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01、何为基因毒性杂质基因毒性杂质（或遗传毒性杂质，Genotoxic Impurity，GTI）是指能直接或间接损害DNA，引起DNA突变、染色体断裂、DNA重组及DNA 复制过程中共价键结合或插入，导致基因突变或癌症的物质（如卤代烷烃、烷基磺酸酯类等）。
潜在基因毒性杂质（Potential Genotoxic Impurity ，PGI）结构中含有与基因毒性杂质反应活性相似的基团（如肼类、环氧化合物、N-亚硝胺类等），通常也作为基因毒性杂质来评估。
基因毒性杂质主要来源于原料药合成过程中的起始物料、中间体、试剂和反应副产物。
此外，药物在合成、储存或者制剂过程中也可能会降解产生基因毒性杂质。
除此之外，有些药物通过激活正常细胞而产生基因毒性物质导致突变，如化疗药物顺铂等。
02、何为基因毒性杂质“警示结构”由于杂质结构的多样性，一般很难进行归类，因此，在缺乏安全性数据支持的情况下，法规和指导原则采用“警示结构”用来区分普通杂质和基因毒性杂质。
所谓“警示结构”，是指杂质中的特殊基团可能与遗传物质发生化学反应，诱导基因突变或者染色体断裂，因此具有潜在的致癌风险。
对于含有警示结构的杂质，应当进行（Q）SAR预测和体内外遗传毒性和致癌性研究，或者将杂质水平控制在毒理学关注阈值（TTC）之下。
但是含有警示结构并不能说明该杂质一定具有遗传毒性，而确认有遗传毒性的物质也不一定会产生致癌作用。
杂质自身性质和结构特点会对其毒性产生抑制或调节作用。
警示结构的重要性在于它提示了可能存在的遗传毒性和致癌性，为进一步的杂质安全性评价与控制指明方向。
（关于基因毒杂质警示结构的详细信息可参考欧盟发布的警示结构《Development ofstructure alerts for the in vivo micronucleus assay in rodents》）。
03、基因毒性杂质严格控制的必要性基因毒性杂质最主要的特点是在极低浓度时即可造成人体遗传物质的损伤，导致基因突变并促使肿瘤发生。
ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE(MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TOLIMIT POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制M7Current Step 4 versiondated 23 June 2014This Guideline has been developed by the appropriate ICH Expert Working Group and has been subject to consultation by the regulatory parties, in accordance with the ICH Process. At Step 4 of the Process the final draft is recommended for adoption to the regulatory bodies of the European Union, Japan and USA.M7Document History 文件历史The document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. In no event shall the ICH or the authors of the original document be liable for any claim, damages or other liability arising from the use of the document.The above-mentioned permissions do not apply to content supplied by third parties. Therefore, for documents where the copyright vests in a third party, permission for reproduction must be obtained from this copyright holder.ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE (MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO LIMIT POTENTIALCARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制ICH Harmonised Tripartite GuidelineICH三方协调指南Having reached Step 4 of the ICH Process at the ICH Steering Committee meeting on 5 June 2014, this Guideline is recommended for adoption to the three regulatory parties to ICHASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE (MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO LIMIT POTENTIALCARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制1. INTRODUCTION概述The synthesis of drug substances involves the use of reactive chemicals, reagents, solvents, catalysts, and other processing aids. As a result of chemical synthesis or subsequent degradation, impurities reside in all drug substances and associated drug products. While ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances and Q3B(R2): Impurities in New Drug Products (Ref. 1, 2) provides guidance for qualification and control for the majority of the impurities, limited guidance is provided for those impurities that are DNA reactive. The purpose of this guideline is to provide a practical framework that is applicable to the identification, categorization, qualification, and control of these mutagenic impurities to limit potential carcinogenic risk. This guideline is intended to complement ICH Q3A(R2), Q3B(R2) (Note 1), and ICH M3(R2): Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorizations for Pharmaceuticals (Ref. 3).原料药合成牵涉到使用活性化学物质、试剂、溶剂、催化剂和其它工艺助剂，导致在所有原料药及其制剂中会残留有化学合成或其降解产物、杂质。
遗传毒性杂质遗传毒性：泛指各种因素（物理、化学因素）与细胞或生物体的遗传物质发生作用而产生的毒性。
