下载文档原格式
Unit 2•评估母乳喂养的锐减程度•assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding•不良改变的诱发因素•the major factors responsible for the negative change•就住房和一般生活成本而言•in terms of housing and general cost of living•被奶瓶文化所取代•give way to the “bottle culture”•补充其他食物be supplemented with other foods•对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响•Militate against prolonged breast-feeding•宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织•complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors•把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响•attribute the negative change to attitudes and influences imported from the developed world•不符合母亲的营养意识•fall short of the mother’s nutritional awareness•等同于极端的个人及社会贫困•be synonymous with extreme individual and community povertyTask 1 (Page 32)1. D2. C3. E4. A5. B6. L7. K8. O 9. J 10. N 11. F 12. M 13. M 14. HTask 2 (Page 33)1) The report attempts to evaluate current maternal perceptions of infant-feedingamong different ethnic, religious, cultural, and socio-economic groups in Nigeria. The research questions include: What is the current situation of the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria? What are the major factors responsible for the negative change? How to institute corrective educational measures? (B) 2) The metropolitan Lagos is heterogeneous in its ethnic and socio-economic composition. (B)3) Most of the earlier reports attributed the negative change to attitudes andinfluences imported from the developed world and the preference for bottle-feeding by the urbanized African. (L)4) For most Nigerians, urban existence means extreme individual and communitypoverty. Implicit in this is a great pressure on mothers to spend more time trying to augment the family income at the expense of caring adequately for their children. (M)5) Childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s livesthan ignorance on the mother’s part. (N)Task 3 (Page 42)1. h2. j3. m4. n5. q6. v7. u8. a9. t 10. b 11. s 12. l 13. c 14. d 15. r 16. p 17. e 18. o 19. k 20. i 21. g 22. f 23. wTask 41) The government accorded him the rank of Colonel.授予，给予 present with, grant, confer, give, render2) She did not understand the dimension of her plight.方面 scope, extent3) Today his company continues to thrive.兴旺，繁荣 flourish, bloom, prosper, grow rich4) The discrepancy between press and radio reports is obvious.差异difference, disparity, divergence, disagreement, dissimilarity, incongruity, contradiction, inconsistency, incongruousness, discordance5) None of these buildings are noteworthy for their architecture.值得关注的，重要的，显著的great, magnitudinous, important, notable, signif icant, exceptional, towering, extraordinary, outstanding, remarkable6) We will institute some legal proceedings against the company.开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）initiate, introduce, originate, launch, start, begin7) She keeps extolling his managerial skills.赞美 acclaim, praise, pay tribute to, glorify, applaud, compliment8) They attribute their success to external causes such as luck.归因于 ascribe, assign, credit9) The heterogeneous society of today should be taken into account.各种各样的 varied, mixed, diversified, assorted, diverse10) The great virtue of camping is its cheapness.优点 plus, strength, advantage, asset, benefit, merit11) Going grey is not necessarily synonymous with growing old.等同于 equivalent to, identical to, equal to, the same as, identified with, tantamount to, similar to12) She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child.难以抑制的，强烈的 overpowering, strong, compelling, uncontrollable, compulsive, irresistible, forceful, powerfulThe most formal ones are: disparity, ascribe, augment, incongruity, acclaim, initiate, burgeon, compelling, confer, pay tribute to, incongruous, tantamount to, discordance, compulsive, identi- fied with, assorted, meritTask 5 (Page 44)1) At least 29% of the families had incomes below N 2oo every month, which was muchlower than the minimum required living in a city ranked among the most expensive in the world when it comes to housing and general cost of living.2) As could be clearly seen from the present study, there was a wide gap betweenwomen’s actual infant-feeding practice and their opinions on what the practice should be like. In most of the cases the mothers’ nutritional awareness is better than their actual practice, and this is contradictory to the widely held beliefs that those illiterate and urbanized women suffer from inappropriate counseling.3) Most of the earlier reports believe that people’s attitudes change negativelybecause of the influences from the developed world and the preference of bottle-feeding to breast-feeding by the urbanized African. Clearly such explanations are too simple and only suit a small number of people for they neglect the harsh realities of urban existence, which makes it diff icult for the mothers to prolong breast-feeding.Task 6 (Page 44)Main idea: Research shows that childhood malnutrition is more a result of objective conditions of people’s lives than ignorance on the mother’s part.Task 7 (Page 45)The major objective of the research paper is to assess the extent of decline in breast-feeding