 1008 6021( 2006) 04 0084 03成语是一个社会的语言和文化的组成部分, 不仅难以理解, 更难以运用得当。
成语是一个民族在长期使用语言过程中, 千锤百炼创造出来, 具有浓厚的历史、民族和地方色彩的, 独特、固定的表达方式。
成语寓意深刻, 言简意赅, 形象生动, 趣味隽永, 极富民族色彩。
英语和汉语历史悠久, 源远流长, 都有丰富多彩的成语, 由于地理、历史、宗教信仰、生活习俗等原因, 英汉成语不仅在词汇、语法和修辞等方面存在不同, 而且存在文化背景的差异。
带有文化、民族色彩的英汉成语在翻译中占有很大一部分, 成语中的文化因素往往是翻译中的难点。
笔者仅对英汉成语中的文化差异及其翻译进行分析与探讨。
一、英汉成语中的文化差异语言是文化的产物, 又是文化的载体。
作为记录人类思想和历史的工具, 每一种语言都具有其独特的文化特色和文化内涵。
英汉成语与文化紧密相连, 承载着不同的文化特点和文化信息, 反映了各自丰富的文化。
就其起源而言, 英汉成语中的文化差异主要有以下四种:1. 区域文化差异区域文化指的是由不同的地区、生活环境和居住环境形成的文化。
不同的语言形式反映了不同民族对于同一种物体或现象的态度与看法。
因而, 区域差异对于英汉成语的表达有一定的影响。
中国人常常用成语/ 雨后春笋0来形容一般事物的迅速发展和大量涌现, 具有比喻意义。
竹子是生长在中国特定地区的一种植物, 不是英国土生土长的植物, 如果我们按字面意思将该成语直接译为like bamboo shoots af2ter a spring shower, 英国人就会感到迷惑不解, 显然这种翻译不可取。
课改探微新课程NEW CURRICULUM语言与文化有着极为密切的关系，两者相互影响，相互渗透。
一方面，语言是文化的重要组成部分，并受到文化的影响。
语言不能脱离文化而单独存在。
另一方面，文化往往在很大程度上要通过语言才能得以体现。
一、汉语四字成语的来源及其文化内涵成语是一种习惯用语，同时也是一种文化载体。
在《现代汉语词典》中对“成语”一词的解释是“人民长期以来习用的、形成简洁而意思精辟的定型词组或短句。
汉语成语大多由四个字组成，一般都有出处。
”这些汉语成语生动、简洁、有力、富有想象力，“它们是人们在长期实践和使用的过程中提炼出的语言结晶”。
它们一般来源于古代先民的日常生活和劳作、古今各家各派的文学名著、民间广泛流传的神话传说、历史上发生的事件和故事等，通常都具有鲜明的形象和比喻，带有浓厚的民族特色和地域色彩，反映出中华民族从古到今特有的人文状况以及独特的思维方式。
二、中西方文化差异对汉语四字成语翻译的影响“真正意义上的翻译应是语际间的信息转换，即用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达同样的信息。
因而译者所要面对的必然是两种不同的语言。
”然而从本质上说，翻译的不仅仅是两种语言，译者所面对的实际上的是两种截然不同的文化。
著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达指出“笔译与口译中出现的最严重的错误，往往不是因词语表达不当所造成的，而是因错误的文化假设所导致的。
”由此不难看出文化是翻译过程中必须考虑在内的重要因素。
正因为汉语四字成语体现了独特的东方文化内涵，与西方文化存在巨大的差异，所以在英译汉语四字成语时不仅要考虑到语言的对接，而且还须考虑到文化的对接。
这就要求译者对中西方文化差异要有一定的了解。
1.宗教信仰的差异宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分，亦是一种极具民族思想的文化现象。
成语与文化的关系极为密切，更能折射出宗教对语言的影响。
西方国家主要信仰基督教。
他们相信上帝的创世之说，《圣经》在西方有着深远的影响，因而有不少成语就有关于圣经和基督教教义。
文化差异视阈下的英汉成语翻译探析作者：李洁余波来源：《教育界》2011年第06期【摘要】地域、风俗习惯及宗教信仰等方面的差异造成英汉成语之间存在明显的文化差异。
这种文化上的差异致使英汉成语互译要达到等效翻译的效果并非易事。
故在翻译时应将英汉语言和文化进行对比，并采取相应不同的翻译方法才能保证翻译的准确性。
一、引言语言是文化的载体，承载着丰富的文化内涵。
成语是人们长期以来习用的、简洁精辟的定性词组或句子，是民族文化的精髓。
其内容精辟、寓意深刻，形象生动。
在体现语言的文化差异上，它比其他语言成分更具有典型性、代表性。
因而，不论是在英汉成语的理解，还是彼此的互译上，我们都必须知道其中的来源。
现实中，由于忽视成语负载的文化内涵差异，英汉成语翻译的错误俯拾即是。
如：Child’s'play' 儿戏Child’ s' play 的意思是“非常容易做的事情，不大重要的事情”。
而汉语的“儿戏” 则用来比喻“对重要的工作或事情不负责，不认真”。
由此看来，对英汉成语的文化内涵差异的分析及翻译策略的探讨是很有必要的。
二、英汉成语文化差异形成的主要原因无论是英语成语还是汉语成语，都是语言的精华。
但“因物质环境和所处地域不同，社会文化的哲学渊源不同，也必然存在各自独特的民族个性。
无论如何，文化差异是现阶段普遍存在的现实”。
总的说来，英汉成语的文化差异主要是由于地域差异、风俗习惯差异以及宗教信仰差异等因素形成的。
1. 不同的地理环境中国地处亚欧大陆，地域辽阔，自古以来就是农业大国，因此汉语中有相当一部分与农业和土地有关的成语，如：“瓜熟蒂落”，“斩草除根”，“面如土色” 等等。
而英国是个四面环海的岛国，形成了源于航海或与海洋有关的成语，如： weather' the' storm（安然度过风暴），tower' one’s' sail（甘拜下风）， on' the' rock（触礁）等。
文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)论文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译[关键词]文化文化差异成语翻译策略[论文摘要]成语作为英汉语言的精华，带有浓厚的历史和民族文化积淀，它的产生和使用在各自的文化中表现出各自的特色，成语翻译历来是翻译的难点。
文章从英汉文化差异的视角，阐述文化差异对英汉成语翻译的影响，探讨如何灵活运用英汉成语翻译策略，以尽可能在译文可读性和保留原语文化间寻求最佳平衡点。
一、引言成语（set phrases）是习语（the idiomatic phrases）的一种，是人们在长期实践和使用过程中提炼出的语言结晶。
成语一般来自于古代经典、著名著作、历史故事、民间传说等，蕴含着丰富的文化信息，具有强烈的民族特色。
进行英汉成语互译，要处理语言和文化的矛盾，不仅要译出原语成语的形象、喻义、修辞，也要译出其文化含义。
如成语“守株待兔”，是中国的一个古代故事,若译为stand by a stump waiting for the appearance of a hare,会令人大惑不解。
若译为stick to old practice and refuse to have a change 或是trust to chance and windfall，虽然其意表达出来了，但成语的文化特征已是荡然无存，因而也不可取。
可见, 处理英汉成语互译的关键是运用文化差异的视角。
二、英汉成语所反映的文化差异如果说语言是反映文化的一面镜子，那么作为语言的核心和精华的成语更是文化的结晶，集中的体现了各自文化的差异。
英语和汉语作为两门完全不同的语言，体现的是两种完全迥异的文化。
文化的最早定义是来自英国人类文化学家泰勒，他下的定义：文化是一个复杂的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所得的一切能力与习惯。
可见，文化是一个很复杂的系统。
通过比较，英汉成语所反映的文化差异主要体现在地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰和历史文化四方面。
（一）地理环境文化自然环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，不同的自然环境对民族文化的形成和发展有着不同的影响。
中国属于典型的大陆环境，自古以来，就是一个农耕气氛比较浓厚的国家，土地在人们的生活中显得至关重要，汉语中有相当一部分和土地和农业生产相关的成语。
如“挥金如土” “面如土色”“瓜田李下”等等。
西方受海岛狭小范围的限制，土地资源十分有限，为了生存发展，航海业和渔业十分发达，英语中有很多关于船和水的成语，如plains ailing(一帆风顺)to go with the stream(随波逐流)、to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存)等等。
