电大写作复习资料

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国家开放大学电大应用写作试题题库及答案

一、多项选择题（共20 道试题，共60 分。

）1. 按照文种的适用范围，决定可分为以下三类：（ABD）A. 指挥性决定B. 知照性决定C. 命令性决定D. 裁决性决定满分：3 分2. 行政公文的特点：（ABCD）A. 法定性B. 实用性C. 通俗性D. 规范性满分：3 分3. 通知具有以下作用：（ABCD）A. 发布B. 批转C. 指导D. 告知满分：3 分4. 请示的注意事项主要有：（ABCD）A. 正确选用文种B. 一文一事C. 避免多头行文D. 一般要越级请示满分：3 分5. 公文行文规则主要有：（ABCD）A. .行文实效规则B. 行文根据规则C. 联合行文规则D. 批准行文规则满分：3 分6. 函正文的结语可重申致函目的，也可提出要求：（ABCD）A. 询问函可用“即请函复”B. 答复函可用“此复”、“特此函复”C. 请示函可用“请予研究函复”D. 请批函可用“特此函请审批”满分：3 分7. “决定”与“命令”的主要区别是：（ABCD）A. 在使用权限方面“命令”非常严格B. “决定”则可较普遍地使用。

C. “命令”涉及的是特定的具体事务D. 只涉及一部分非特定的具有普遍性的反复发生的事务满分：3 分8. 按照内容和用途，命令可分为：（ABC）A. 发布令B. 行政令C. 奖惩令D. 主席令满分：3 分9. 请示和报告的区别有：（ABD）A. 行文目的不同B. 内容构成不同C. 行文方向不同D. 行文时间不同满分：3 分10. 公告眉首的一般由以下部分组成：（ABC）A. 标题B. 题注。

电大行政管理专科应用写作考试资料1

中央广播电视大学行政管理理专科作业1一、结合实例谈谈实用型文章的基本特征。

答：实用型文章的特征就分别体现在以下这四个方面：（一）主旨单一、集中、明确主旨是文章的中心意思，是作者的意图、主张或看法在文章中的体现。

单一，是说一篇文章中只能有一个中心，只能围绕着一个主题把问题说清楚，而不能把关系不大甚至不相关的问题写到一篇文章中去，使写出的文章多中心、多主题，集中，是说一篇应用文只能有一个中心，而这个中心应是全文的统帅，应对文章内容有制约作用，全文要不枝不蔓，紧扣这个中心。

明确，是说文章的中心意思，作者的意图和主张是什么，要使读者一看便知，而不必费心揣摩，文艺作品所讲究的曲折与含蓄，恰恰为实用型文章所排斥。

（二）材料多样，真实有力，材料是构成文章内容，形成支撑并表达主旨的各种事实与理论，真实是实用型文章的生命，而材料的真实又是使文章具有真实性的首要条件，有力是实用型文章的材料所应具备的另一个特点。

（三）结构合理、谨严固定，简单地说，结构是文章的内部构造，安排结构，就是根据主旨表达的需要，合理地组织材料，实用型文章应该是一种逻辑构成，而逻辑构成则要讲求谨严性，而不能流于松散无序，文章首尾圆合，衔接紧密，层次清晰，段落分明，则是文章结构谨严最起码的条件，也是对应用文结构最基本的要求。

固定是实用型文章结构的一个重要特点，遵照固定的模式写作，材能把文章写的规范，也才能使写出的文章便于阅读，易于发挥实际效用。

（四）语言准确，简明、平易、庄重。

语言准确是对所有文章的要求，语言运用得好坏，直接关系到文章质量的高低，任何文章的语言，都应当具有简明性，所谓的语言简明性。

所谓的语言就是能用尽可能少的语言材料，把尽可能多的信息明明白白地传递给读者，平易即平实自然，晓畅易懂，语言的平易首先表现在用语的直白上，另一层意思是用语朴实，应用文特别是用于工作的应用文大都应当带有一种庄重的风格，而语言的庄重正是形成文章的庄重风格的最为重要的因素之一。