as well as the factors responsible for the negative change, and measures to tackle the problem. The study sample comprised 558 randomly selected women residents in Surulere, Nigeria. An interview was conducted by a standard questionnaire to obtain information. Research shows that the decline in breast-feeding in Nigeria is mainly due to the harsh realities of urban existence, which means extreme individual and community poverty. The current trend will not be reversed if the major structural defect of urban life in the developing world is not eliminated or controlled. Much can be done to educate the mothers on the use of hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.Task 10 (Page 45)Breastfeeding Faces Challenges in ChinaUrbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specif ic condition at a set time, i.e. the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So the term urbanization can represent the level of urban development relative to overall population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is increasing.Upon hearing her baby wail, Zhang Shuyi finds herself at her wit’s end. Although she was previously confident that she would be able to breastfeed her child properly, she worries that she might not be able to give her baby enough milk.After giving birth to her son two years ago, 35-year-old Zhang, a doctor at the Capital Institute of Pediatrics in Beijing has continued to practice exclusive breastfeeding in strict accordance with international standards.Task 12 (Page 54)1) Para K Its topic sentence: Complex interactions between broad economic and socio-cultural factors inf luence infant-feeding practices in the developing countries.2) Para O Its topic sentence: Perhaps more lasting benefits will be achieved by emphasizing the education of mothers on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods.Academic Survival SkillsTask 1 (Page 58)Question 2S trong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that “for most Nigerians, urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty” for the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children. W eak author version: For most Nigerians, the great economic pressure on the mothers leave them little time to care adequately for their children, thus “urban existence is synonymous with extreme individual and community poverty”(Anyanwu, 1985).Question 3 Strong author version: Anyanwu (1985) claimed that it would be better if emphasis could be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally availab le staple foods.” Weak author version: It will be better if emphasis can be put on the education of mothers “on how to prepare and use hygienically acceptable supplementary foods from relatively inexpensive but nutritious locally available staple foods” (A nyanwu, 1985).Task 2 (Page 59)1) Direct quotation. 2) The original source is quoted with a brief explanation in the beginning of the sentence. 3) The original source is quoted with the author’s comment inserted in the middle of the sentence.Task 3 (Page 59)A summary is much shorter than the original source for it only contains the main idea, omitting the details, while a paraphrase is usually the same length as the original source, making changes in vocabulary and structures about some diff icult words and expressions.Task 4 (Page 60)2) Chinese big cities suffer from congestion due to the steadily increasing number of vehicles.3) Some complex sentences may be meaningless.4) Learners are active for they attempt to learn from their experiences.5) Some educators believe that the choice of major makes the biggest difference for students entering college, while others think differently.6) Social networking services (SNS) has changed the way people socialize.7) H irshi and Gottfredson advance the theory of “self-control” to explain people’s propensity to commit or refrain from crimes.Task 6 (Page 64)Paragraph 2 Summary: Gordon and Taylor argue that the difficulties experienced by people with writing will become easier if they learn to deal with their reactions to it appropriately.Paragraph 3 Summary: Frick argues that education has been signif icantly changed by technology at some major turning points in history. The f irst example was the primitive modes of communication in prehistoric times.Paragraph 4 Summary: Hewitt believes that acts of academic dishonesty undermine the validity of the measure of learning.Paragraph 5 Summary: Edelso argues that besides natural resources, there are more important factors determining the wealth of people—the fundamental political andlegal institutions of a nation. 典型的焊接缺陷：未焊透。
