CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY

T 559 cm-02PROVISIONAL METHOD – 1996CLASSICAL METHOD – 20022002 TAPPIThe information and data contained in this document were preparedby a technical committee of the Association. The committee and theAssociation assume no liability or responsibility in connection withthe use of such information or data, including but not limited to anyliability under patent, copyright, or trade secret laws. The user isresponsible for determining that this document is the most recentedition published.Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test MethodTAPPICAUTION:This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals.Grease resistance test for paper and paperboard1.Scope and significance1.1 This classical method is an expanded and updated version of TAPPI UM 557 “Repellency of Paper and Board to Grease, Oil, and Waxes (Kit Test).”1.2 Commonly known as the kit test, the method describes a procedure for testing the degree of repellency and/or the antiwicking characteristics of paper or paperboard treated with fluorochemical sizing agents (1,2).1.3 Fluorochemical agents may impart both organophobic and hydrophobic characteristics to paper through a reduction in the surface energy of the sheet. This is done by a surface treatment of the fibers without the formation of continuous films.1.4 This test was originally developed to allow papermakers to know when the applied fluorochemical was incorporated into the sheet and the approximate level of resistance. These were accomplished by testing production samples with a series of numbered reagents (varying in surface tension and viscosity or “aggressiveness”) held in bottles in a specially designed kit. The highest numbered solution (the most aggressive) that remained on the surface of the paper without causing failure was reported as the “kit rating” (hence the term “kit test”). This concept forms the basis for the current classical method.1.5 Designed primarily as a surface repellency test for fluorochemical treatments, the use of this test for papers with film-like barriers or those treated with nonfluorochemical agents would have to be evaluated.1.6 A related test is TAPPI T 454 “Turpentine Test for Voids in Glassine and Greaseproof Papers” which is more limited in terms of paper type and may detect a different failure mechanism than the current method.2. Apparatus2.1 Absorbent tissue or cotton ; to wipe away kit solutions at end of test.2.2 Balance, capable of weighing 4000 g to within 0.1 g.2.3 Graduated cylinders , glass, 100 and 500 mL; for preparing kit solutions.2.4 Stock bottles , glass with foil-lined caps, glass stoppers, or polyethylene-lined caps to prevent evaporation losses; for storing kit solutions.2.5 Stopwatch or timer.2.6 Test bottles , with glass stoppers and glass droppers; for use during testing.2.7 Testing area , e.g., well-lit bench with dark top located in standard-conditions testing room; for conducting test(s) and rating results.3. Reagents3.1 Castor oil.3.2 n-heptane.3.3 Toluene.3.4 Kit solutions.3.4.1 Prepare the kit (test) solutions from the above reagents using the mixtures shown in Table 1.CAUTION:Consult appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets and applicable safety requirements and regulations before working with n-heptane and toluene. Both are highly flammable and are reported to be healthhazards. Keep away from heat and sparks and avoid prolonged or repeated breathing of vapors andcontact with skin.3.4.2 Do not measure the reagents by addition since there will be a loss of volume after mixing.3.4.3 Weight measurements are used for castor oil as its high viscosity makes volume measurements less accurate. The density of castor oil is 0.969 g/cm3.3.4.4 Store the solutions in labeled stock bottles. As required, fill each test bottle with the appropriate kit number solution from the stock bottles.3.4.5 The stock and test bottles should be tightly closed when not in use to prevent loss of solvent from evaporation (and a consequent change in the composition and properties of the solution).3.4.6 The solutions in the test bottles should be changed regularly depending on usage. For frequent daily usage, solutions should be replaced weekly with fresh solution from the stock bottles; for less frequent usage, a monthly solution change is adequate.NOTE 1: For certain applications, it has been reported that the upper limit of the range of kit ratings has been extended beyond 12 by continuing to adjust the proportion of toluene and n-heptane. The validity of doing this is uncertain. If done, the reportshould state clearly the ratio of toluene to n-heptane used to arrive at the extended kit values.precautions4. Safety4.1 As previously noted, various hazards including (but not limited to) flammability, explosivity, and toxicity, singly or in combination, are reportedly associated with reagents which may be used in this method.