英汉词语对比与翻译

中文常见成语的英文翻译与英汉差异爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见One look is worth a thousand words.比上不足，比下有余To fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.不遗余力Spare no effort; go all out; do one's best.不打不成交No discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙Rob Peter to pay Paul.辞旧迎新Bid farewell to the old and usher in the new.大事化小，小事化了Try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all.大开眼界Broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener.国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace.过犹不及Going beyond the limit is as bad as falling short;excess is just as bad as deficiency;too much is as bad as too little.好了伤疤忘了疼Once on shore, one prays no more.好事不出门，坏事传千里Bad news travels fast.和气生财Harmony brings wealth;friendliness is conducive to business success.活到老学到老Never too old to learn.既往不咎Let bygones be bygones.金无足赤，人无完人There are spots even on the sun.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home.脚踏实地Be down-to-earth.脚踩两只船Sit on the fence; be a fence-sitter; have a foot in either camp. 君子之交淡如水A hedge between keeps friendship green.已成定局Cut and dried.礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.马到成功Achieve immediate victory; win instant success.名利双收Gain both fame and wealth.茅塞顿开Be suddenly enlightened.没有规矩，不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away. 谋事在人，成事在天Man proposes; God disposes.弄巧成拙Make a fool of oneself in trying to be smart.赔了夫人又折兵Suffer a double loss; lose the bait along with the fish.抛砖引玉A modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a mackerel.破釜沉舟Cut off all means of retreat；burn one's own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end.抢得先机Take the preemptive opportunities.巧妇难为无米之炊One can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下A thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step.前事不忘，后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前怕狼，后怕虎Fear wolves ahead and tigers behind; hesitate in doing something.强龙难压地头蛇The mighty dragon is no match for the native serpent.瑞雪兆丰年A fall of seasonal snow gives promise of a fruitful year.人逢喜事精神爽People are in high spirits when involved in happy events.世上无难事，只怕有心人Where there is a will, there is a way.世外桃源A retreat away from the turmoil of the world.人之初，性本善Humans are born good.上有天堂，下有苏杭Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth 塞翁失马，焉知非福A blessing in disguise;Every cloud has a silver lining.三十而立A man should be independent at the age of thirty. /At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself.水涨船高A ship rises with the tide时不我待Time and tide wait for no man.杀鸡用牛刀Use a steam-hammer to crack nuts.实事求是Seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts.说曹操，曹操到Speak of the devil.实话实说Speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is.实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.韬光养晦Hide one's capacities and bide one's time.糖衣炮弹Sugar-coated bullets.天有不测风云Anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue.团结就是力量Unity is strength.跳进黄河洗不清Even if one jumped into the Yellow River, one can not wash oneself clean - there's nothing one can do to clear one's name歪风邪气Unhealthy trends and vulgar practices.物以类聚，人以群分Birds of a feather flock together.望子成龙Hold high hopes for one's child.唯利是图Seek nothing but profits; be blind to all but one's own interests.无中生有A sheer fabrication out of nothing; fabricate rumors out of thin air.无风不起浪There are no waves without wind. Nothing comes of nothing.徇私枉法Twist the law to suit one's own purpose.新官上任三把火A new broom sweeps clean.蓄势待发Accumulate strength for a take-off.心想事成May all your wish come true.心照不宣Have a tacit understanding; thoroughly understand each other, without havingexchanged a word of explanation.先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强He who strikes first gains the advantage.The best defense is offense.热锅上的蚂蚁Ants on a hot pan现身说法Warn people by taking oneself as an example.息事宁人Pour oil on troubled waters; patch up a quarrel and reconcile the parties concerned. 循序渐进Proceed in an orderly way and step by step; advance gradually in due order.严以律己，宽以待人Be strict with oneself and lenient with others.有情人终成眷属Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well.有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go./ Money talks.有识之士A man of insight.有勇无谋Bold but not crafty.有缘千里来相会Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.与时俱进Keep pace with the times.以人为本People-oriented.因材施教Teach students according to their aptitude.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼To ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther.欲速则不达Haste makes waste.More haste, less speed.优胜劣汰Survival of the fittest.英雄所见略同Great minds think alike.冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies.冤假错案Cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases.一言既出，驷马难追A promise is a promise.A real man never goes back on his words.招财进宝Bring in wealth and treasure.债台高筑Become debt-ridden.众矢之的Target of public criticism.纸上谈兵Be an armchair strategist.纸包不住火You can't wrap fire in paper.What's done by night appears by day.左右为难Caught in a dilemma; between the devil and the deep blue sea.英语学习应注意的英汉差异英语重形合(hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(parataxis) 。

