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第28卷 第3期2007年6月发 光 学 报C H I N ESE J OURNAL OF LUM I N ESCENCEV ol 128N o 13J un .,2007/文章编号:1000-7032(2007)03-0291-011白光LED 固态照明光转换荧光体刘行仁(中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所,吉林长春 130033)摘要:报道了当前热点固态照明白光LED 对所用光转换荧光体的特殊要求,从发光学和晶场理论出发,提出研发白光LED 用荧光体的几种方案和原则。
依据多年成果,特别阐述在稀土铝镓石榴石体系,氯硅酸钙及某些钨钼酸盐中,Ce 3+、P r 3+、Tb 3+、Eu 3+、Eu 2+及M n 2+离子的发光特性,能量传递,Eu 2+的特征/阶梯状0光谱以及激活剂在晶体中所占据不同晶体学格位与发光性质的关联性。
这些材料都可用于白光LED 之中。
实践证明,这些基础性研究和原理是研制白光LED 用荧光体的基础。
光转换荧光体与InG a N 蓝光芯片结合可以获得符合严格标准的全色温(2700~8000K )的高显色性白光LED 光源。
白光LED 及InG aN 蓝光LED 的光电性能与正向电流I F 密切相关,器件散热极为重要。
提出的在不同I F 下,LED 的相关色温差(Q T c )可用来表征LED 色温变化幅度及稳定性。
关 键 词:荧光体;白光发光二极管;发光;固态照明;稀土激活剂中图分类号:O 482;O 482.31 PACC :7855 文献标识码:A收稿日期:2007-01-04;修订日期:2007-03-29基金项目:国家/8630计划(715-0030060,2006AA03A138);国家自然科学基金(9574053,19774056,59272083,59782004);吉林省科技厅发展计划基金(953514)资助项目作者简介:刘行仁(1937-),男,湖北天门人,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事发光材料基础和应用的研究。
不错的关于固态照明的英文文章，供大家参考。
很长，希望大家有耐心看完，也希望有帮助。
Solid state lighting (SSL) refers to solid state light emitting devices which do not utilize filiments or electron arc streams to produce light. The most readily recognizable SSL products today utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which produce photons(light) directly from the passage of electrons from one material within the conductive device to another. Others forms of LEDs include organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) which use organic materials but are otherwise similar to LEDs and polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), which are made from flexible materials. Other forms of SSL products include Cathodluminescence - where light is given off by a material bombarded by electrons generating heat which causes the material to emit photons (light), or Electrolumenescence where visible light is produced by a substance exposed to an electric field without any thermal energy generation. The term "solid state" refers to the fact that light is emitted from a solid object- a semiconductor or other photo-reactive material.Unlike traditional lighting, SSL sources create visible light without heat as a component of the luminous emission. This does not mean that heat is not generated.LEDs produce as much heat as any source of a similar efficiency. However, the heat from an LED is contained in the semi conductor material, to be sinked or extracted away from the visible light emission.At this time, the largest issue in adapting LEDs to general illumination is thermal management. Heat has an effect on light output, and color, and is the focus of a great deal of research in this market. Further, as efficiencies increase, and methods are developed to extract the heat from the semi-conductor materials, the heat generated by LEDs will be lower than conventional sources of similar lumen production. The ultimate goal is to reach efficiencies high enough to substantially reduce the issue of thermal management in lighting product designs.As a general rule, solid-state products exhibit greater resistance to shock, vibration, and temperature extremes, thereby increasing their potential lifespan significantly. However, direct contact with the LED sources themselves (pressing on their face, or directly striking them) destroys the internal structure of the devices, requiring they be protected in some manner.SSL has been described by the United States Department of Energy as a pivotal emerging technology that promises to alter lighting in the future. It is the first new lighting technology to emerge in over 40 years, with the potential for energy efficiencies and cost savings, is potentially a very disruptive technology in the marketplace.1. LED HistoryFor 150 years lighting technology was mainly limited to incandescence, fluorescence, or arc discharge. However, energy efficiencies of these conventional sources have essentially reached a peak of roughly 25% (75% of energy consumed is heat), with incandescent lightingachieving an efficiency of less than 2%. With the advent of commercial LEDs in the 1960s, however, a door to a new and exciting form of lighting technology was opened. From the beginning, researchers realized that LEDs have a theoretical potential to exceed the efficiency of conventional sources.Just as transistors replaced tubes in electronics, solid state circuits consume less energy through a reduction in parasitic loss (heat) that cannot be resolved with conventional glass tube technologies currently prevalent in lighting.Initially LEDs were red in color, with green, yellow, and orange variants following soon thereafter. In 1993, Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Chemical Industries came up with a blue LED using gallium nitride (GaN). With this invention, it was possible to create white light with an LED, opening the opportunity to put these devices to work in general illumination..2. Technology Overview(1) White Light GenerationA single LED can only produce a single color, specifically red, green, blue, amber, or yellow. T o produce the white light it is necessary to convert light from an LED to light spanning the visible spectrum in some fashion. T o attain this, three approaches are used for generating white light: Wavelength conversion; Color mixing; and most recently Homoepitaxial ZnSe.Wavelength conversion involves converting some or all of the LED's output into visible wavelengths. Methods used to accomplish this feat include:(a) Blue LED & yellow phosphor - Considered the least expensive method for producing white light. Blue light from an LED is used to excite a phosphor which then re-emits yellow light. This balanced mixing of yellow and blue lights results in the appearance of white light. (b) Blue LED & several phosphor - Similar to the process involved with yellow phosphors, except that each excited phosphor re-emits a diferent color. Similarly, the resulting light is combined with the originating blue light to create white light. The resulting light, however, has a richer and broader wavelength spectrum and produces a higher colorquality light, albeit at an increased cost.