电大英语写作复习提纲2013.6及参考答案

《英语写作基础》期末复习提纲2013.6Part I SequencingGroup 1A.They have to learn not only the streets, landmarks and hotels, but also the quickest way to getthere.B.Becoming a London taxi driver isn’t easy.C. People who want to pass the examination spend much of their free time driving or evencycling around London, studying maps and learning the huge street directory by heart.D.This is called ‘The Knowledge’ by London cab drivers.E.They are examined not only on the quickest routes but also on the quickest routes at differenttimes of the day.F.And it can take years of study and practice to get “The Knowledge”.G.In order to obtain a license to drive a taxi in London, candidates have to pass a detailedexamination.参考答案：B G A D F E CGroup 2A.Trees and flowers of different kinds: pines, palms, banana trees, ferns and hibiscus areplanted between the houses, like natural screens hiding each house behind the green “fence”.B.First time visitors to Kims often remark that it is like stepping into another world.C.Located on Central Coast, less than 90 minutes from Sydney, it is an exclusive seasidehideaway.D.Kims is an ideal vacation resort for any one who seeks an escape from the noisy big cities.E.There are 34 private and spacious “beach houses”.F.Many open directly onto the golden sands of Toowoon Bay.G.Sitting in the house, one can always hear the singing of birds and the wash which enhance thetranquility.参考答案：D C E F A G BGroup 3A.Many young men read the sports pages.B.The first page presents news items.C.Businessmen usually open their papers to the business section first.D.Others enjoy the television guides.E.Newspapers have something for everyone.F.Some students read the book reviews and the movie reviews.G.The best way to know about world affairs, local news, and daily events is to read thenewspaper regularly.H.The headlines emphasize important political and economic news, such as elections andcampaign issues, tax increases, labor-management disputes, and strikes.I.There may also be articles on education problems and government programs.参考答案：G H B C A D F I EGroup 4A.Fifth, place logs and larger pieces of wood over the branches.B.Second, twist newspapers into small knots.C.You will be rewarded with a roaring blaze.D.Fourth, cover this pile with a few small branches.E.You should follow several steps if you want to build a campfire.F.Third, make a pile on the ground of several paper knots.y the larger pieces of wood on the campfire from different directions.H.First, collect a good supply of wood, both small branches and larger logs.I.Finally, strike a match and ignite the paper at the bottom of the campfire, lighting it in severalplaces.参考答案：E H B F D A G I CGroup 5A.The basic steps are outlined below.B.The first step is the picking or plucking.C.They are then heated and rolled until the color changes.D.After this they are left to wither and dry for up to a day.E.When the leaves are ready, they are plucked carefully by hand.F.It is generally believed that tea was first drunk in ancient China.G.Different types of tea require variations in this procedure but the basic steps remain the same.H.After this change has taken place the leaves are fermented for several hours and then they aredried.I.Nowadays people all over the world enjoy this drink, but not everyone knows how it isproduced.参考答案：F I A B E D C H GPart II Filling in Blanks(1)Speech and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, (1) _________ written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, (2) _____________ the word choice of writing, (3) ___________, is often relatively formal. (4) ___________ pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from,they are ignored in writing (5) ___________ a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.Key: 1. but 2. while 3. by contrast 4. Although 5. because(2)My ideal job is to be an English teacher, and I want to stay in that profession for different reasons. (1) _____________, being a teacher I can have two vacations in a year, namely the summer vacation and the winter vacation, during which I can either stay at home or go out for sightseeing. (2) _____________, teaching itself is learning. In order to teach well, Ihave to be very confident in and familiar with what I am going to teach in class. (3) ____________, my English will be greatly improved. (4) _____________, by teaching I have a lot of chances to stay with groups of innocent boys and girls, which, to some extent, makes me feel young and energetic.(5) ____________, it is pleasant to be an English teacher.Key: 1. First of all 2. Secondly3. By and by4. In addition5. In short(3)Gold, a precious metal, is popular for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a shiny beauty that is resistant to rust. (1) _____________, it is suitable for jewelry, coins and decorations. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. (2)____________, a Greek coin remains unchanged in color (3) ____________ it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. (4) _____________ important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. The most recent use of gold is as heat shields in astronaut ’s suits. (5) ____________, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its utility.Key: 1. Therefore 2. For example 3. although 4. Another 5. In conclusion(4)European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways. FirstEuropean student enroll in fewer courses each tern than American students do. Second, European students seldom live at a university. (1) ____________ they live at home and travel to classes. Third most European courses are given by professors who lecture to their classes.(2)____________ American professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to form discussion groups. Furthermore, European students’ final examinations are usually oral (3) ___________ American students take written final exams. (4) ____________ a European university is mainly a place to study, (5) ___________ at most American universities, social activities take up a large part of the student’s time.Key: 1. Instead 2. In contrast 3. whereas 4. Although 5. yetSynonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. (1) _____________, the words “stingy” and “frugal” both mean ‘careful with money”.(2) _____________, to call a person stingy is an insult, (3) _____________ the word frugal has a much more positive connotation. (4) _____________, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words (5) _____________ many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all.Key: 1. For example 2. However 3. while 4. Similarly 5. becausePart III Note/Memo Writing(1)Directions: You are the General Manager Will Smith, and you are asked to write a memo according to the facts below. All the key points need to be included in the memo.Mr. Magee, Director of Adams International Trading Corporation, is coming to visit your company, arriving at 18:40 at the Pudong Airport on Flight BE 408 from Manila, Monday, 12 May. You have to write to your secretary, Ms. Lowell, asking her to arrange for someone to meet Mr. Magee at the airport, to arrange three-day accommodation for him in a five star hotel and to book an air ticket of business class to Manila on 15, May for him, too.(2)Directions: You are Jane, and you are asked to write a note according to the facts below. All the key points need to be included in the note.Mr. Brown had once asked Jane to help him get the address of Mr. David Bunyan, yet after some time, Jane did not get it. Write a note for Jane to apologize for this and to promise for further effort.(3)Directions: You are Gorge, and you are asked to write a note to Jenny according to the facts below. All the key points need to be included in the note.George made an appointment with Jenny on 10, May that they would meet each other at the school gate at 1 pm the next day and then go swimming together. Yet George failed to come in time due to his roommate’s sudden illness. Write a note for George to apologize for this.(4)Directions: You are the secretary Linda, and you are asked to write a memo to your boss Mr. Smith according to the facts below. All the key points need to be included in the memo.The security-door code has changed for the reason that a new panel is now put in use to replace the old one which is of 4-digital code. The new panel allows swipe-cards and requires a 6-digital code which is 138996 and Mr. Smith has to pick up his new swipe-card kept in the safe in your office before he goes to work in his office.