英汉词语搭配对比与翻译作者：马瑞敏来源：《卷宗》2013年第07期摘要：词语搭配是否恰当与语言表达的准确性息息相关。

语言不同，词语搭配也不相同，但是也是有一些相同之处。

每种语言都有自己不同的语音、语义、语法系统。

语言表达中的词组造句应该符合该语言使用民族的文化习惯。

在英汉两种语言中，词汇的搭配既有相似之处，也有不同之处，本文对英汉词汇搭配中的相同之处和不同之处进行简要的对比，在此基础上对其差异进行分析。

关键词：英汉词语搭配；搭配习惯；差异分析1 英汉词语搭配词汇是语言的重要组成部分，通常词与词联合起来才能发挥出它们的作用。

词与词的经常性联合，就形成了词语的搭配。

菲斯（ Firth）认为“理解一个词要看它的结伴关系（you shall know a word by the company it keeps）”，某些词经常和某些词共现，它们这种“mutual expectancy of words”形成了搭配关系。

2 英汉词汇搭配的相同之处2.1 英语中“形容词/名词+名词”与汉语中的偏正结构相同在这里的偏正结构主要指表限定关系的结构。

例如：a formidable task艰难的任务。

英语中有很多名词作定语的情况，这也是当代英语简略走向的反映，但这样的搭配翻译成汉语时，有必要做一些调整。

例如：shoe habit穿鞋习惯。

2.2 英语中“动词+名词”与汉语中的述宾结构相同在这里述宾结构主要是表支配关系的。

例如：They annulled their marriage last year.（解除婚约）2.3 英语中“名词+动词”与汉语中表主谓的结构相同例如：blood circulate血液循环bombs explode炸弹爆炸2.4 英语中“动词+副词”与汉语中“副词+动词”相同They were arguing heatedly over unemployment.（激烈辩论）从上述例子中可以看出英语中的词汇搭配“动词+副词”与汉语中的词汇搭配“副词+动词”相似。

第三章：英汉词汇对比与翻译英汉两种言分属印欧语系和汉藏语系，英语是拼音文字，汉语是表意文字，两者之间存在着很大的差异。

这种差异首先反映在词汇上。

与翻译关系比较密切的因素主要包括词义、词形、和词的音律和节奏等。

3.1英汉语的词义对比与翻译说到翻译，人们自然会想到词的选择。

有人以为手持一本英汉词典和一本汉英词典就可以翻译了。

这是一种非常幼稚的想法。

这不仅是因为翻译牵涉到诸多非语言因素，如文化知识和科学常识等，而且还因为英语和汉语和词汇之间本身就有着很大的差别。

这种差别首先表现在词义上。

英国语言学家利奇把最广义的意义划分为七种不同的类型：外延意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义、反映意义、搭配意义和主题意义。

除了主题意义外，其他六种意义都与词义密切相关。

显然，词典告诉我们的主要是词的外延意义，如“土地”、“红色”、和“荷花”在英语中分别为earth、 red和 lotus flower，而它们的其他意义则不大可能作全面的反映。

可以毫不夸张地说，除了科技词汇外，英语和汉语中几乎没有两个词在所有的意义和用法上是完全对等的。

具体而言，英汉词汇在意义上主要有以下区别：1 词汇的意义范围（semantic scope）不一样，如英语中的kill 一词和汉语中的“杀”就相去甚远。

例如：1 Japanesekilled millions of innocent people during the war.army在那场战争中日本军队屠杀了成百上千万无辜的平民。