(c) Ultraviolet (Uv) LED & red, green, & blue phosphors - The UV light is used to excite the different phosphors, which are doped at measured amounts. The colors are mixed resulting in a white light with the richest and broadest wavelength spectrum. However, LED materials are highly susceptible to UV light degradation, and inherently ilter short wavelength emission, so are limited to 450nm wavelength, which is less efficient than the 280nm wavelength reactive phosphors used in fluorescent sources.(d) Blue LED & quantum dots - A process by which a thin layer of nanocrystal particles containing 33 or 34 pairs of atoms, primarily cadmium and selenium, are coated on top of the LED. The blue light excites the quantum dots, resulting in a white light with a wavelength spectrum similar to UV LEDs.This is an emerging technology, that promises to exceed any of the phosphor technologies in efficiency and color control.(e) Color mixing involves utilizing multiple LEDs in a device and varying the intensity of each LED to produce white light, or by configuring the device with a mix of LED colors to create a desired white balance without control. As no phosphors are used, there is no energy lost in the conversion process, thereby exhibiting the potential for higher efficacy at some point in the future. However, in the near future, white LEDs using blue or violet LEDs and phosphor coating, are the most popoular way to generate white light. In color mixing, color rendering near that of incandescent and day-lighting can be achieved by a hybrid system using Red, Green, Blue, Amber, and a White LEDs. As many as 7 colors can be used to reproduce exceptionally good white color balance, using Red, Red-orange, Amber, Green, Cyan, Blue, and Indigo. However, the more LEDs used, the greater the complexity of the product, thus a higher the expense. These blended color systems all offer the capacity to adjust white balance manually or automatically, using microprocessors, creating a system than no conventional source can equal.White phosphor LEDs generate excellent color at low cost.(f) Homoepitaxial ZnSe Blue LED is another recent LED developed by Sumomito Electric where a homoepitaxial ZnSe blue LED is created that produces blue light from the active region and yellow emission from the substrate. The resulting white light has a wavelength spectrum on similar to UV LEDs coated in yellow phosphor. However, since no phosphors are used, the result is a higher efficiency "white" LED, although color performance is still in need of improvement. The promise of this technology is in its combination with Quantum Dots, the combination of these technologies is highly complimentary and more efficient that phosphor based white light LEDs.(2) LED ComponentsLEDs themselves are calLED die, and they are made just like any other micro-chip device, in wafers. From these wafers individual LEDs are cut away using lasers and placed in devices with highly specialized robotic devices. Each LED die is about the diameter of a thin mechanical pencil lead, and thinner than a human hair, and produces a limited about of light by itself. In SSL applications, a several LEDs are placed close together in a package to combine their output to create illuminating effects. These small clusters are integrated circuits, like memory chips in a computer, and packaged in some way - either into a chip, or inside an enclosure with an optical covering - with electrical contact points. These packages are then soldered to circuit boards, or strips, which are instalLED in lighting products. Unlike standard lamps, circuit boards carrying LEDs can be configured easily to suit virtually any configuration, shape or enclosure.All SSL products require an electronic driver device. This is usually separate of the LED circuit board, and converts the building energy to electrical characteristics the LED devices require to produce light. T wo core methods of control are used: Current control, and Voltage Control. One controls how much energy passes through the device, allowing voltage to vary up or down to maintain operation. The other controls the voltage by regulating how much energy is passing through the device. These are not interchangeable, and are matched to the LED or SSL package being powered. LED devices are generally DC current, which means an additional conversion from the building’s AC current is included in the driver devices.Dimming of an LED source is not as simple as dimming incandescent sources, but is more effective than fluorescent dimming in both color and intensity control.A common method used is Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).This