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user to determine current applicable requirements and regulations which may be in force for the materials used at the time this method is applied. Those requirements and regulations take precedence where they are, or appear to be, in conflict with any of the provisions in this document.4.3 General precautions include (but are not limited to): avoidance of an open flame in any part of this test and the use of approved safety goggles, gloves, lab coat, and ventilated hood.5. Sampling5.1 The method used to obtain samples for testing depends on the scope and intent of the sampling program. Sample the paper or paperboard to be tested in a manner which has been agreed to in advance.Table 1.Mixtures of reagents for preparing kit solutions.Kit No. Castor Oil, Toluene, n-heptane,g mL mL0 01 969.02 872.1 50 503 775.2 100 1004 678.3 150 1505 581.4 200 2006 484.5 250 2507 387.6 300 3008 290.7 350 3509 193.8 400 40010 96.9 450 45011 0 500 50012 0 450 5505.2 If the testing is being done to determine the properties of a lot (for instance, to determine whether the lot meets specifications), take a sample in accordance with T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Containerboard, or Related Product.” For other specialized purposes, take a representative sample.specimens6. Test6.1 From each test unit of the sample, cut five test specimens at least 51 mm × 152 mm (2 in. × 6 in.). Standard sheets cut 216 mm × 279 mm (8.5 in. × 11 in.) are an easy size to work with; if both sides are to be tested, these sheets can be cut in half in the long direction to make a set of paired (felt side/wire side) specimens. Label or identify in some manner each side of the test specimens. Since paper and paperboard may be treated on one side or both sides, or the treatment may be different between sides, depending on the end use, the tester must decide which side(s) to test. A fluorochemical treatment applied uniformly to both sides of a paper may differ by as much as one kit value, depending on the difference in fines content between the two sides.6.2 Use care in handling the test specimens. The use of plastic disposable gloves to protect the sample is recommended. Do not test in an area that has fingerprints, oil from a previous test, an abraded surface, wrinkles, or scores.7. ConditioningPrecondition (on the dry side), condition, and test specimens in atmospheres in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper, Board, Pulp Handsheets, and Related Products.”8. Procedure8.1 Select an area of the testing lab that is clean and well illuminated. A laboratory bench with a dark gray top works well and provides contrast for viewing the tested paper. The lighting should be uniform and consistent in quality over time.8.2 Place each test specimen on a clean, flat surface, test side up.8.3 Select a specimen to be tested and back it with a darker material if a dark benchtop is not available.8.4 Select an intermediate kit number test solution (test bottles). From a height of about 13 mm (0.5 in.), gently release a drop onto the surface of the test specimen, and start the timer. Be careful not to touch the glass eyedropper to the surface of the paper.8.5 After 15 s, quickly remove the excess test solution with a clean tissue or cotton swatch, and immediately examine the test area. A failure is denoted by a darkening of the test specimen, even in a small area. (The darkening results from wetting of the specimen due to penetration of the test solution.) If the tested area is not examined immediately, volatile components of the test solution will be lost and the area may regain its original light reflectance value and be scored as “passed”.8.6 If the specimen fails this