2) Three men were killed in the accident.有三个男子在事故中丧生。

3) The engine was killed by the flood.汽车的引擎由于大水而熄了火。

4) Your joke nearly killed me.你的笑话真是笑死人。

5) I’m reading this book just to kill time.我读这本书只是为了消磨时间。

英汉词语对比与翻译--- 系统、语义及其他词类在英汉语中使用的频率有差异1.我成功了。

I was in success.2. The old man cast impatient glances at the clock. 这位老师不耐烦地看了看钟。

3.他初出茅庐，没有什么经验。

He is a green hand4. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together.一进门，我就想起来了被我摔碎的娃娃。

我摸索着走到壁炉跟前，捡起了碎片。

A Contrastive Study ofEnglish and Chinese --- 英汉语对比研究人到齐就开会。

The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云。

Don’t say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。

The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。

The problem was solved.你再说一个字，我马上走。

If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了，我去当和尚。

If you should die, I would go and be a monk.1．人在阵地在。

The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.(Condition 条件)2．人无远虑，必有近忧。

If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.(Condition 条件)3．病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。

英汉词汇对比20150414⏹词汇的结构（对称性与非对称性)⏹词汇的意义⏹词汇的表达能力⏹词汇的形态与翻译⏹词汇的准确理解⏹词汇的准确表达Warm-up⏹1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ]⏹1)晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

⏹2) His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.⏹2）主人的冷遇使得他更加不舒服。

Warm-up3) The thought that she would be separated from his husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.⏹布朗太太一想到丈夫要踏上那漫长而危险的旅途而自己又不能跟他一起去，（心里）不禁感到难过。

4) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, across the veranda, and into the porch.词汇的结构⏹英语词汇的形态变化丰富，词缀多且构词能力强。

包括：内部形态变化和外部形态变化。

⏹内部形态变化是指通过添加前缀或后缀方式构成意义不同的新词汇。

⏹大多数的前缀只起着构成新词汇的作用。

⏹如，形容词前加un-,non-,im-,ir-构成新词，表示否定意义。

⏹后缀不仅能构成新词，还能改变词性。

⏹如，形容词前添加-en, 变成动词。

某些动词后面添加-er或者-or构成名词，表示某一类人。

英汉语言翻译的比较英汉语言翻译的比较导语：翻译涉及到两种语言的转换，涉及到两种语言在表达某一文本的同一个内容时的各种表达方式。

这些表达方式，有的是相似的，有的是有差别的。

下面本文将从词汇、句子结构、篇章及文化四个方面对英汉两种语言差异进行对比分析。

一、英汉词汇对比与翻译英国翻译理论家Newmark曾说：“文本翻译的大多数工作都是在词汇层面上完成的”。

许多学习者在翻译时逐字逐句地把汉语翻译成对应的英语，从而导致“中国式英语”现象的频繁发生，其根本原因是受到了汉语的干扰。

英汉词汇可以从以下几个角度进行对比：(一)词义比较1.词的多义性英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较广，词义对上下文的依赖性较大，而汉语词义比较严谨，凝滞，词的含义范围比较窄，词的意义比起英语词义对上下文的依赖性比较少。

英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性较强的语言。

Eric Partridge: Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.(词本无义，义随人意。

)英语词义灵活，突出地表现为一词多义。

例如：“story”这个词，汉语的词义是“故事”，但在英语中，在不同的上下文中却有不同的词义。

如：2.抽象与具体英语表达中常使用抽象名词，这类名次涵义抽象笼统，往往给人以一种“虚、暗、曲、隐”的感觉。

而汉语用语倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的.内容，并给人以一种“实、明、直、显”的感觉。

3.静态与动态英语常用静态词汇，具体体现在较多的适用名词和形容词。

而汉语则多使用动态词汇。

如：He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃又能睡。

4.构词法(1)英语主要构词法有派生、转化和合成三种，汉语主要有派生、转化、合成、重叠四种。

(2)英语派生可用于名词、动词、形容词等，汉语派生只用于名词。

(3)重叠是汉语主要构词法之一，英语则无重叠法。