(5)Directions: You are the assistant manager Lisa, and you are asked to write a memo for General Manager Peter according to the facts below. All the key points need to be included in the memo.1. A meeting needs to be held on Tuesday, May 16th.2.Staff from Marketing Department needs to attend.3.The main topic is discussion about our new product.4.It will be held in boardroom.5.It will last about an hour.6.Peter is occupied 9:30-10:30 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.-1:30 p.m..7.参考答案：1. MemoFrom: Manager Will SmithTo: Ms. LowellDate: Monday, 12 MaySubject: Arrangement for Mr. MageeMr. Magee is coming to visit our company. You need do something for his coming. First, ask somebody to meet him at the Pudong airport on Flight BE 408 from Manila .His arriving time is 18:40.Second, arrange three-day accommodation for him in a five star hotel. Third, book an air ticket of business class to Manila on 15May for him.2. NoteDear Mr. BrownI am sorry to tell you that so far I haven't got the address of Mr. David Bunyan. sorry for thisbut I will get it as soon as possible .3. NoteJenny,I'm sorry to tell you that I cannot meet you at the school gate at 1 pm and go swimming on 11, May, due to my roommate is suddenly ill.George10 May4. MemoTo：SmithFrom：LindaDate：15JunSubject：The security-door code has changedMr. Smith ，The security-door code has changed to 138996. Instead of the old one requiring 4-digital code, a new panel can swipe cards and needs 6- digital code. Please pick up your new swipe-card , and keep it safe during working time.5. MemoTo: Marketing DepartmentFrom: PeterDate: May 13Re: new product MeetingAs you know that we have developed a new product recently. We are confident that the new product will bring huge profit to company. We need to discuss more details about the new product and finalize the launch day. The meeting will be held at 2 pm on Tuesday, 16th May in the boardroom. The meeting is scheduled to take about 1 hour. All the Marketing Department staff needs to attend. Thanks for your prompt attention to this memo.Part IV Summary Writing(1)Changes of People’s DietAs is shown in the above table, some changes have taken place in people’s diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain, which is the staple food of Chinese people, accounted for almost fifty percent of the total consumption of food in the year 1986, however, the figure dropped to 45% in the year of 1990. Obviously Chinese people started to have less grain for their meals than before. While milk and meat, which used to be considered as expensive and therefore usually kept for only newly-born babies or for the elderly, took just 10% and 17% respectively in people’s diet in 1989, increased to 13% and 21% in 1990.There may be several reasons for the changes. First, people are much wealthier than before. With their higher income, they can afford to buy goods which, in the past, were rarely seen on the dinner tables of ordinary families. Another factor is that people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced i n large quantities. For all those reasons, what was formerly called “the basket of vegetables” has become that of varied food.To sum up, insignificant as those changes may seem, they are the signs of the improved economic condition in China. We believe that as the increasing rise in the living standard of the Chinese people, there will be greater changes in people’s diet in the future. (264 words)(2)Good health is as easy as just 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity each day, as recommended by health professionals. This 30 minutes activity can be broken up into short10-minute bouts of walking: walking to work, school, the bus or the shops.As a regular activity, walking is important in the prevention of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, colon cancer, and injuries (through improved strength and coordination). Walking also improves psychological well-being, muscle strength and flexibility, and concentration and memory as well as strengthening the immune system, managing weight and reducing depression.Lack of regular physical activity is not only unhealthy, and it also puts a great deal of strain on Australia’s health care system. An estimated $ 600 million could be saved annually in Australia if 10 percent more people participated in regular physical activity.Children who walk to school can benefit from regular exercise and improved concentration and memory. Outdoor activity such as walking is important for children as it provides an informal learning environment that can contribute to the development of physical, practical, emotional and social skills.Walking improves community health—every trip walked reduces air pollution. The pollutants released by motor vehicles include nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful compounds. These pollutants contribute to heart and lung diseases, asthma, and respiratory illness. Walking instead of driving helps reduce noise pollution, too. Road noise disturbs sleep, damages mental function, increases blood pressure and psychological stress.Walking is really a wonderful form of exercise for human beings. (250 words)(3)It is very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food, or drinking too much fluid of any kind, or smoking. The more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it; and, if we do not continue to do it, we feel unhappy. This is called the force of habit, and the force of habit should be fought against.Things which may be very good when only done from time to time, tend to become very harmful when done too often and too much. This applies even to such good things as work or rest. Some people form a bad habit of working too much, and others idling too much. The wise man always remembers that this is true about him, and checks any bad habit. He says to himself, “ I’m now becoming idle.” or “ I like too many sweets,” or “ I smoke too much,” and then adds, “ I will get myself out of this bad habit at once.”One of the most widely spread bad habits is the use of tobacco. Tobacco is now smoked or chewed by men, often by women, and even by children, almost all over the world. It was brought into Europe from America by Sir Walter Raleigh, four centuries ago, and has hence spread everywhere. I very much doubt whether there is any good in the habit, even when tobacco is not used to excess, and it is extremely difficult to get rid of the habit once it has been formed. (262 words)(4)In the traditional marriage, the man worked at a job to earn money for the family. The money was used for food, clothes, a house, and other family needs. The man made most of the decisions. He was the boss. The woman seldom worked away from the house. She stayed at home, cooked the meals, cleaned the house, washed the clothes, and did other household work.However, the idea of marriage has changed recently in the United States. First, not everyone tries to get married. Some people decide that they would rather live alone. Second, many peopleget married, and then find that they are not happy. Sometimes, these people get a divorce to end the marriage. Marriage has changed in another way. Many people get married, but their marriages are very different in the relationships, which results from different roles played by each spouse.The man has not always been the spouse who works. Many men now stay at home part of the time. They help to take care of the children and the house. Since the man does not always earn all the money(or any of it, in some cases), both the man and the woman may pay the bills. The man is not the most important person in the house. He may share many important decisions with the woman, and sometimes with the children.More and more women have been working. They may earn more money to help their husbands. In some cases, the woman earns all of the money, and the man stays at home to take care of the children and the house. In this way, the woman and the man reverse their traditional roles. (280 words)(5)Canadian s’ Fitness Declining Thanks to TelevisionConsidering how much Canadians spend watching television, it is going to take a lot more than regular