first test, select an untested area on the same test specimen and repeat the test using the next lower numbered kit solution. Repeat until the highest numbered kit solution that rests on the surface for 15 s without causing failure is identified. If the specimen passes this first test, repeat the test on an untested area using a higher numbered kit solution. Repeat until the highest numbered kit solution that does not cause failure is identified. The number of this kit solution is the kit rating for the specimen.8.7 Repeat the procedure in 8.6 for the remaining four test specimens and record each of their kit ratings. (Results from the first test can be used as an indication of which kit solution to use for the first drop on these remaining four specimens.)9. CalculationCalculate the arithmetic average of the five determinations (kit ratings) for each unit of paper or paperboard tested.10. Report10.1 Report the test value as the arithmetic-average kit rating to the nearest 0.5 units.10.2 Report the number of determinations per test value and the standard deviation (or minimum and maximum).10.3 State clearly and conspicuously any deviations from the standard procedure (see Note 1), and note any unusual features of the sample.11. Precision11.1 The average maximum expected difference between two test results, each of which is the average of five test determinations, is:Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 0.7 kit rating units or 9%.Table 2.Precision (repeatability) data for “Grease Resistance Test for Paper and Paperboard” (Kit Ratings).Determination Paper Paper Paper Paper No. 1 2 3 41 11 6 7 82 9 8 7 83 9 7 7 84 9 6 7 85 11 7 8 8Ave. 9.8 6.8 7.2 8 Dev. 1.0954 0.8367 0.4472 0Std.Std. Dev. of Test Result 0.4899 0.3742 0.2000 0r 1.36 1.04 0.55 0Repeatability,13.8 15.2 7.7 0%Repeatability,r 0.74Ave.r% 9.19Ave.Reproducibility (between laboratories) = not known.11.2 Repeatability value was determined in accordance with the definitions of this term in TAPPI T 1200 “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility.” and is the average value for four commercially made papers or paperboard obtained in one laboratory by an experienced tester (see Table 2).NOTE 2: The standard deviation of a test result was calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of 5.12. KeywordsFluorine compounds, Size, Grease resistance, Oil, Repellence, Paper, Paperboard.13. Additional information13.1 Effective date of issue: March 5, 2002.13.2 During the balloting for the five-year review (3/19/01) several negatives were received based on the lack of a complete precision statement. Contact with some of the voters during this period indicated this test is subject to interpretation and useful within a test laboratory for quality control. A round-robin could not be organized to determine its reproducibility. The method was sent for ballot as a Classical Method.13.3 This Classical Method is an expanded update of TAPPI UM 557 “Repellency of Paper and Board to Grease, Oil, and Waxes (Kit Test).” Due to the extensive use of this test in the paper industry, and because TAPPI Useful Methods will no longer be published, request was made to the Physical Properties Committee to develop a Provisional Method based on TAPPI UM 557. The current draft lacks reproducibility data.13.4 Detection of failure is sometimes difficult in “tight” sheets (those that are highly refined and have high apparent density and/or low air permeability) and “thin” sheets (those with low thickness and low opacity). Backing these sheets with a darker material, such as a dark bench top, may be helpful in deciding if the test specimen has passed or failed a kit test.13.5 Fines and fillers may preferentially attract some fluorochemicals. Thus, the two sides of a sheet having marked two-sidedness may differ by as much as one kit unit. This should be considered in devising a sampling and testing plan.13.6 Related methods: TAPPI UM 557.Literature cited1. Rengel, G. L., and Young, R. C., “Internal Sizing with Fluorochemicals for Oil Resistance,” In Swanson, J.W. (ed.), TAPPI Monograph 33 - Internal Sizing of Paper and Paperboard: 170-188, TAPPI, NY (1971). 2. Chad, R. M., and Schwartz, C. A., “Fluorochemical Sizing,” In Reynolds, W. F. (ed.), The Sizing of Paper(2nd ed.): 87-101, TAPPI Press, Atlanta (1989).Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Director of Quality and Standards.g。