（二）风俗习惯文化风俗习惯的差异是文化差异的一个主要方面，在成语当中有较多的反映，特别是在动物形象上。
龙在中西文化中代表了两种完全相反的形象。
在中国传统文化中，龙象征着吉利，汉语中与龙有关的成语一般都含褒义。
如“望子成龙”“龙凤呈祥”等。
但在西方神话传说中，dragon是一种长着翅膀，能够从口中喷火的怪物，令人感到恐怖。
因此，在西方文化中，dragon通常是邪恶的代表，a dragon就常被用来形容飞扬跋扈、令人讨厌的人。
（三）宗教信仰文化与宗教信仰有关的成语也大量地出现在英汉成语中。
佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，有佛教关的成语有很多，如“借花献佛”“平时不烧香、临时抱佛脚”等。
在英国等西方国家，影响最大的宗教是基督教。
在人们心中，God具有无上的法力。
英语成语中有许多与God相关的成语。
如God helps those who help themselves, Man proposes, God disposes。
人们诅咒一个人常说God damn you ,危险过后常说God bless you。
（四）历史文化历史文化指由特定的历史发展进程的沉淀所形成的文化，其中一个重要内容是历史典故。
历史典故是民族历史文化中的瑰宝，蕴含着丰富的历史文化信息。
汉语的典故成语多出自《四书》、《五经》或神话传说，如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”等。
英语的典故成语多来自《圣经》，希腊罗马神话或《伊索寓言》等，如：Achilles’ hell，a Pandora’s box 等。
三、英汉成语的翻译策略一些翻译理论家，如兰博（Lam Bert）和雷恩（Robins）认为：与其把翻译视为一种双语之间的转换活动，不如把翻译看成是两种文化之间的交流活动。
由此可见文化必须纳入到英汉成语翻译的研究范围，王佐良说：“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人。
人们全说，他必须掌握两种语言，确实如此：但是，不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。
”翻译的最终目的是实现不同文化之间的交流，成语翻译更应遵循这个原则。
奈达说：“The best translation does not sound like a translation”,鲁迅先生讲过：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然为求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。
”就成语翻译而言，就是能直译的就直译，不能直译的就意译，尽可能在译文可读性和保留原语文化间寻求最佳平衡点，确保在最大程度上将原文所包含的文化信息呈现给译文读者，达到“文化传真”的目标。
实践当中，英汉成语翻译通常采用以下方法：（一）直译法直译法，指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下，在译文中保留原成语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩。
如：A gentleman’s agreement(君子协定)；Wall have ears（隔墙有耳）；竭泽而渔（to drain a pond to catch all the fish）;前人栽树，后人乘凉（One generation plants the trees under whose trade another generation rests）。
直译能够比较完整地保留原成语的比喻形象、民族色彩，可以丰富译语的词汇，使读者体验到一种新鲜感。
（二）直译加注法有些成语，其历史典故文化比较浓厚，直译之外，还需加必要的注释。
如a Don Juan 唐磺。
意为风流浪子。
Don Juan是英国诗人拜伦作品中的人物，他是一个勇敢、风流的骑士。
现在，他经常被用来指代具有这些品质的年轻人。
这类成语如果不加解释地直译出来，译文读者一般很难理解其寓意。
再如，汉语成语“班门弄斧”：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter。
如在译文中不加后半部分解释语，只译Lu Ban,恐怕大部分英国读者不知道Lu Ban 为何许人，自然对这一成语的理解会产生疑惑。
（三）意译法意译法指翻译时仅保留原文的意思而不保留原文表达形式的方法。
当由于文化差异而无法直译，直译加注释过长，会破坏成语的简洁性和可读性时，就用意译法，灵活传达原意。
如英语成语Two friends are hand in glove with each other(亲同手足)，to snap and snarl at a kind-hearted man(狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心)。
汉语成语具有的民族文化特色很多情况下在英语中难以用直译法体现，也常采用意译法，虽难以保全成语的文化特色和形象，却能简洁地反映出成语的喻意。
如事实胜于雄辩Facts speak louder than words。
背黑锅hold the bag，汉语口语中“背黑锅”的说法意指某人干了坏事而责任却落在未干坏事的人身上。
英语中把这种情况说成“捧着布袋子”（hold the bag），值得注意的是：英美人讲hold the bag既可能是同犯错误的人，也可能是没有牵连的人。
（四）直译加意译法应注意到，直译和意译是相对而言的，没有一个绝对的界限。
在很多情况下，为保留原文形象，并使译文畅达，英汉成语可部分直译，部分意译。
如成语“东施效颦”，如意译成Dong shi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrows in imitation of the famous beauty Xishi only to make herself uglier,英文读者会由于不知道西施是何许人而无法理解其含义。
若采用直译加意译的方法，在上文之后加上意译“blind imitation with ludicrous effect”,其意便一目了然了。
在英语中有这样一句成语“Even Homer sometimes nods”，在这句成语后面，译者会加上一句“Even the wise are not always free from error”，正好对应了汉语成语“智者千虑，必有一失”。
（五）回译法有一小部分成语，本来自于源语，翻译时可采用源语的成语，如以眼还眼an eye foreye，鳄鱼的眼泪crocodile’stears，武装到牙齿armed to the teeth等。
四、结束语作为一种独特的语言文化现象，成语具有较大的文化信息负载量，是英汉民族语言中最富有民族文化特色的部分。
正如Lotman所说：“没有一种语言不是植根于具体的文化之中的；也没有一种文化不是以某种自然语言的结构为中心的。
”在翻译成语时，关键是把握好汉语和英语各自的文化，运用文化差异的视角根据实际情况灵活采用恰当的译法，尽可能了解民族语言与文化，深刻理解成语本身的意义，才能使成语的翻译达到最高的境界。
参考文献[1] Nida Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating [M].Leiden; 1964[2] Peter Newmark.