学术英语读写教程下册unit2 Unit 2 of the Academic English Reading and Writing Tutorial focuses on the topic of culture and identity. This unit introduces students to the concept of culture, its impact on individual and collective identity, and how these concepts are explored and analyzed through academic texts. The unit also provides students with strategies for effective reading and writing practices.To start, the unit begins by offering an overview of what culture is and why it is important. Students are encouraged to think critically about the definition of culture and its different dimensions, including beliefs, customs, values, and artifacts. The unit emphasizes the significance of understanding cultural diversity and its role in shaping individuals and societies.Next, students are guided through various academic texts that delve into different aspects of culture and identity. These texts range from scholarly articles and case studies to personal narratives and cultural analyses. Each reading is accompanied by comprehension questions and critical thinking exercises, encouraging students to engage with the materials and develop their analytical skills.In addition to reading, the unit also focuses on developing students' writing skills. Students are introduced to the structure and components of an academic essay, including the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. They are taught how to effectively organize their ideas and support their arguments with evidence from the texts.Furthermore, the unit emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and academic integrity. Students are encouraged to evaluate the credibility and reliability of sources, and to properly cite and reference any information they use in their own writing. This promotes academic integrity and helps students develop their research skills.Throughout the unit, students are provided with exercises and activities that help reinforce the concepts and skills they have learned. These activities include group discussions, brainstorming sessions, and peer editing exercises. The unit also includes a variety of vocabulary-building exercises, helping students expand their academic vocabulary related to culture and identity.Overall, Unit 2 of the Academic English Reading and Writing Tutorial offers students a comprehensive understanding of culture and identity and equips them with essential reading and writing strategies. By engaging with a variety of academic texts, students are able to develop their critical thinking skills, expand their academic vocabulary, and strengthen their ability to communicate their ideas effectively in writing.。
Unit 1Language building-upTask 1/Specialized vocabulary1. 饲料经销商；饲料批发商2. 为他自己的收益而工作3. 技能与劳动力4. 制造塑料5. 私人交易6. 包装并定价7. 无形之手1. priced2. labor3. transactions4. gain5. labor; manufactured6. invisible hand7. distributorTask 2/Signpost language1. Today, in millions of homes across the nation, God will be thanked for many gifts, for the feast on the table and the company of loved ones, for health and good fortune in the year gone by, for peace privilege of having been born, or having become —American(Line 2, Para.1).2. And yet, isn't there something wondrous, —something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4)3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one, —or more likely, a few dozen—waiting. (Line 3, Para.6)Task 3/Formal English1. very many2. buying or selling3. a large group of4. more huge5. understand6. troubledUnit 2Language buildingTask 1:Part 1:1)无形之手；2）自由企业制度3）股东4）经济体制5）开发产品和服务6）市场力量；市场调节作用7）金融机构8）严重衰退9）破产10）mission11）stock price12）corporate motto13）assets14）maximize profits 15）financial systemPart 2：1)market forces2）financial institutions 3）free enterprise system 4）deep institutions5）invisible hand6）stockholder7）profit maximization 8）economic system Task 2：1.and；2.Another；3. also；4. Not only；but；5. otherTask 31. understanding；2. agree with；3. forces…to be accepted;4. bad5. purpose6. charitable ;7. given;8.famous.Unit 3Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1) 充满敬畏与感激；2）与外部世界隔离3）陷入绝境4）易感抑郁5）恢复体能6）界定性特征7）暂时的挫败8）不因挫败而心烦意乱9）竞选权位10）吹着欢快的曲调Part 2：1)bout 2）validated3）squabble 4）aptitude5）platitude 6）debilitate7）reassuring 8）undermine9）ruminate 10）martialTask 2：1.contrasting；2.in contrast；3. However；4. different；5. on the other hand6. in the opposite way7.howeverTask 31. full of；2. becomes alert and energetic3. keeping thinking about4. been left in hopelessness5. likely to suffer from6. not disturbed7. saying something that people are quite familiar with8. officially approvedUnit 4Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. green movement2. protected areas3. extinction of animals and plants4. wild fish stocks5. make clean power6. save resources7. 培育生物多样性8. 控制污染9. 阻止对生态体系的破坏10. 扩大清洁产业11. 集体世界观12. 生态经济Part 2：1. Embedding a narrative that moves us on from protecting nature from people to protecting nature for people is an essential part of this reframing. (Para.6)If such a narrative is to gain practical effect, then looking after nature must urgently be seen as not only an environmental challenge, but also an economic one. (Para.7)The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)When it comes to economics and ecology there is plenty of good thinking already done. (Para.8) The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating key words such as economic, economics.Task 3 Formal language1. unchangeable; increasing2. control3. effort; charitable4. pleasant detail5. complicated6. change7. Changing8. importantUnit 5Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. having a mind2.behave as if you understand3.what and how we know4.inside;reflectsMentalist Dbehaviorist BEpistemologist Aphenomenologist CPart 21. psychological2.spiritual3.behaviour4.phenomenologist5.perplexity6.mentallyTask 2：…,classified…This class of…The class of……a less severe label…The huge classTask 31. what we imagine about computers today2.we have broken the distinction between ???3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response4. you have the same reason for thinking that M had a mind.5. (The reason you believe your mother has a mind is based) not on your prejudice6. as groundless as believing that computers have mindUnit 6Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. 