Expectations, Outcomes and ConceptsFor Polymers R ~ N~ N Elasticity/entropy relationship10 Polymer chemistryPolymer chemistry is predominantly abranch of organic chemistry: mostpolymers are based on carbon.The simplest chemical structure is acarbon main chain with two hydrogenatoms per carbon-polyethylene.Consider only linear chainsN>>1, very largeatactic arrangement involves quencheddisorderBionanoengineering: Polymer Physics(i). the energy difference between the minima is (ii). The energy barrier is E When is less than k B T, the chain isstatically flexible.The relative weight of the conformations is of order unity so the chain is not a rigid rod.<k B T defines the limit of extreme flexibilityk B 1 the trans state is preferred: locally the chain will be rigid For polyethylene, lfunction of whereexp(k B for >0~ Angstroms = monomer length<<L, the molecule is flexible at large scalesWalk is N steps : starts at , ends at . r = <,> the end-to-end vector.RNdenotes the sum over the lattice points The end to end vector is the sum over N “jump vectors”P(r,N ) = (r,N )/(RDistribution function for r2526S= EntropyW= number of states (configurations)Accessible to thermodynamic systemWith energy EFrom statistical mechanics:()!!"#$$%&'!!"#$$%&='222/3223exp32,NarNaNrP(From Boltzmann:S(r) = k B ln[P(r,N)]This expression is very important inunderstanding the physics of polymers,because it allows us to write down theconfiguration entropy S(r) of a polymerchain as a function of its elongation:The surprising and important results of more careful calculations is that the presence of these short-range correlations does not alter the basic random walk character of the polymer chain statistics; it simply leads to an altered effective step size.A more accurate picture builds the chain by successive steps and requires that the valence angles are used. ie. trans or gauche> = nmeven for m does not equal n.is a decreasing function of thenmchemical interval [m-n] (magnitude) anddecays exponentially for large values.Thus the correlations are of finite range.Place g consecutive vectors b into asubunit c i If g is much larger than the therange of correlations then c nm the newvectors will be uncorrelated.The problem is then for N/g independentvariables: leads to Gaussian statistics.Providing N/g is large: ideal chainbehaviour is realised.Extension of a chain, f and -f , require the average elongation <r>f of the chain Providing f is small= 0[ 1 + 5/2 ] <<1= 4C.N R3/3M(volume fraction)Bionanoengineering:Polymer PhysicsThe numerical results yieldN-1Where z’ is smaller then z as for thez = 6 and z’ = 4.68.depends on the dimensionality:3D = 7/6 and 2D = 4/3R = aN where = 3/5Here is a universal exponent= 3/5, 2D = 3/4 and 1D3DBarnes H.A.xy xz yzpolymerisationdensity of / a chains per unit area. The volume per chain is 2/. We can write the total energy as the sum of stretching65The value of the brush height h that minimizes the total energy gives us:h ~ [ b(1-2)]1/3 NThis reveals that a chain end-grafted to a polymer surface at high enough densities to overlap significantly with its neighbours is strongly stretched – the chain dimensions vary not as N 3/5, asThey do for an isolated chain in a good solvent, but as a linear function of N .。

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Fluent专业英语词汇表Aabort 异常中断, 中途失败, 夭折, 流产, 发育不全，中止计划[任务] accidentally 偶然地, 意外地accretion 增长activation energy 活化能active center 活性中心addition 增加adjacent 相邻的aerosol浮质(气体中的悬浮微粒,如烟,雾等), [化]气溶胶, 气雾剂, 烟雾剂ambient 周围的, 周围环境amines 胺amplitude 广阔, 丰富, 振幅, 物理学名词annular 环流的algebraic stress model(ASM) 代数应力模型algorithm 算法align 排列，使结盟, 使成一行alternately 轮流地analogy 模拟，效仿analytical solution 解析解anisotropic 各向异性的anthracite 无烟煤apparent 显然的, 外观上的，近似的approximation 近似arsenic 砷酸盐assembly 装配associate 联合，联系assume 假设assumption 假设atomization 雾化axial 轴向的Bbattlement 城垛式biography 经历bituminous coal 烟煤blow-off water 排污水blowing devices 鼓风(吹风)装置body force 体积力boiler plant 锅炉装置（车间）Boltzmann 玻耳兹曼Brownian rotation 布朗转动bulk 庞大的bulk density 堆积密度burner assembly 燃烧器组件burnout 燃尽Ccapability 性能，（实际）能力，容量，接受力carbon monoxide COcarbonate 碳酸盐carry-over loss 飞灰损失Cartesian 迪卡尔坐标的casing 箱，壳，套catalisis 催化channeled 有沟的，有缝的char 焦炭、炭circulation circuit 循环回路circumferential velocity 圆周速度clinkering 熔渣clipped 截尾的clipped