翻译问题探讨[M]，上海，上海外语教育出版社,2001[3]包慧南，文化语境与语言翻译[M]，北京，中国对外翻译出版公司,2001[4]金惠康，跨文化交际翻译续编[M]，北京，中国对外翻译出版公司,2004[5]刘宓庆，翻译美学导论[M]，北京，中国对外翻译出版公司,2005[6]鲁迅，“题未定”草[A]，鲁迅杂文全集[C]，洛阳，河南人民出版社,1994[7]孙会军、郑庆珠，译论研究中的文化转向[J]，中国翻译，2000，(5):11-14[8]王佐良，翻译中的文化比较[J]，翻译通讯，1984(1)[9]张培基、喻云根、李宗杰等，英汉翻译教程[M]，上海，上海外语教育出版社，1980Cultural Differences of English and Comparative Study of TranslationI. IntroductionIdioms (set phrases) is the idiom (the idiomatic phrases) a, is that people in long-term practice and use the language to extract the crystal. Idioms generally come from the ancient classic, well-known works, historical stories, folklore, etc., contains a wealth of cultural information, with strong ethnic characteristics.To C translation, language and culture to deal with the contradiction, not only translated the image of the original language idioms, figurative meaning, rhetoric, have translated their cultural meaning. Such as the phrase "passive" is an ancient Chinese story, if translated into the stand by a stump waiting for the appearance of a hare, would be puzzling. If translated stick to old practice and refuse to have a change or a trust to chance and windfall, although its meaning expressed, but the idiom of cultural identity is gone, and therefore undesirable. Shows that the key to dealing with C translation is to use the perspective of cultural differences.II. English and Chinese cultural differences reflected inIf language is a mirror reflecting the culture, then as the language of the core and essence of the idiom is culture, the concentrated expression of their own cultural differences. English and Chinese as two completely different languages, reflecting the two entirely different culture.Culture is defined as the first scientist from the United Kingdom Taylor of human culture, he defines: Culture is a complex whole, including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and human society from all the capabilities and habits . Shows that culture is a very complex system. By comparison, English and Chinese cultural differences reflected mainly in the geographical environment, customs, religion, history and culture in four areas.(A) of the geographical and culturalThe natural environment of human existence and the basis for development of different natural environment of the formation and development of national culture have different effects. Environment typical of the mainland of China since ancient times, is a relatively rich country farm atmosphere, land in people's life are critical, a considerable portion of Chinese language and land and agricultural production-related idioms. Such as "big spenders" "Mianrutuse" "highly suspicious" and so on. Narrow the scope of the West by the island's limited land resources are limited, in order to survive the development of seafaring and fishing very well developed, there are many English idioms on the boat and water, such as the plains ailing (smooth) to go with the stream (drift), to keep one's head above water (struggling for existence) and so on.(B) of the customs and culturalDifferences in customs and cultural differences is a key aspect, in the idiom of which reflect more,especially in the animal image. Dragon in East and West represent two totally opposite image. In traditional Chinese culture, the dragon is a symbol of auspiciousness in Chinese dragon with the phrase generally commendatory. Such as "family resemblance" "Dragon and Phoenix" and so on. However, in the Western legends, dragon is a kind of wings, to fire-breathing monster from the mouth, it is terrifying. Thus, in Western culture, dragon is usually representative of evil, a dragon is often used to describe the domineering, obnoxious people.(C) religious beliefs and culturalAnd religion-related idioms are also large numbers in English and idioms. Buddhism came to China has 1000 years of history, there are many Buddhist-related idioms, such as "Jiehuaxianfo" "usually do not burn incense, cramming," and so on. In the UK and other Western countries, the most influential religion is Christianity. In people's hearts, God has the supreme powers. There are a lot of English idioms and God-related idioms. If God helps those who help themselves, Man proposes, God disposes. A common saying among the people curse God damn you, after the often dangerous said God bless you.