1、致突变性：与DNA相互作用产生直接潜在的影响，使基因突变（bacteria reverse mutation（Ames）试验）2、致癌性：具有致癌可能或倾向（需要长期研究！）3、警示结构特征：一些特殊的结构单元具有与遗传物质发生化学反应的能力，会诱导基因突变或者导致染色体重排或断裂，具有潜在的致癌风险。
遗传毒性物质：在很低的浓度下即可诱导基因突变以及染色体的断裂和重排，因此具有潜在的致癌性。
EMA通告（1）、具体事项：1、哪些品种中会出现甲磺酸酯（或甲磺酸烷基酯）。
特别是甲磺酸盐等形式的API或其合成中用到甲磺酸的API，甲磺酸烷基酯-甲磺酸甲酯、乙酯、其它低级醇酯，应认定为潜在杂质。
2、羟乙基磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐的API。
应说明类似物质磺酸烷基酯或芳基酯污染的危险。
3、限度要求：无其它毒性数据时，这些高风险杂质应依据TTC设定限度。
1.5μg÷以g为单位的最大日剂量得ppm限度。
4、法律依据：EP专论要求凡以甲磺酸盐和羟乙基磺酸盐形式存在的API，均应在其生产过程中采取以下安全措施：必须对生产工艺进行评估以确定家磺酸烷基酯（羟乙基磺酸烷基酯）形成的可能，特别是反应溶媒含低级醇的时候，很可能会出现这些杂质。
必需时需对生产工艺进行验证以说明在成品中未检出这类杂质。
（2）、落实措施：1、API生产是否涉及在甲磺酸（羟乙基磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸等低分子量磺酸）或相应酰氯存在下，使用甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇等低级脂肪醇（如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇等）。
2、对相应酯形成的可能性是否降到最低。
3、是否有有效的清除精制步骤。
设备清洗-是否设计的低级脂肪醇的使用（方法，TTC限度）？起始物料（低分子量磺酸盐或酰氯）中是否控制了其低级脂肪醇酯（方法，TTC限度）？当被磺酸酯或相关物质污染的磺酸用于API合成时能否保证其中潜在的遗传毒性杂质不超过TTC？应考虑各种烷基或芳基磺酸酯杂质累积的风险。
ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE(MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TOLIMIT POTENTIAL CARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制M7Current Step 4 versiondated 23 June 2014This Guideline has been developed by the appropriate ICH Expert Working Group and has been subject to consultation by the regulatory parties, in accordance with the ICH Process. At Step 4 of the Process the final draft is recommended for adoption to the regulatory bodies of the European Union, Japan and USA.M7Document History 文件历史The document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind. In no event shall the ICH or the authors of the original document be liable for any claim, damages or other liability arising from the use of the document.The above-mentioned permissions do not apply to content supplied by third parties. Therefore, for documents where the copyright vests in a third party, permission for reproduction must be obtained from this copyright holder.ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE (MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO LIMIT POTENTIALCARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制ICH Harmonised Tripartite GuidelineICH三方协调指南Having reached Step 4 of the ICH Process at the ICH Steering Committee meeting on 5 June 2014, this Guideline is recommended for adoption to the three regulatory parties to ICHASSESSMENT AND CONTROL OF DNA REACTIVE (MUTAGENIC) IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICALS TO LIMIT POTENTIALCARCINOGENIC RISK为限制潜在致癌风险而对药物中DNA活性（诱变性）杂质进行的评估和控制1. INTRODUCTION概述The synthesis of drug substances involves the use of reactive chemicals, reagents, solvents, catalysts, and other processing aids. As a result of chemical synthesis or subsequent degradation, impurities reside in all drug substances and associated drug products. While ICH Q3A(R2): Impurities in New Drug Substances and Q3B(R2): Impurities in New Drug Products (Ref. 1, 2) provides guidance for qualification and control for the majority of the impurities, limited guidance is provided for those impurities that are DNA reactive. The purpose of this guideline is to provide a practical framework that is applicable to the identification, categorization, qualification, and control of these mutagenic impurities to limit potential carcinogenic risk. This guideline is intended to complement ICH Q3A(R2), Q3B(R2) (Note 1), and ICH M3(R2): Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials and Marketing Authorizations for Pharmaceuticals (Ref. 3).原料药合成牵涉到使用活性化学物质、试剂、溶剂、催化剂和其它工艺助剂，导致在所有原料药及其制剂中会残留有化学合成或其降解产物、杂质。