Gaussian distribution 截尾高斯分布closure (模型的)封闭cloud of particles 颗粒云cluster 颗粒团coal off-gas 煤的挥发气体coarse 粗糙的coarse grid 疏网格，粗网格coaxial 同轴的coefficient of restitution 回弹系数；恢复系数coke 碳collision 碰撞competence 能力competing process 同时发生影响的competing-reactions submodel 平行反应子模型component 部分分量composition 成分cone shape 圆锥体形状configuration 布置，构造confined flames 有界燃烧confirmation 证实, 确认, 批准conservation 守恒不灭conservation equation 守恒方程conserved scalars 守恒标量considerably 相当地consume 消耗contact angle 接触角contamination 污染contingency 偶然, 可能性, 意外事故, 可能发生的附带事件continuum 连续体converged 收敛的conveyer 输运机convolve 卷cooling wall 水冷壁correlation 关联(式)correlation function 相关函数corrosion 腐蚀，锈coupling 联结, 接合, 耦合crack 裂缝，裂纹creep up （水）渗上来，蠕升critical 临界critically 精密地cross-correlation 互关联cumulative 累积的curtain wall 护墙，幕墙curve 曲线custom 习惯, 风俗, <动词单用>海关, (封建制度下)定期服劳役, 缴纳租税, 自定义, <偶用作>关税v.定制, 承接定做活的cyano 氰（基），深蓝，青色cyclone 旋风子，旋风，旋风筒cyclone separator 旋风分离器[除尘器]cylindrical 柱坐标的cylindrical coordinate 柱坐标Ddead zones 死区decompose 分解decouple 解藕的defy 使成为不可能demography 统计deposition 沉积derivative with respect to 对…的导数derivation 引出, 来历, 出处, (语言)语源, 词源design cycle 设计流程desposit 积灰，结垢deterministic approach 确定轨道模型deterministic 宿命的deviation 偏差devoid 缺乏devolatilization 析出挥发分，液化作用diffusion 扩散diffusivity 扩散系数digonal 二角(的), 对角的，二维的dilute 稀的diminish 减少direct numerical simulation 直接数值模拟discharge 释放discrete 离散的discrete phase 分散相, 不连续相discretization [数]离散化deselect 取消选定dispersion 弥散dissector 扩流锥dissociate thermally 热分解dissociation 分裂dissipation 消散, 分散, 挥霍, 浪费, 消遣, 放荡, 狂饮distribution of air 布风divide 除以dot line 虚线drag coefficient 牵引系数，阻力系数drag and drop 拖放drag force 曳力drift velocity 漂移速度driving force 驱[传, 主]动力droplet 液滴drum 锅筒dry-bottom-furnace 固态排渣炉dry-bottom 冷灰斗，固态排渣duct 管dump 渣坑dust-air mixture 一次风EEBU---Eddy break up 漩涡破碎模型eddy 涡旋effluent 废气，流出物elastic 弹性的electro-staic precipitators 静电除尘器emanate 散发, 发出, 发源，[罕]发散, 放射embrasure 喷口，枪眼emissivity [物]发射率empirical 经验的endothermic reaction 吸热反应enhance 增，涨enlarge 扩大ensemble 组，群，全体enthalpy 焓entity 实体entrain 携带，夹带entrained-bed 携带床equilibrate 保持平衡equilibrium 化学平衡ESCIMO-----Engulfment（卷吞）Stretching（拉伸）Coherence（粘附）Interdiffusion-interaction（相互扩散和化学反应）Moving-observer（运动观察者）exhaust 用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽排气排气装置用不完的, 不会枯竭的exit 出口，排气管exothermic reaction 放热反应expenditure 支出，经费expertise 经验explicitly 明白地, 明确地extinction 熄灭的extract 抽出，提取evaluation 评价，估计，赋值evaporation 蒸发(作用)Eulerian approach 欧拉法Ffacilitate 推动，促进factor 把…分解fast chemistry 快速化学反应fate 天数, 命运, 运气，注定, 送命，最终结果feasible 可行的，可能的feed pump 给水泵feedstock 填料fine grid 密网格，细网格finite difference approximation 有限差分法flamelet 小火焰单元flame stability 火焰稳定性flow pattern 流型fluctuating velocity 脉动速度fluctuation 脉动，波动flue 烟道（气）flue duck 烟道fluoride 氟化物fold 夹层块forced-and-induced draft fan 鼓引风机forestall 防止fouling 沾污fraction 碎片部分，百分比fragmentation 破碎fuel-lean flamefuel-rich regions 富燃料区，浓燃料区fuse 熔化，熔融Ggas duct 烟道gas-tight 烟气密封gasification 气化(作用)gasifier 气化器generalized model 通用模型Gibbs function Method 吉布斯函数法Gordon 戈登governing equation 控制方程gradient 梯度graphics 图gross efficiency 总效率Hhazard 危险header 联箱helically 螺旋形地heterogeneous 异相的heat flux 热流(密度)heat regeneration 再热器heat retention coeff 保热系数histogram 柱状图homogeneous 同相的、均相的hopper 漏斗horizontally 卧式的，水平的hydrodynamic drag 流体动力阻力hydrostatic pressure 静压hypothesis 假设humidity 湿气，湿度，水分含量Iidentical 同一的，完全相同的ignition 着火illustrate 图解，插图in common with 和…一样in excess of 超过, 较...为多in recognition of 承认…而，按照in terms of 根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面incandescent 白炽的，光亮的inception 起初induced-draft fan 强制引风机inert 无活动的, 惰性的, 迟钝的inert atmosphere 惰性气氛inertia 惯性, 惯量inflammability 可燃性injection 引入，吸引inleakage 漏风量inlet 入口inlet vent 入烟口instantaneous reaction rate 瞬时反应速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instruction 指示, 用法说明(书), 教育, 指导, 指令intake fan 进气风扇integral time 积分时间integration 积分interface 接触面intermediate 中间的，介质intermediate species 中间组分intermittency model of turbulence 湍流间歇模型intermixing 混合intersect 横断，相交interval 间隔intrinsic 内在的inverse proportion 反比irreverse 不可逆的irreversible 不可逆的，单向的isothermal 等温的, 等温线的,等温线isotropic 各向同性的Jjoint 连接justify 认为KKelvin 绝对温度，开氏温度kinematic viscosity 动粘滞率, 动粘度kinetics 动力学LLagrangian approach 拉格朗日法laminarization 层流化的Laminar 层流Laminar Flamelet Concept 层流小火焰概念large-eddy simulation (LES) 大涡模拟leak 泄漏length scale 湍流长度尺度liberate 释放lifetime 持续时间，（使用）寿命，使用期literature 文学(作品), 文艺, 著作, 文献lining 炉衬localized 