(D) history and cultureHistory, culture refers to a specific historical development of culture formed by the precipitation of one of the important contents of historical allusion. Historical allusion is in the national historical and cultural treasure, with rich historical and cultural information. The story of Chinese idioms and more from the "Four Books", "Five Classics" or myths and legends, such as "mere copycat", "Mingluosunshan" and so on. The story of English idioms come from the "Bible" Greek and Roman mythology or the "Aesop's Fables," and so on, such as: Achilles' hell, a Pandora's box and so on.III. English and Chinese TranslationNumber of translation theorists, such as Rambo (Lam Bert) and Rennes (Robins) that: as a bilingual translator with the transition between activities, it is better to translate as exchanges between the two cultures. This shows that culture must be incorporated into the translation of the scope of study, WANG Zuo said: "The translator must be a real intellectuals. People all that he had to master both languages, do so: But, do not know Among the social and cultural language, no one can really master the language. "Translation ultimate goal is to achieve communication between different cultures, idioms translation should follow this principle. Nida said: "The best translation does not sound like a translation", Mr. Lu said before: "All translations must be balanced with both sides, a course for the sake of its easiness, a preserved original posture." The phrase translation concerned, is the literal translation of the literal translation can not be literal translation of the free translation, translation as far as readability and retention of primitive cultures to find the best balance between ensuring the maximum extent the cultural information contained in the original presentation to the President readers to "cultural fax" target. Practice, the translation of commonly used the following methods:(A) of the literal translationLiteral translation, language translation that does not contravene the norms, and Lenovo does not cause an error condition, to retain the original idiom in the translation of metaphor, image, and national, local color. Such as: A gentleman's agreement (gentlemen's agreement); Wall have ears (walls have ears); Terra Tragedy (to drain a pond to catch all the fish); predecessors trees, descendants cool (One generation plants the trees under whose trade another generation rests ). Literally be able to compare intact the image of the original idiom metaphor, national color, can enrich the target language vocabulary, the reader to experience a sense of freshness.(B) literal notation methodSome idioms, their relatively strong historical and cultural allusions, literally one must also add the necessary comments. Such as a Don Juan Don Juan. Merry prodigal means. Don Juan is the works of English poet Lord Byron's character, he is a brave, romantic knight. Now, he often used to refer to young people with these qualities. If these idioms literally out without explanation, the reader often difficult to understand its implication. Again, Chinese idiom "trespass": show off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter. If asked to explain in the second half without words, only the translation of Lu Ban, I am afraid I do not know the majority of British readers.