exercise to reverse the fact that the once hardy Canadian is now just “lardy”.Despite an increase in the overall physical activity levels of Canadians, their body mass is ballooning. Between 1990 and 1995 the number of Canadians aged 20 to 24 with a body mass considered overweight, rose from 208,567 to 221,546, according to Statistics Canada.Part of this is due to a large number of Canadians working at jobs that involve little activity and indulging in low-level physical activities, such as watching television. According to Statistics Canada, Canadians watch an average 22.7 hours of television per week. “Watching television is totally sedentary,” says Dr. Claude Bouchard, one of Canada’s leading experts on obesity. Studies conducted in 1990’s are starting to show correlation between the time people spend watching TV and their level of fitness.Throwing experts for a loop is the fact that the number of Canadians reporting low levels of physical activities dropped to 35 percent in 1995, down from 62 percent in 1981. As well, more Canadians than ever before are becoming conscious about their diet and cutting down on fat.The statistics are clearly sending contradictory messages. It seems that many Canadians are exercising more and eating wisely, but just as many more Canadians are becoming more sedentary. The conclusion is clear. All Canadians need to find a healthier balance between sedentary and physical activities if we’re going to be a fit nation. (255words)参考答案摘要1From 1986 to 1990, great changes taking place in people's diet. there is a general decrease trend in the consumption grain, while there is an increase in the consumption of some high energy food. There are several reasons for the changes. First, people's living standard has been rising year by year，people have more money to buy food. Next, people pay more attention the quality of the food. they have more knowledge on improving the nutritional value of food. We believe there will be greater changes in people’s diet in the future.摘要2Walking for 30minute a day can make you healthy. It's important in the prevention of many diseases. Lack of regular physical activity puts a great deal of strain on Australia’s health caresystem. Children who walk to school can benefit from regular exercise and improved concentration and memory. Walking improves community health-every trip walked reduces air pollution. The pollutants released by motor vehicles include nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful compounds .Walking is really a wonderful form of exercise for human beings.摘要3Bad Habits, such as over-eating, drinking, or smoking, are very easy to acquire. One should fight against the force of the habit. Even good things can be very harmful when done to excess. The wise man is conscious of the bad habits and checks them promptly. The use of tobacco has spread almost all over the world. Those who have acquired this bad habit would hardly be able to get rid of it.摘要4In the traditional marriage, man earns more money than woman for family. Woman has to stay in house and take care of children. Man and may not share with important decision. The idea of the traditional marriage has changed recently in the United States. Due to the unhappy of marriage, they changed the roles played. Woman earns more than Man, all the money for family. In some cases, the woman and the man reverse their traditional roles.摘要5Canadians are getting fat. This message we have been given by Statistics Canada. In the last few years we have had an increase in exercise, but also an increase in weight. between 1990-1995 Canadians aged 20-24 who was overweight rose from 208,567 to 221.546. This can be greatly attributed to the fact that we are in jobs that don’t require physical activities and then we just go home and watch TV, about 22.7 Hours a week to be exact.参考答案：Part V Narration/Description/Exposition1. Feeling Proud (narration)2. My Dream House (description)3. The Qualities of a Good Friend (exposition)4. Ten Years Later (description)5. What a Wedding! (narration)作文参考答案：What a Wedding!Bill and Hilary lived in the same neighborhood. They grew up together, studied together and played together. But one day, Bill moved away with his family and went to another city then they lost touch with each other. Bill met another girl in that city and soon Bill fell in love with her. After some time, they decided to marry each other. Coincidentally, Hilary came to the same city because of the job. And one day she met Bill on the street. They were so happy to meet each other again. When Hilary got the news that Bill would marry another girl, she felt very disappointed. When she got home, she thought over it and decided to write an E-mail to Bill to confess her feelings about him. However, Bill didn’t check the E-mail in time and hold the wedding ceremony on schedule. Hilary went to the wedding ceremony and asked Bill: “Didn’t you g et my e-mail?” facing to two brides, he didn’t know which one he should choose.My Dream HouseMy dream home is very big and clean. It has at least five floors and eight rooms. On the ground floor, there is a kitchen, a dining room and a bathroom. Study, bathroom are on the first floor. They are all very comfortable. My parents’room is on the second floor. It’s also very big and clean. My grandparents live with us in this big house too. Their rooms are on the third floor. On the fourth floor, there is a big balcony. I can play games, read books and chat with friends there. I also have a big and nice garden. It is beside the big house. There are many flowers and vegetables in it. It has a big tree. In summer I can sit under the tree with my family. Behind the garden, there is a swimming pool. I can swim with my friends. I think it is very comfortable to live in my dream home.The Qualities of a Good FriendAs a saying goes:”A friend in need is a friend in deed” Generally speaking, the willingness to help, makes a good friend. First, a good friend provide support in our daily life. For example, once we have some emergencies, he or she would glad to help immediately, no matter what we could offer in response. Next, a good friend always thinks and acts for all best. A real good friend would suggest or advice us instead of agreeing with us at all. With his or her suggestion, we may act better although sometimes it might not be happy to hear those words. Last but not least, a good friend knows us best. He or she shares ideas and communicates with us So that we know the surroundings more clearly. In summary, good communication, the willingness to help and the helpful advice makes a real good friend.Ten years LaterTen years later, I think I will have been an ordinary worker to earn my living. I would like to spend my days between home and work place, and relax so much in weekend. I enjoy the way of my life due to my simply personality and I am convinced that simple is the best. To my family, of course, my parents will have been much older than now. I will work hard to support them. Because even a crow knows to feed back its parents, let alone me, a person. I must stay with them as often as I can, not letting them feel lonely. What's more, I think I will have a husband and many kids. I want to have a big family so that I will not feel lonely when I am an old lady. I will try my best to make each of them to live happy after. I am looking forward to enjoy the wonderful life. Feeling ProudThis is a big world. Being a person in the world is my glorious. We have to meet lots of options in the world, so we may lost ourselves. Sometimes we need some destructors release the bad mood.No matter how, by myself is a very important thing. Our mind is made of two parts, one is the right decision and the other is the error decision. We own the ability to make a right decision. We must believe it, so by myself is very important. Everyone dreams of successful, but if the hero never comes to you, if you need someone you're feeling blue, if you're away from love and you are alone, if you call friends and nobody you can find. You can run away but you can't hide. If you through the strom you can find be yourself is such easy. Finally, When the night are getting cold and blue, When the days are getting hard for you, as far as you be yourself and confident in yourself you can find everything will become more and more beautiful!。