狭小的logarithm [数] 对数Low Reynolds Number Modeling Method 低雷诺数模型Mmacropore 大孔隙(直径大于1000埃的孔隙)manipulation 处理, 操作, 操纵, 被操纵mass action 质量作用mass flowrate 质量流率Mcbride 麦克布利德mean free paths 平均自由行程mean velocity 平均速度meaningful 意味深长的，有意义的medium 均匀介质mercury porosimetery 水银测孔计, 水银孔率计mill 磨碎，碾碎mineral matter 矿物质mixture fraction 混合分数modal 众数的，形式的, 样式的, 形态上的, 情态的, 语气的[计](对话框等)模式的modulus 系数, 模数moisture 水分，潮湿度molar 质量的, [化][物]摩尔的moment 力矩，矩，动差momentum 动量momentum transfer 动量传递monobloc 单元机组monobloc units 单组mortar 泥灰浆mount 安装，衬底Monte Carlo methods 蒙特卡罗法multiflux radiation model 多(4/6)通量模型multivariate [统][数]多变量的,多元的Nnegative 负Newton-Rephson 牛顿—雷夫森nitric oxide NO2node 节点non-linear 非线性的numerical control 数字控制numerical simulation 数值模拟Ttable look-up scheme 查表法tabulate 列表tangential 切向的tangentially 切线tilting 摆动the heat power of furnace 热负荷the state-of-the-art 现状thermal effect 反应热thermodynamic 热力学thermophoresis 热迁移，热泳threshold 开始, 开端, 极限tortuosity 扭转, 曲折, 弯曲toxic 有毒的，毒的trajectory 轨迹,弹道tracer 追踪者, 描图者, (铁笔等)绘图工具translatory 平移的transport coefficients 输运系数transverse 横向，横线triatomic 三原子的turbulence intensity 湍流强度turbulent 湍流turbulent burner 旋流燃烧器turbulization 涡流turnaround 完成two-scroll burner 双涡流燃烧器Uuniform 均衡的ununiformity 不均匀性unrealistic 不切实际的, 不现实的unimodal [统](频率曲线或分布)单峰的,(现象或性质) 用单峰分布描述的unity （数学）一Vvalidate 使…证实validation 验证vaporization 汽化Variable 变量variance 方差variant 不同的，变量variation 变更, 变化, 变异, 变种, [音]变奏, 变调vertical 垂直的virtual mass 虚质量viscosity 粘度visualization 可视化volatile 易挥发性的volume fraction 体积分数, 体积分率, 容积率volume heat 容积热vortex burner 旋流式燃烧器vorticity 旋量Wwall-function method 壁面函数法water equivalent 水当量weighting factor 权重因数ZZeldovich 氮的氧化成一氧化氮的过程zero mean 零平均值zone method 区域法。

Chapter 2 Boiler第二章锅炉Air heater 空预器Commissioning 试运行Anchor 支座，固定Compressor 压缩机、压气机Anhydrous ammonia 无水氨Condenser 凝汽器Anthracite 无烟煤Containment 反应堆安全壳Atomized 雾化Convection 对流Austenitic 奥氏体钢Coolant 制冷剂Auxialiary 辅助机械Coordinated 坐标，定位Axis 轴Corten低合金耐腐蚀钢Bagasse 甘蔗渣Counterflow 逆流（换热器）Bare tube 光管Creep strength 蠕变强度Bark 树皮Criterion 标准Beam 梁，横梁Critical pressure 临界压力Bituminous coal 烟煤Culm 煤屑Blade 叶片Cyclone furnace 旋风炉Blast 鼓风Debris 残骸、有机残留物Blowdown 排污Decane 癸烷Boiler 锅炉Decay 分解Bulk 大块的Deposited 沉积，沉淀的Burner zone 燃烧器区域Deterioration 恶化Butane 丁烷Diesel oil 柴油Calcination 煅烧Differential 差动，微分Capacity 出力Distillate 馏出物Carbon steel 碳钢Distortion 变形Cerium 铈Division wall 分隔墙，双面水冷壁Chromium 铬Drainage 疏水Circulating fluidized bed CFB 循环流化Drum 汽包床锅炉Coal char 煤焦Dwell time 保留时间Cogenerator 热电联产机组Economizer 省煤器Combustion 燃烧Embrittlement 脆性，脆化Equalization 均衡，平衡Ingress进口，入口Erosive 侵蚀的，腐蚀的In-line 顺列Ethane 乙烷Inorganic 无机的Evaluate 评估，评价Ion 离子Evaporate 蒸发Jurisdiction 权限Excess air 过量空气Lignite 褐煤Extended surface 扩展受热面Lime 石灰Fatigue 疲劳Limestone 石灰石Feedwater 给谁Low alloy 低合金钢Ferrite 铁素体Low-volatile 低挥发分的Fin 鳍片，肋片Margin 裕量，安全系数Flange 法兰Matrix 矩阵Flue gas 烟气Membrane 膜Fouling 沾污Methane 甲烷Furnace 炉膛Mill 磨煤机Generator 发电机Molecule 分子Geological 地质的Molten 熔化Girth 环形Nitric oxide 氮氧化物Govern 控制、调节Nonpressure 非承压的Gravity 重力Nontoxic 无毒的Header 联箱，集箱Organisms 有机体Helical 螺旋状的Oxidation 氧化Helium 氦Peat 泥煤Heterogeneous 不均匀的Pendants superheat platen悬吊式屏式过热器Hopper 斗，料斗Pentane 戊烷Husk 壳，外壳Petrochemical 石油化工制品Hydraulic 水力的，液压的Petroleum 石油制品Ignite 点火Plasma spray coating 等离子喷涂Impurity 杂质Platen 屏Inert 惰性Polymer 聚合物Inferior 低级的，劣质的Pores 气孔，小孔Ingredients 成分Porosity多空的Potassium 钾Slurry 水煤浆Prandtl numbers 普朗特数Sodium 钠Prefabricated 预制的Solvents 溶剂Premium fuel 优质燃料Sootblower 吹灰器Pressure loss 压力损失Sour gas 含硫气体Primary air 一次风Specification 规格Propane 丙烷Stable ignition 稳定着火Proximate analysis 工业分析Stanton number 斯坦顿数Pulp 纸浆Saturated 饱和的Pyrites 黄铁矿Straw 稻草Radius 半径，范围Steam line blowing 蒸汽管路吹灰Rare earth element 稀土元素Steams 茎，杆Recuperator 间壁式换热器Stress corrosion 应力腐蚀Regenerator 回热器，蓄热器Structural formula 结构式Regulate 控制，调节Stud 双头螺栓Repercussions 反应Subbituminous 贫煤，次烟煤Reservoirs 储气罐Suction 真空，负压Residuale fuel oil 渣油Sulphur 硫Resonant 共振Superheater 过热器Retract缩回Swamp 沼泽Reynolds number 雷诺数Sweet gas 无硫气Rigid 刚性的，紧密地Switchgear 配电装置，开关装置Rollers 辊子Temperature-entropy 温熵图Scale 水垢，Tenacious 黏的Seal 密封Thermodynamics 热力学Sedimentary 沉积Tube bundles 管束Serpentine tube 蛇形管Tubular 管状的Shale 页岩Turbine 汽轮机Silica 二氧化硅V elocity 速度Silt 淤泥V ertical spidle mill 中速磨，立轴磨Single-phase 单相V essel 容器Skin casing 外护板Viscosity 黏度Slag 结渣V olumetric expansion 体膨胀Vulnerable 易损的，薄弱的DEH 数字电液系统Wear磨损DNB 偏离核态沸腾Welded 焊接FDF 送风机Wingwall屏式凝渣管FGD 烟气脱硫Yttrim 釔FSSS 炉膛安全检测保护系统Abbreviations