(C) free translationFree translation means translation, not only to retain the original meaning of the method to retain the original forms of expression. When, due to cultural differences can not be literal, literal translation with footnotes too long, will destroy the idiom of simplicity and readability, the translation on the intended flexibility to convey intent. Such as English Idioms Two friends are hand in glove with each other (with hand, foot and pro), to snap and snarl at a kind-hearted man (dog bites play the part of people do not know well). Chinese Idioms with the cultural characteristics of many cases in the literal translation in English is difficult to reflect, often with free translation, although difficult to preserve the idiom of the culture and image, but it can reflect simple figurative idioms. Such as the facts speak for themselves Facts speak louder than words. Scapegoat hold the bag, Spoken Chinese, "scapegoat," saying that a person has done bad things and the responsibility falls to those who did not do bad things. English, regarded this situation as "holding the bag son" (hold the bag), It is worth noting: British and American people hold the bag while speaking may be the same people who make mistakes, it may not be implicated.(D) literal plus free translationIt should be noted, literal and free translation is relative, not an absolute limit. In many cases, to preserve the original image, and make accessible translation, English idioms can be part of the literal part of the free translation. Such as the phrase "mere copycat" wishful to Dong shi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrows in imitation of the famous beauty Xishi only to make herself uglier, English readers did not know beauties who are the people unable to understand its meaning.Increase the use of a literal paraphrase of the method, after the above paraphrase "blind imitation with ludicrous effect", its meaning will be clear of. In such a phrase in English "Even Homer sometimes nods", in the back of this idiom, the translator will add a "Even the wise are not always free from error", exactly corresponds to the Chinese proverb "The best is there must be a loss." (E) back translationA small part of the idiom, this comes from the source language, translation can be used when the source language idioms, such as an eye, an eye for eye, crocodile tears crocodile'stears, armed to the teeth armed to the teeth and so on.IV. ConclusionAs a unique language and cultural phenomenon, idioms and cultural information with a large load, is in English and Chinese language part of the richest cultural characteristics. As Lotman said: "There is no one language is not rooted in specific culture of; do not a culture not based on the structure of a natural language-centered." Idiom in the translation, the key is a good grasp of Chinese and their own culture in English, using the perspective of cultural differences flexibly according to the actual use of the appropriate translation, as far as possible to understand the national language and culture, and deep understanding of the significance of their own idiom, to make the translation of idioms in the realm of the highestReferences[1] Nida Eugene A. Toward a Science of Translating [M]. Leiden; 1964[2] Peter Newmark. Translation of [M], Shanghai, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001[3] package Hui Nam, Cultural Context and Language Translation [M], Beijing, China Translation and Publishing Corporation, 2001[4] Jinhui Kang, cross-cultural communication translation sequel [M], Beijing, China Translation and Publishing Company, 2004[5] Liu Qing Mi, translation aesthetics Introduction [M], Beijing, China Translation and Publishing Company, 2005[6] Lu Xun, "title undecided" grass [A], The Complete Works of Lu Xun [C], Luoyang, Henan People's Publishing House, 1994[7] Sun Huijun, ZHENG Qing-Zhu, Translation Studies in the Cultural Turn [J], Chinese translation, 2000, (5) :11-14[8] WANG Zuo, translation of cultural comparison [J], translation of communications, 1984 (1)[9] ZHANG Pei, Y u Yun-kan, Li Zongjie, etc., English-Chinese