is accomplished by operating the LEDs at a high frequency, with many pulses a second that are constant when the device is at full brightness.Adjusting the width of the pulses will reduce the number of electrons passing through the LED, reducing its light output. Mixing colors is accomplished by “dimming” each individual color independently to achieve a desired balance - which can range from one color (all others dimmed off) to white (all colors balanced and full brightness.) Other dimming schemes, including current limiting, voltage regulation, etc. are effective in control of intensity levels.3. Advantages of SSL(1) Technological ComparisonSSL will eventually be applied as a cost-effective, energy efficient, high quality replacement for incandescent and fluorescent lamps. T o better understand the technical merits of SSL, it is important to understand the technology behind the lamps it intends to replace. However, just as the cost of fluorescent products exceed that of incandescent to attain the energy gains, SSL products will likely always be slightly more expensive than fluorescent products. With the potential of high efficiency, improved thermal performance, controllability, high color performance, and very long life, LEDs have the potential of producing very effective lighting systems with an advantage in operational costs that will more than justify the initial costs involved.Incandescent lamps (light bulbs) create light by passing electricity through a thin filament, thereby heating the filament to a very high temperature that eventually produces some visible light. The incandescing process, however, is highly inefficient, since 98% of its energy is heat. Incandescent lamps, however, are inexpensive to produce. Halogen lamps are similar to incandescent lamps, but utilize halogen fill gas and a quartz envelope to produce a little more light and longer life. The typical lifespan of an incandescent lamp is between 750 and 2,000 hours.Fluorescent lamps (light bulbs) work by passing electricity through mercury vapor, which in turn produces ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light is then absorbed by a phosphorus coating inside the lamp, causing it to glow, or fluoresce. While the heat generated by fluorescent lamps is much less than its incandescent counterpart, eficiencies are still lost in generating the ultraviolet light and converting this light into visible light. In addition, older lamps use mercury, which is detrimental to health, and should the lamp break, exposure to the substance can be hazardous. The use of mercury is being reduced dramatically, and may eventually be eliminated as the fluorescent lamp manufacturers respond to environmental concerns. Fluorescent lamps are typically five to six times the cost of incandescent lamps,but have life spans between 10,000 and 20,000 hours, with many extended life sources now reaching 40,000 hours.High Intensity Discharge sources work by creating an electron arc stream through a gas that contains metal salts, for example sodium creates a yellow light, while scandium and sodium mixed make white light. These sources create an intense light within a small area, which is optically very efficient. These lamps produce about the same overall efficiency as fluorescent lamps, with a life of between 7,500 and 35,000 hours depending on the design and application of the lamp.SSL generates illumination by grouping smaller LEDs in an orderly fashion, thereby creating a packaged source. A SSL product can be utilize single color LEDs, multiple white LEDs, or collections of different colored LEDs configured to mix and produce white light. The inherent advantages and disadvantages of SSL are the same as those of the LEDs themselves. Advantages include:(a) Durable - no filament or tube to break(b) Long life - LEDs last between 15,000 and 70,000 hours when properly applied(c) Low power consumption - reduces overall electricity bill compared to some sources(d) Flexible application - small size of LEDs can lead to unique lighting devices(e) Unique color potential - able to create light in ways conventional sources cannot equal(f) Reduced heat generation - heat and light are independent - reducing impact on occupants(g) No mer cury to be disposed of at the end of a lamp’s life (unlike fluorescent products).Currently, the number of SSL products on the market that function as true replacements for incandescent or fluorescent lamps is small, but growing rapidly. White LEDs produced today are too expensive to be considered affordable against Incandescent, even though they produce more light. However, over their life, the savings in energy will pay back the cost difference many times over. Compared to fluorescent, lumen production by LEDs is now equal to the most commonly applied products.Future developments in LED technology will continue to improve efficiency, color performance, and extended the life. Based on research conducted by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Optoelectronics Industry Development Association (OIDA), it is expected that by the year 2025, SSL will be the preferred method of illumination in homes and offices.The following chart compares SSL devices (projected to 2025) with incandescent and fluorescent sources:(2) BenefitsIn 2001, the United States consumed over 7.2 quads (7.2×1015 BTU = 7.6 EJ) of energy on lighting for commercial, residential, and industrial buildings.