电大行政管理专科应用写作考试资料

电大行政管理专科应用写作考试资料中央广播电视大学行政管理理专科作业1一、结合实例谈谈实用型文章的基本特征。

（二）材料多样，真实有力，材料是构成文章内容，形成支撑并表示主旨的各种事实与理论，真实是实用型文章的生命，而材料的真实又是使文章具有真实性的首要条件，有力是实用型文章的材料所应具备的另一个特点。

（三）结构合理、谨严固定，简单地说，结构是文章的内部构造，安排结构，就是根据主旨表示的需要，合理地组织材料，实用型文章应该是一种逻辑构成，而逻辑构成则要讲求谨严性，而不能流于松散无序，文章首尾圆合，衔接紧密，层次清晰，段落分明，则是文章结构谨严最起码的条件，也是对应用文结构最基本的要求。

固定是实用型文章结构的一个重要特点，遵照固定的模式写作，材能把文章写的规范，也才能使写出的文章便于阅读，易于发挥实际效用。

（四）语言准确，简明、平易、庄重。

语言准确是对所有文章的要求，语言运用得好坏，直接关系到文章质量的高低，任何文章的语言，都应当具有简明性，所谓的语言简明性。

2017年电大行政管理专科《应用写作》复习资料

名词解释1．公文：公务文书，对这个概念可有广义和狭义两种理解。

广义的公文是指党政机关、企事业单位及社会团体在公务活动中所用的各类文字材料。

而这里所说的公文是指狭义的公文而言的，主要是指国务院发布的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》列出的十三类公文。

这是行政机关在行政管理过程中所形成的具有法定效力和规范体式的文书，是依法行政和进行公务活动的重要工具。

２．上行文：指下级机关向所属上级机关呈送的公文，主要有报告、请示等。

３．平行文：指向同级机关或不相隶属的机关送交的公文，主要有函等。

４．下行文：指上级机关向下级机关发送的公文，主要有命令（令）、决定、通报、通知、批复、意义等。

５．发文字号：简称文号，又称公文编号，是发文机关同一年度公文排列的顺序号，由发文机关代字、年份和序号组成。

６．主送机关：负有公文处理责任的受文机关，是公文的主要受理机关。

７．公文主题词：标示公文的内容特征和归属类别的关键性词语。

８．签发：发文机关的领导人经过审核，在同意发出的公文文稿上签字的步骤。

9．简报：即情况的简要报道，是国家机关、社会团体及企事业单位内部用来通报情况、交流信息的一种简短的文字材料。

10.调查报告：对某一个事件或某一个问题，进行深入、细致的调查研究之后所写出的真实地反映情况的书面报告。

11．计划：某一个单位、部门或个人、对预计在一定时期内所要做的工作或所要完成的其他任务加以书面化、条理化和具体化的一种文书。

12．工作计划：对某一单位或部门某一时期内的工作做出打算和安排的书。

13. 工作总结：事后对某一阶段的工作或某项工作的完成情况，包括取得的成绩、存在的问题及得到的经验和教训加以回顾和分析，以为今后的工作提供帮助和借鉴的一种书面材料。

14．讲话稿：是指用于公务活动的讲话稿，主要是指领导同志在各种会议上或利用广播电视等宣传工具发表讲话时所用的书面材料15．规章制度：是国家机关、业务主管部门、社会团体或其他组织机构所制定的，在一定的范围内要求有关人员共同遵守的实用文书。

电大应用写作期末汇总

应用写作期末复习题1.主旨、材料、结构和语言是一切文章的构成要素。

2.国务院 8月24日发布的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》列出的十三类公文为: 命令( 令) ; 决定; 公告; 通告; 通知; 通报; 议案; 报告; 请示; 批复; 意见; 函; 会议纪要。

3.中共中央办公厅1996年5月3日发布的《中国共产党机关公文处理条例》列出的十四类党的机关常见的公文为: 决议; 决定; 指示; 意见; 通知; 通报; 公报; 报告; 请示; 批复; 条例; 规定; 函; 会议纪要。

4.全国人大常委会办公厅1998年2月6日发布的《人大机关公文处理办法》( 试行) 列出的公文文种为: 公告, 决议, 决定, 法, 条例, 规则, 实施办法, 议案, 意见, 批评和建议, 请示, 批复, 报告, 通知, 通报, 函, 意见, 会议纪要。

5.公文主要具有以下特点: 法定; 政策; 实用; 时效; 规范。

6.公文的具体功用主要体现在以下几个方面: ( 颁布法规, 传达指示) ; ( 反映情况, 请示工作) ; ( 联系工作, 商洽公务) ; ( 宣传教育) ; ( 依据凭证) 。