Translation [M], Shanghai,Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1980第二种翻译1 theory from the perspective of the cultural differences between English idiom translation of English idioms and the cultural differences[key words] culture differences idiom translation strategies[English] idioms as the essence of language, with strong historical and cultural accumulation, its production and use in their respective cultures show their respective features, idiom translation has been translated. From the perspective of cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms of this cultural differences affect, discusses how to translate the English idiom translation strategies flexibly, as in the original language culture readability and retain the best balance between.A, introductionIdioms (set phrases) is the idiomatic idioms (phrases), is a long-term practice and use in the process of refining the crystallization of language. Idioms usually comes from ancient classics, famous works, historical story, folklore, contains rich cultural information and has strong ethnic characteristics.English idioms are necessary, to deal with the contradiction of language and culture, not only to produce the idiom, rhetoric, image, overstepping languages will produce its cultural meaning. Such idiom "waiting", is one of China's ancient story, as if by a stump them waiting for a hare pull, can make a person. What if it is different than refuse and a windfall and trust or guys to express the meaning, although the cultural features of idioms, but has also disappeared is not acceptable. Visible, the key is translating English idioms by the cultural differences.Second, the Chinese idioms reflect the cultural differencesIf the language is a mirror reflects the culture as the core of language and the essence of the idiom is the crystallization of culture, concentration reflected their cultural differences. English and Chinese are the two completely different languages, reflects the two completely different culture. Culture is the earliest definition from Britain in human culture, historians Taylor definition: culture is a complex, including the general knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and the human in the society all ability and habits. Visible, culture is a very complicated system. Through the comparison, Chinese idioms reflect the cultural differences are mainly embodied in geographical environment, customs, religious belief and the historical culture from four aspects. (a) geography environment cultureNatural environment is human survival and development foundation, different natural environment for the formation and development of national culture has a different effect. China belongs to the typical continental environment, since the ancient times, is a strong country atmosphere is farming land, people's life in a crucial, there are quite a few Chinese land and agricultural production and related idiom. Such as "" face was ashy grey" miserly GuaTianLiXia ", etc. By the western isles narrow scope limits, land resources is very limited, in order to survive and develop, navigation, English is developed in the fishing boats and a lot of water, such as sailing for ailing (to) the flow stream (paintings go to one, "the very real water (above) to survive.(2) custom cultureCustom differences is one of the main aspects of cultural differences among the idiom, in more reflect, especially in the image on the animals. In Chinese and western culture in two completely opposite represents the image. In the traditional Chinese culture, the dragon, symbol of Chinese channel and the relevant idioms usually contains BaoYi. "These ChengXiang dragon", "etc. But in western myth and legend, the dragon is a long wings, can from my mouth fire monster feared. Therefore, in western culture, the dragon is usually a dragon, evil is often used to describe trespassed, boring person.