HRB 回热锅炉AFBC 常压流化床燃烧IDF 引风机AFCO 燃料自动切断IGCC 整体煤气化联合循环AFWC 给水自动切断LMTD 对数平均温差ASME 美国机械工程师协会MFT 主燃料切断ATM 标准大气压MUF 锅炉补给水BFP 锅炉给水泵NWL 正常水位BUT 按钮OFA 火上风，燃尽风BWC锅炉水浓度PFBC 增压流化床燃烧BYP 旁路SSC 刮板除渣机CFBB 循环流化床锅炉TGA 热重分析仪MCR 最大连续蒸发量UBC 未燃烧DAS 数据采集系统WFGD 湿法烟气脱硫2.1 IntroductionBoilers use heat to convert water into steam for a variety of applications. Primary among these are electric power generation and industrial process heating. Steam has become a key resource because of its wide availability, advantageous properties and non toxic nature. The steam flow rates and operating conditions can vary dramatically; from 1000lb/h (0.1kg/s) in one process use to more than 10 million lb/h (1260kg/s) in large electric power plant; from about 14.7 psi (1 bar) and 212ºF in some heating applications to more than 4500 psi (310bar) and 1100ºF (593℃) in advanced cycle power plant.2.1 简介SSC锅炉利用热量使水转变成蒸汽以进行各种利用。

常用的几种卡波姆Carbopol 940：短流变性、高粘度、高清澈度，低耐离子性及耐剪切性，适用于凝胶及膏霜中Carbopol 941：长流变性、低粘度、高清澈度，中等耐离子性及耐剪切，适用于凝胶及乳液Carbopol ETD 2020：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，长流变性、低粘度、高清澈度、高耐离子性及耐剪切性，适用清澈凝胶。

Carbopol AQUA SF-1：液体，长流变性、可配制清澈配方，与多种成份具优良的相容性，回酸增稠，可用于表面活性剂体系。

Carbopol Ultrez 21：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，短流变性、用于凝胶、洗涤清洁用品、高电解质产品、膏霜、乳液。

Carbopol Ultrez 20：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，长流变性、香波、沐浴凝胶、膏霜/乳液、含电解质的护肤、护发凝胶Pemulen TR-1：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，增稠型乳化剂、短流变性、用于膏霜、乳液Pemulen TR-2：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交链共聚物，增稠型乳化剂、长流变性、用于乳液Carbopol ULTREZ 20聚合物Carbopol® Ultrez 20 PolymerINCI Name: Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is a hydrophobically（疏水性地）modified cross-linked acrylate copolymer. This polymer offers many substantial benefits for formulators and marketers of personal care products. Like other "Ultrez" grade polymers, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer is exceptionally easy to use - it self-wets and disperses within minutes.This rheology （流变学）modifier and stabilizer also provides electrolyte tolerance（耐受性） and unique sensory benefits in formulations. It can be used in systems with moderate surfactant content, making it an ideal choice for many applications.Key Benefits of Carbopol Ultrez 20 PolymerPleasing Sensorial（知觉的，感觉的） Properties:Carbopol Ultrez 20 provides a rich, creamy skinfeelduring the rubout（擦掉，抹掉） phase of applyingoil-in-water based creams and lotions（洗液）. Theseproperties are featured in our SensiMap Formulating（明确叙述）Concept.Rapid Wetting:The unique structure of Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer allows for rapid wetting and improved swelling （膨胀）time without the need for agitation. This processing benefit is offered without compromising the performance that the personal care industry expects from the Carbopol polymer product line.Efficient Thickening（高效增稠）: Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer provides moderate-to-high viscosity with smooth, long flow properties. It's a versatile（通用的） product that can be used when your formulations require viscosity and suspending properties. Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer performs effectively across a broad pH range, making it a versatile ingredient for many applications.Stability of Ingredients in Surfactant-Containing Formulation s（配方）: In shampoo and body wash formulations, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer helps to suspend and stabilize beads（珠子，水珠）, microcapsules and exfoliants（去角质系列）for excellent product stability and visual appeal（视觉的吸引力）. In 2-in-1 formulations, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer can stabilize silicone fluids and oils effectively.Aesthetic（美学的;审美的）Properties:Carbopol Ultrez20 polymer exhibits good clarity（透明） in gelformulations, along with providing a smooth,aesthetically pleasing gel（凝胶）quality. In creams andlotions（洗液）, it helps to create emulsions（乳剂） withexcellent skin feel.Excellent Clarity: Even at high polymer concentration, Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer maintains superior clarity.It can be used with confidence（满怀信心地）in systemswhere sparkling（发泡的, 闪烁的）clarity is required. Excellent Electrolyte（电解质） Tolerance:Viscosity, clarity and stability are all maintained in the presence of（在面前）electrolytes with Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer. It