7.从不同的角度, 依照不同的标准, 可对公文进行不同的分类, 比如, 按照行文关系和行文方向的不同, 可将公文分为上行文、平行文和下行文三种; 按照紧急程度的不同, 可将公文分为紧急公文和普通公文两类, 紧急公文还分特急和急件两类; 按照有无保密要求的不同, 可将公文分为无保密要求的普通公文和有保密要求的文件两类, 按照机密等级的不同, 还能够将有保密要求的文件分为绝密、机密和秘密三种; 按其具体职能的不同, 可将公文分为法规性公文、指挥性公文、报请性公文、知照性公文、联系性公文和实录性公文。

8.人们一般习惯于把一公文划分为三大块, 即眉首部分、主体部分和版记部分。

眉首部分又称文头部分, 一般是由公文份数序号、秘密等级和保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人诸要素构成的; 主体部分又称行文部分, 一般是由标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文日期、公文生效标识、附注等项目构成的; 版记部分又称文尾部分, 一般是由主题词、抄送机关名称、印发机关和印发时间、反线诸要素构成的。

电大应用写作(汉语)复习资料期末机考超全重点2016省电大逐条复制

应用写作（汉语）绪论：1.实用文体最基本的特点是（实用性）2.（实用性）指的是实用文体所涉及的对象均为确定所指，这之中包括写作的主体和客体两个方面。

3.（针对性）是实用写作作为社会管理工具的本质属性和功能的显著体现。

4.受实用文支配或起作用的最广泛的、最普通的组织或个人，称为（普通客体）5.实用文所接受的对象是特别的组织或个人，从自己特定的身份出发接受实用文所表达的内容的客体，称为（特定客体）6.（标题点旨）是指以标题来高度概括文章主旨。

7.根据实用文体的涵义和特点，其主要的表达方式为叙述、（说明）和议论，这三种表达方式可以真实反映客观事物，理性体现主观精神。

8.实用文体写作中，用于介绍事实材料，有次序地介绍事件发生、发展的主要过程的表达方式称为（议论）行政公文：1.中共中央办公厅和国务院办公厅2012年4月16日联合发布，2012年7月1日起施行的《党政机关公文处理工作条例》中列出（十五）类公文2.按照行文关系和行文方向的不同，公文可以分为多种，其中下级机关向所属上级机关呈送的公文，属于（上行文）3.按照行文关系和行文方向的不同，公文可以分为多种，其中上级机关向下级机关下达的公文，属于(下行文 )。

4.公文办理包括收文办理、发文办理和（整理归档）5.发文办理的主要程序是（复核—登记—印制—核发）6.公文格式由（版头、主体、版记）三部分组成7.需要标注签发人姓名的公文是（上行文）。

8.公文标题一般（不可以）使用标点符号。

9.公文的送达机关，即负责主要办理或答复行文内容的机关，是（主送机关）10.公文分为上行文、平行文和下行文，行文方向不十分固定的是（通知）11.（决定）适用于对重要事项作出决策和部署、奖惩有关单位和人员、变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项12.（命令）适用于公布行政法规和规章、宣布施行重大强制性措施、批准授予和晋升衔级、嘉奖有关单位和人员。

13.适用于记载会议主要情况和议定事项的公文是（纪要）14.（议案）适用于各级人民政府按照法律程序向同级人民代表大会或者人民代表大会常务委员会提请审议事项。

2014电大《实用写作》期末复习题及答案

2014电大《实用写作》期末复习题及答案一、名词解释：1. 批示性通知一为颁发（发布、印发）型通知，用来颁发行政法规和规章或印发有关文件；二为转发型通知，用来转发上级机关、同级机关和不相隶属机关的公文；三为批转型通知，用来批示转发下级机关发来的公文。

2. 简报即情况的简要报道，是国家机关、社会团体及企事业单位内部用来通报情况、交流信息的一种简短的文字材料。

3. 经济合同是合同的一个种类，主要指“平等民事主体的法人、其他经济组织、个体工商户、农村承包经营户相互之间，为实现一定经济目的，明确相互权利义务关系而订立的合同”。

4．主题词主题词是标示公文的内容特征和归属类别的关键性词语。

拟写主题词，目的是为各类公文的计算机储存、检索及管理工作提供方便。

5.发文字号简称文号，又称公文编号，是发文机关同一年度公文排列的顺序号。

包括：发文机关代字、发文年份、文件顺序号。

6.计划是某一个单位、部门或个人对预计在一定时期内所要做的工作或所要完成的任务加以书面化、条理化和具体化的一种文书。

7. 投标书是指投标人按照招标书的要求，提出应标能力和条件，投送给招标单位的文字材料。

8.经济新闻是新闻的一种，是指迅速及时地反映经济领域新近发生的、富有社会意义的重要事实的报道。

二、简答题：1.写作请示的注意事项。

第一，要正确选用文种；第二，要尽量做到一文一事；第三，要避免多头请示；第四，要避免越级请示。

2.经济合同的作用。

有利于当事人实现经济目的；有利于保护当事人的合法利益；有利于维护社会经济秩序。

3.签订涉外合同的注意事项。

第一，要以遵守我国法律，并不得损害社会公共利益为前提；第二，要熟悉有关国际条约、国际惯例和有关国家的涉外贸易法规；第三，要依循实事求是的原则；第四，要严防欺诈行为的出现；第五，要注意内容的完备性。

4. 报告与请示的区别第一，具体功用不同。

报告是呈阅性公文，请示是呈批性公文。

第二，内容含量不同。

报告内容含量大，篇幅较长；请示强调一文一事，内容单一，篇幅较短。

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《应用写作》复习指导（六）总结的分析答题要求及有关的准备工作：（一）要熟悉各类文体的体式特征和结构格式：1．熟悉总结的类型：——从内容范围上分：综合性总结专题性总结——从功能上分：汇报性总结经验性总结2．了解总结的格式和内容：１）标题：公文式标题：单位名称+时间+事由+文种双标题：正标题概括总结的主要内容副标题标明：单位名称、时间、内容范围和文种2）正文：（前言、主体、结语）前言：说明撰写总结的目的，或概述总结的内容主体：1）成绩和经验2）问题和教训结语：进一步明确有待解决的问题和今后努力的方向3）落款：单位名称+日期3．熟悉几种总结的基本写法：（1）纵式结构：这是总结最常用的结构形式。