(3) religious cultureAnd religious beliefs about the idiom is large in english-chinese phrases. Buddhism was introduced into China for over a thousand years of history, there are many buddhist shut idiom, such as "JieHuaXianFo" usually don't burn incense, cram ", etc. In Britain and other western countries, the biggest impact Christianity. In people's hearts, at the supreme spirit with. English idioms related with many of the idioms at. If at the else, proposes that a Man of disposes at that. People curse at people often say that a damn, after the dangerous site at often said bless.(4) history and cultureThe specific historical culture refers to the process of historical development, formed by precipitation of culture is one of the important contents of historical allusion. History is the national history and culture in allusion to treasure, contains rich historical and cultural information. The Chinese literary idioms from the four more "and" five or myths and legends, such as "attire", "MingLaSunShan", etc. English idioms from the story in the bible, Greek and Roman mythology or Aesop, such as: first, a Achilles' Pandora's box, etc.Third, the translation strategies in English idiomsSome translation theorist, such as rambo (Lam) and Ryan (Bert thought: the Robins) translation as a bilingual conversion between activity, as well as the translation is the communication between the two cultures. Thus culture must be attached to the English idiom translation studies WangZuoLiang range, said: "the translator must be a real sense of literacy. People all say, he must grasp two languages, indeed, but do not understand the language of social culture, who can truly mastered the language."Translation is the ultimate goal of the communication between different cultures, idiom translation should abide by the principle of more. Nida said: "maybe does not The sound like a Mr. Lu xun, maybe," said: "every translation, The two sides, one must learn The course for an easy solution, The charm of The original preserved." Idiom translation is concerned, the literal translation is the literal translation, not just in translation, and retain the original language culture readability, ensure the best balance between the maximum general text contained in the cultural information to thereaders, achieve the goal "cultural facsimile". Practice English idiom translation, usually use the following method:(a) literal translationLiteral translation, refers to the standard in the language and not cause errors in lenovo, under the condition of the translation of idioms parables, image and national and local color. Such as: A gentleman 's each (gentleman's agreement), Ears (even) acompanied by, The goose that lays the golden eggs to drain a pond (to catch the fish), Predecessors trees, plants the cool (One generation trees about what action under whose generation). Literal translation can be compared to preserve the integrity of the idiom, national figurative images, can enrich the vocabulary, enable readers to experience a kind of freshness.(2) method of charging literalSome idioms, its history and culture is strong allusion, still need to add the necessary comments. If a sulfonylurea Don Juan maps. For the romantic prodigal son. British poet maps Juan byron characters, he was a brave, knight. Now, he is often used to refer to the quality of the young. This idiom, if not explain, readers to understand its meaning very hard commonly. Be like again, Chinese idioms "to display:" one off the axe proficiency before Lu Ban paintings, master remodeling. If not in the second half part of language, the only explanation, most British Lu Ban Lu Ban for readers don't know who to this idiom, nature will understand.