数学化，数字处理2. 计算机辅助设计3. 统计4. 基因组学5. 运筹学6. 优化组合7. 概率8. 数据库Part 2：1. database2. CAD3. statistics4. probability5. optimization6. genomics7. mathematization8. Operations researchTask 2：1. Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extended from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:…(Line 1,para.8,Text A)2. Admittedly this is rather vague, but it will clarify a bit as I go on and mention a few of the manyexamples that Baker gives:…(Line 8, para.10, Text A)Task 3 Formal language1. exists2. included3. explained4. model5. get6. environment7. knowledgeable person; in which8. until now9. fix ideas of (caution) in one’s mindUnit 7Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. -h2.-f3.-a4.-j5.-i6.-b7.-d8.-g9.-c10.-ePart 2：1. To achieve professional development isimportant as a means to the end of becoming an expert and gaining more flexibility and independence2. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictor of a person's life satisfaction3. An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about”4. The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay5. Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV programTask 2：1. The present perfect tense（现在完成时）emphasizes that people’s conception about what money can bring them has changed greatly2. The tense switches from the present to the past to manifest that an example is given3.The tense switches between the present and the past to produce a comparison of different interpretations of a “calling”in different timesTask 3 Formal language1. pour heart and soul into :spare no efforts,try one's bestwhat will stimulate\encourage a worker to try his best in making good products?2. lure：temptationgrueling：working exhaustedlyPeople are no longer so tempted by the dream of becoming rich by working exhaustedly 80 hours a week for several years in a humble position3. lowly job：humble jobrecrafted：turnedHe might be doing a humble job，but he would turn it into a great mission4. entails：requiresA career requires more devotion to work5. contributing to：being beneficial toconnotation：implicationPeople who regard their work as a calling\great mission think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society，and therefore it's quite proper to say that a mission\calling implies something similar to religious beliefsUnit8Task 1 Specialized vocabulare1. cultural tradition 文化传统2. social stability 社会稳定3. distinct identity 鲜明特色4. edge effect 边缘效应5. organic evolution 有机界进化6. mutual respect 相互尊重7.political correctness 政治正确性anic evolution2. mutual respect3. Edge effect4. social stability5. political correctness6. cultural tradition7. distinct identityTask 2 Signpost language1. Through; through; through2. not just; but3. first4. second5. next6. final7.not only; but alsoTask 3 Formal English1. develop2. combined3. skillful performers4. obvious5. friendly6. getting rid of7. combine8. changed9. imagine10. a large number ofUnit 9Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 D 医疗2 J 基因分型3 F 内窥镜检查4 A 生物技术5 H 诊断6 C 分子的7 I 治疗方案8 E 医生9 G 外科医生的；手术的10 B 胶囊1 diagnosis2 surgical3 Biotechnology4 healthcare5 protocols6 molecularTask 2 Signpost language1 known as2 referred to as3 call4 describe5 meanTask 3 Formal English1 increases2 marked3 arrival/ coming4 replaced5 move away6 filledUnit 10Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 b2 k3 f4 j5 g6 i7 e8 c9 h10 a11 d1 syntactic patterns2 Language faculty3 neural system4 underlying logic5 evolutionary adaptation6 formal instruction7 mental organ8 natural selectionTask 2 Signpost language1 for2 led to3 because4 Therefore5 Therefore6 because; because7 SoTask 3 Formal English1 explanation/interpretation; impacts2 is present all over; analyze/explain/interpret。
第二单元商业道德Text A努力追求平衡尤金·F·布里格姆，乔尔·F·休斯敦1776年，亚当·斯密描述了“看不见的手”是如何指导公司获取利益，并指导他们做出有益于社会的决定。
通过经验和感悟，亚当·斯密总结出利益最大化是一个企业的正确目标，并且自由企业制度是对社会最有利的。
但是1776年以来，世界开始改变了。
现在公司的规模更大，采用全球化经营模式，它们有成千上万的员工，并且公司有成百万的股东。
这让我们怀疑是否“看不见的手”仍然能够提供可靠的指导，公司是否应该继续追求利益最大化，或者他们是否应该放宽眼界，采取更加均衡的行动来使顾客、员工、供应商和社会共同受益？今天的大多数学者都认同以下修订版本的亚当·斯密理论：∙一个公司的首要目标应该是使股东的财富最大化，这就意味着股值的最大化。
∙从整体来看，自由企业仍然是对国家最有益的经济体系。
在自由企业的机制下，公司生产顾客需要的、对社会有益的产品和服务。
∙然而，一些限制也是必要的——公司不应当造成空气污染和水污染，不应当存在不正当的雇佣行为，也不应通过垄断来剥削消费者。
这些限制有多种表现形式。
通过政治手段，社会强制推行一系列规章制度以防止公司参与有害社会的活动。
另一种限制是根据公司危害社会的程度来估算其应付出的代价。
操作合理的话，这些费用将公平合理地把价值转移到受害方并激励防止未来再有类似事件发生。
最近两件事戏剧性地例证了这些观点。
第一，许多在华尔街上的公司参与了非常有风险的活动，这些活动使金融体系在2007年和2008年濒临崩溃。
挽救这个金融系统需要银行和其他财务集团的紧急援助，而这个紧急援助不仅花费了大量纳税人的钱，而且造成了更严重的经济衰退。
除了强加在社会上的巨大成本，金融企业也付出了沉重的代价——许多领头金融机构的股价大幅下跌，其中一些破产退出了市场，还有许多华尔街高管失去了工作。
最近，在2010年，英国石油公司（BP）的石油在墨西哥湾大量泄漏对墨西哥地区的环境和经济造成了恶劣的影响。