把全篇分为若干板块，即把成绩和经验、问题和教训、今后努力方向等分成几大部分，依次顺序—一写明。

为使层次清楚，每个板块可用小标题、段首句、序号等。

这种结构形式整体性较强、容量较大，适合于汇报性工作总结。

在直属企业开展统计法规执行情况大检查的工作总结为深入贯彻执行《中华人民共和国统计法》及其实施细则，切实落实党的十三届三中全会关于治理经济环境、整顿经济秩序，全面深化改革的方针，根据国家统计局、国务院法制局、监察部统政字1989（10）号和省商业厅川商计（89）141号、X X市统计局 X X市统（1989）23号文件精神，我局在组织动员全市商业局系统全面开展统计法规执行情况大检查的同时，重点抓了直属企业的大检查。

一、基本情况1．时间步骤：（一）四月二十四日在市局召开的全市统计、财会科（股）长会议上，学习文件，传达了市级会议精神，并结合局系统的实际进行了宣传动员和部署；（二）五月上半月为自查阶段，各单位行动较快较好，有的还组织参加了互查，如市五交化公司参加了川西片区的检查，据了解，自查面达到90％以上；（三）在自查的基础上，市局于本月十七日组织了互查、抽查和重点检查。

检查组由市局和直属企业的统计负责人和统计人员组成，计19人，历时八天，共检查、抽查了六个站、司，二个厂，一个食品站，三个商场（店），共十二个单位；（四）二十五日总结、汇报。

2、基本作法：一听二查三评议四改进。

即一是听取被查单位开展统计法规执行情况大检查的汇报。

二是现场检查一九八八年统计资料情况。

一查进、销、调、存金额，二查重点商品数量：计有生猪、煤炭、食糖、彩电、冰箱、铝锅、胶鞋、味精等八种商品，三查售给社会集团的零售额。

三是通过听和查，对该单位执行法规情况进行集中评议。

四是对存在问题研究改进办法和意见。

3、总的评价：这次大检查坚持了“两不误”，做到了“五到场”、有声势，有促进，实现了“五结合”。

即：在其它业务工作同大检查时间相抵触时，坚持了兵分两路，两边都参加，保证了大检查工作的正常进行。

检查组所到之处单位领导重视，接待热情，做到了公司、厂级领导、中层领导和全部统计人员到场，被抽查的基层单位领导和统计人员到场。

这次大检查活动，我们不是停留在检查本身，而是把对统计法规的大检查同学习、宣传统计法规相结合，同统计质量检查相结合，同交流学习统计工作经验相结合，同企业业务工作相结合，同整改相结合。

经检查，市局直属企业基本符合统计法规的要求，基本无违法行为，做到了统计有依据、凭证，登统、报表基本一致。

二、主要经验1、领导重视，统计机构健全，人员素质较高。

局直属企业的绝大部分领导法律观念较强，在统计工作中执行统计法规，按统计法规办事。

如市五交化公司深感在改革、开放、搞活的今天，作为国营企业带头模范执行国家法规的重要性和迫切性，去年聘请两个法律顾问，搞了包括统计法在内的普法测验。

今年专门组建法律顾问室，设专、兼职各一人，使企业的一切经营管理活动自觉纳入法规管理。

该公司为了给统计人员创造良好的工作条件，从去年下半年起，将销货发票的统计联由过去的倒数第一的第六联提升到了第三联使用。

市蔬菜水产公司领导认为：一个国家离不开统计，一个企业也离不开统计。

他是这样说的，也是这样做的。

该公司为了帮助统计人员提高业务知识水平，购买《商业统计》书籍发给统计人员学习，自学、讲解结合，并组织了单元测验。

百货站领导认识到：统计工作是企业的一项很重要的工作，要当好经理不重视统计是行不好的；心中无数是不行的。

为适应内部经营机制的改革，将统计人员下到科室，同经营紧密结合，下属13个经营实体，有统计人员26人，做到了机构、人员、任务三落实。

市肉联厂把统计工作纳入企业全面质量管理的范畴，写进承计划，同经济挂钩，下属15个单位的统计人员做到全部专职。

市直属企业对新上岗的统计人员的文化程度要求达到中专或高中毕业，强调了人员素质，保证了统计工作的需要。

（这个部分以下内容，只引纲目） 2．重视基础工作，稳定专业技术队伍。

3．制度过硬，奖惩兑现。

4．重视法规检查，发现问题及时改进。

三、存在的问题及原因1．行政干预统计。

市燃建公司配煤厂一九八八年统计报表中的无烟煤库存，在1至11月都是负数的情况下，厂领导为了摆平库存，写条子指令统计员，在库存总量不变的情况下，冲销调整了无烟煤的负数库存。