(3) free translationVerse only to translation of the original form of expression rather reserved. When due to cultural differences can add comments, literal translation too long, will destroy the idiom of simplicity and readability, translation, flexible and convey the original intention. If English idioms in turn makes five glove to kiss? They are (with brothers), a snap and kind hearted - snarl at man (dog lu dongbin of). Chinese idioms with national cultural characteristics in many cases in English with literal translation, free translation, and is often used to preserve idiom is the cultural features and image, and could reflect the idiom metaphor. Facts speak louder than words such as speak louder than words. Bag bag, enjoying the spoken Chinese "bag" means someone did wrong and responsibility in the dry, fell ill. This situation in English, "said BuDaiZi holding the bag pyramid.making" (note), the American people, both enjoying bag might be accomplice errors may be no involvement.JiaYi literal translation (4)Should notice, the literal and free translation is relative, not an absolute boundaries. In many cases, to maintain the original image, and to make the translation conveys, english-chinese phrases can be part of literal translation, part. Such idiom attire, with an ugly shi Dong translated, 'how, in imitation of sacrifices of major Xishi you how beauty herself uglier, English reader will not know who is due to understand its meaning. If you use literal translation and methods of translation "'ve mentioned and imitation after effect ", meaning ludicrous paintings will be clear at a glance. In English idioms have such a Homer sometimes nods for ", "in this expression, can add behind that are not the wise" as freely though they are free, just under the Chinese idioms "brebis comptees, le loup les mange.(5) to translationA small fraction of idioms from the source language, and can be used when the source language translation of idioms, as are an eye for an eye, crocodile tears are crocodile stears' armed to the teeth, armed to teeth.Four, closingAs a kind of unique cultural phenomenon, the language of the cultural information idioms have larger capacity, is the national language, English is the most rich national cultural characteristics of the part. As Lotman said: "without a language is rooted in specific culture; nor a culture is not a natural language structure for the center." In translation, the key is to grasp the idiom in English and Chinese culture, the use of their cultural difference Angle according to the actual situation of the flexible using appropriate translation, as the national language and culture, and understand the profound understanding idiom, to make itself the idiom translation reach the highest realm. ReferencesEugene Nida [1] A day to train A Translating of Leiden; [j]. 1964[2] Peter Newmark, translation [M], discussed in Shanghai, Shanghai foreign language education press, 2001[3] BaoHui south, cultural context and language translation [M], Beijing, China's translation and publishing company, 2001[4] JinHuiKang, XuBian intercultural translation [M], Beijing, China's translation and publishing company, 2004[5] translation aesthetics, Peter [M], Beijing, China, 2005, translation and publishing company[6], "lu xun's problem is" grass, lu xun's essays [A] [C], complete in luoyang, henan people's press, 1994[7], SunHuiJun ZhengQingZhu, previous studies of the cultural turn [J], Chinese translation, 2000, (5) : 11-14[8] wang zuoliang, who the culture [J], translation, 1984 (1)[9] YuYunGen coursebook, LiZongJie, etc, the english-chinese translation [M], tutorials, Shanghai foreign language education press, 1980谢谢下载，祝您生活愉快！。