is ideally suited for use in formulations containing higher levels of oils, botanical（来自植物的; 植物的）ingredients, or humectants（湿润剂）like Sodium PCA.Carbopol Ultrez 20 polymer provides excellent performance in a wide range of products, including:ShampoosLotionsBody washesHair and skin gelsBath gelsCreamsCarbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is a featured ingredient in theCarbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is recommendedfor .Name: CARBOPOL® ULTREZ 20 POLYMERCompany:Trade Name: CARBOPOL®Description: Like other "Ultrez" grade polymers, Carbopol® Ultrez 20 polymer is exceptionally easy to use-it self wets and disperses within minutes. This new thickener and stabilizer also provides improved electrolyte tolerance and unique sensory benefits. It can be used in systems with a moderate surfactant content, making it an ideal choice for many applications.Documents Data SheetTechnical InformationProduct name : Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer Chemical name : Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymerItems PropertiesAppearance：white powderOdor：mild acrylic odorTotal solids：100%pH (in water)： 30.5% mucilage（粘液）viscosity at 20 rpm：55, 000 mPa·s0.5% dispersionwetting time： 3 minutes0.5% mucilage* clarity(% Transmission)（传送）~ 95 Characteristics and Application :Carbopol Ultrez 21 Polymer is a hydrophobically(疏水性地) modified crosslinked polyacrylate polymer designed to efficientlyimpart(赋予)thickening, stabilizing, and suspending properties to a variety of personal care applications.Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer is self wetting crosslinked polyacrylic acid polymer that is synthesized in a cosolvent(共溶剂)ethyl acetate/cyclohexane mixture.It provides greater versatility(多功能,多用途) in formulating because it quickly and easily self wets without any mixing required. Carbopol Ultrez 21 polymer has short flow characteristics with relatively high viscosity compared to other Carbopol polymers.Benefits :Facilitates(使容易) formulating and processing because it is a self-wetting polymer that requires no dispersion agitation.Provides excellent thickening efficiency to form very high clarity gels.Provides shear(切变) thinning(变稀) rheology(流变能力)to enable easy pumping(抽吸)and dispensing(分发; 分配)of finished products via trigger(扳柄)sprayers(喷雾器).Provides yield value(屈服值)to allow for the suspension of a wide variety of insoluble materials or particles(粒子). Yield value enables finished products to have vertical cling(附着) which is an important characteristic for products that are dispensed via a trigger spray(反柄喷雾器) or nozzle(管口, 喷嘴). Stabilizes oil-in-water emulsions.INCL命名：丙烯酸酯/C10-30烷基丙烯酸酯交联聚合物（Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer）一．工艺操作上的优点：在工艺操作上ULTREZ 20比ETD2020更简便。

运动粘度的英语In the realm of fluid dynamics, kinematic viscosity is a critical parameter that measures the resistance of a fluid to flow. It is an intrinsic property of the fluid, reflectingits internal friction.Kinematic viscosity is expressed in square meters per second (m²/s) or centistokes (cSt), and it is calculated by dividing the fluid's dynamic viscosity by its density. This value is essential for understanding the behavior of liquids and gases in various applications.For instance, in the automotive industry, kinematic viscosity is used to determine the performance of engine oils.A lower kinematic viscosity ensures better lubrication athigh temperatures, while a higher value provides better protection at low temperatures.In meteorology, kinematic viscosity plays a role in the study of atmospheric circulation. It helps in predicting weather patterns by influencing the movement of air masses.Moreover, in the field of environmental science,kinematic viscosity is crucial for assessing the transport of pollutants in water bodies. It affects the dispersion and dilution of contaminants, which is vital for water quality management.Understanding kinematic viscosity is fundamental in the design of pipelines and pumps, where it helps in optimizing the flow rates and pressure drops to ensure efficient fluid transport.In summary, kinematic viscosity is a fundamental concept in fluid mechanics that has wide-ranging implications across various scientific and industrial fields, from automotive engineering to environmental science.。