2．虚报统计资料。

检查中初步了解到市食品公司青义区食品站一九八八年十二月份虚报生猪购、销头数，发现这一情况后，该公司将组织力量进一步查实。

主要问题出在实行任务承包到人头后，采取买农民交猪税票作为食品公司购销凭证，作为计划内收购。

这样既骗取了国家生猪换购粮或差价款，又虚增食品站的购、销数量，顶抵任务，完成食品站对公司的承包指标。

1．虚报统计资料。

2．工作上的差错。

3．统计基础工作比较薄弱。

（2）横式结构：这种写法主要侧重在突出成绩、总结经验方面，故又称作经验总结。

形式上常采用：1．条文式。

即在开头部分简略地概述情况，然后把总结的主要内容按其性质和主次，分成若干部分，使用一、二、三、……的序号逐条排列，边叙述，边分析，边归纳出经验和教训。

采用这种结构方式，各条之间逻辑关系清楚，层次分明，适用于专题性总结。

2．小标题式。

即围绕主旨，把主体分为若干部分，分别列出小标题，每个小标题都是对每个部分中心内容的概括。

这些小标题鲜明、醒目地显示出总结各部分的主要内容，使人一目了然。

这种结构方式灵活自由，概括性强，中心突出，脉络清楚。

这种形式同样适用于综合性总结。

苦练内功求实效创建特色上台阶——盐城市盐南建筑职校孙粉喜戴永银我们盐南建筑职校是一所以建筑为主要专业的综合性职业高中。

自1983年创办以来，在各级政府和教育行政部门关心指导下，学校得到了持续、稳定的发展。

1992年学校被评为江苏省职业技术教育先进单位，1993年被国家教委确认为省级重点职业中学，今年又接受了国家级重点职业中学的验收。

回顾办学历程，我们的主要做法是：一、架构“一网三联”，努力拓展办学生存空间建立人才信息网。

办学之初，我校建立和逐步完善了一个反馈地方经济发展、企业变化、人才需求等信息的网络，并同步成立了人才信息研究小组，进行市场人才需求和宏观预测，以确保专业设置的适应性和超前性。

学校先后开设了建筑、装潢、水电、机械、机电、财会、宾馆、纺织等14个专业，把建筑专业作为骨干专业重点建设，先后向社会输送了1400名建筑类专业毕业生，占全区建筑技术人员的 71％，为我区实现“建筑兴区”的经济战略提供了有力的人才资源保证。

实行“三联”。

一是与东南大学、盐城工专等高校联合办学，获取科研信息，借技办学；二是与区建委、市三建公司、盐城宾馆等部门和企业联合办学，获取了人才资源，借船过海；三是与各乡镇职中、成人学校联合办学，设立办班点，发挥自身优势，搞好辐射。

共设立办班点4个，短期培训1700人次，为社会输送了一大批急需的专业人才。

二、务实“配套工程”，全力浇铸技能训练框架为了突出实践技能培养，我们紧扣技能训练的各个环节，着力搞好“四二一”配套工程。

推行四个优化：①优化课程设置。

根据各专业教学特点，断调整课程设置和教学内容，删减基础性、实用性不强的内容，增加地方性、实用性强的内容，确保按需施教。

②优化课时比例，调整了文化课、专业课和实习课的课时比例，使之达到3：3：4，保证了专业技能训练时间。

③优化教学过程，突出实践教学环节。

如建筑、机械专业实行基础教学——理论提高——生产实习——技术考核的阶段教学模式。

④优化考核办法。

文化课、专业理论课采取考试与考查相结合的办法，专业技术方面则采取考工定级的办法，直接请劳动部门考核发证，并从 1991年起推行毕业生“证书制”。

加强两项建设：一是加强实习基地建设。

近三年来，我校多方筹集资金，先后投资300多万元，在校内建起了微机室、语音室、建材、车工、钳工等24个高标准的实验、实习室，创办了盐南建筑工程公司、建材测试站等5个实习企业，并通过与钢人企业联合办学建立了40多个校外实习基地，为学生提供了良好的技能训练条件。

二是加强师资队伍建筑。

建立了一支稳定合格的专业师资队伍；实行教师资格聘任制、专业教师“双职称制”（教学职称和技术职称）和技能考核达标制度；加强学科带头人的培养，鼓励教师开展教研教改。

几年来，我校教师在市级以上报刊发表论文100多篇，5个被评为市级学科带头人。

实施一个目标管理：我校自1993年开始，制定并完善了《专业课教学目标管理实施细则》，实施专业课教学目标管理。

我校根据最终培养目标，参照本地区行业通告的标准，把各专业的技能训练、基础理论等方面目标按教学计划要求分阶段组合成目标模块，并分解到各专业组，落实到每个教师，跟教师津贴挂钩；同时将业务指挥权、考核权下放到专业组，由专业组长负责实施。

由于明确了目标，落实了责任，今年建筑、机械、汽修、电工等专业的学生参加技术考核，中级工合格率在 84％以上，其中汽修专业中级工合格率达 92．6％。

三、主攻“产教结合”，着力培植自我发展后劲结合专业办企业。

在有关部门的支持下，我校结合骨干专业于1988年办起了“盐南建筑工程公司”，拥有8个土建队、l个装演队、4个木工队、3个水电安装队，300多万元设备，规模和施工能力已达到县级建筑公司水平。

每年承建大楼 1000m2以上，总施工面积近 10万平方米，其中有 10多项工程被评为市、区“优良工程”。

今年，该公司被有关部门推荐申报为“省级明星企业”。

办好企业促专业。

一是促进了产教紧密结合，培养和提高了学生的专业技能。

学校建筑公司接纳和指导学生实习近5000人次，促进了专业教学质量的提高。

二是促进了专业内涵的发展，先后举办了12期建筑工长、预算和钢筋工培训班，培训学员近1000人次。

三是促进了学校教学条件的改善，近几年来，学校兴建了图书馆、实验楼 14000 m2，校办企业提供了强有力的资金保证。

办好专业促产业。

我校结合专业设置，还先后创办了“盐城市郊区防水公司”、“建筑五金机械厂”、“建材测试站”等经济实体，初步形成了以建筑公司为“龙头”的校办企业集团。

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