(US DOE). With America's steady growth and limited resources, this continued rate of consumption is not sustainable. Recognizing the need for change, the DOE has set a goal to reduce electric lightingconsumption 50% by 2025. SSL technologies are uniquely positioned to participate in reaching this goal and attain the following:(a) educe CO2 emissions, thereby positively affecting the greenhouse effect(b) Decrease by 50% the global amount of electricity used for lighting(c) Provide higher quality lighting(d) Decrease by 10% the total global consumption of electricity (projected to be about1.8TW·h/yr, or $120 billion per year, by the year 2025)(e) Reduce projected 2025 global carbon emissions by about 300 million metric tons per year(f) Create new industries and jobsThe U.S. Government, by way of the DOE and other agencies, has funded millions of dollars in research grants and projects relating to the development of a high quality yet affordable SSL.A major motive of funding such research, in addition to its environmental impact and energy savings potential, is to decrease dependence on foreign fossil fuels.4. Research and DevelopmentIn order to further the development of SSL technology, the DOE has committed more than $50 million on over 45 applied research projects, including short- and long-term projects at large and small businesses, universities and national labs alike. Part of the department's goals include developing a better quality, lower cost, and highly efficient white LED. Other agencies and universities contributing to SSL development include:(a) Sandia National Laboratories(b) Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute(c) University of California, Santa Barbara(d) National Electrical Manufacturers Association5. ConclusionThe key to the SSL market is to carefully walk a triangular tight rope - Balancing between the rampantly optimistic projections often produced to generate investment capital and not scientifically well founded; a recognition of the potential of the technology and how it may transform lighting as we know it - for many reasons; and the recognition that the lighting market is very slow to react to any new technology, especially when it threatens to upset over 100 years of continuous development and effort.There will be a transformation, that is fairly certain. The question is, how fast will it occur, and to what extend it will actually change the market. Considering that compact fluorescent lamps have taken 35 years to gain a small level of acceptance, basing projections on technological statistics alone is obviously not well founded. The success of SSL is dependent on one factor that will never change - the perceived need of those who buy lighting products. If the market perceives of SSL products as being desirable, they will be applied and the market will grow. Every indication is that this is exactly what is happening, creating and exciting transformation of light into the future, with all new tools and capabilities never before possible.。
高显色可调色温LED白光的分析加红蓝L E D 组合的高显色可调色温白光，研究结果表明: ( 1) 白光L E D 和红光L E D 组合可获得高光效高显色白光; (2) 正白光加红蓝L E D 组合可获得高光效高显色可调色温白光。
关键词: L E D 白光色温显色指数特殊显色指数光效C O L O R T E M P E R A T U R E T U N A B L E L ED W H I TE 一L I G H T WI T H H I G HC O L O R R E NDE R I N G R E S E A R C HA B S T R A C TC o lo r re n d e r i n g a n d lig h t e f f i e ie n c y a re t w o im P o r t a n t f a c to r s to e v a lu a te t he q u a lity o fL E D lig h t sou ree . W l lil e i t 15 alw ays th e P rob lem w e h av e fa c ed th at th e L E D ligh t so u ree w ithP o o r e o lo r r en d e r i n g . T h is P a P e r sta te s a m a t h e m a t i e a l m o d e l f or sim u la tin g L E D r ela tiv e sP e e t r a ， t he f un e tio n a l re la tio n sh iP s o f L E D r ela tiv e s P e e t r a a n d t he o u t Pu t lu m l no u s f l u x ，in P u t P o w er ， 面 ve eurr en t ar e est ablish ed . T h e sim u lat ion p ro 『am o f eolorre n deri n g of w h it e light L E De lu ste rs w a s d e v e lo P e d a e e o rd in g to t he P r i n e iP le of a d d it i v e e o lo r 而 x t ure a n d C IE m e th o d o fm easuri ng and sP eei 尔 n g eolor re nderi n g ProP ert i es of ligh t sour c es. Th e Program ean P re d iett he sP e c t r a l P o w e r d ist r i b u tio n ，eh ro m a tie it y e o o rd i n a t e s ，e o lo r r e n d e r i n g in d ie e s ，L E D d r i v ecurr e n ts ，lum in ou s fl u x ，i 即 ut P ow er ，lu IT n n o us eff i eaey o f wh it e ligh t L E D elu st ers. F or g iv en c o lo r te m Pe ra t ure ，h ig h e o lo r r en d e r in g w h ite lig h t L E D e lu st e rs w ithw h i t e P h o s Ph o e o a te d L E D an d red L E D (W 瓜 L E D C lust er) w ere fou n d b y simu latio n analy sis o n w h i te l i g h t L Ph o s P h o e o a t e d L E D h a s d if f e re n t e o lo r te m P e ra tu r e a d 叩 t sP e e ia l f l u o re se e n t ra t io . F o r e o lo rte m P e ra t ure tu n a b le w h ite lig h t ， W W 卿 G 旧 L E D c lu ste r ， C W /R w ith h ig h c o lo r ren d e r i n g w h it e lig h t w e re su e e e ss re a liz e d in o u r la b ，th e r esu lt sh o w s th a t w 瓜Llu m in o u s e f f i e ie n e y . Z h en g L ih o n g ( P lasm a P h y sies) S up ervised b y 旦亘旦旦旦丛照 -目录第一章绪论 (6)1.1 弓}言 (6)1.2 L E D 产业链现况 (7)1.3 L E D 白光照明国内外背景 (7)1.4 可调色温L E D 白光的几种实现方法 (8)1.5 本文选题背景、完成的技术突破和各章内容 (10)1.5 .1 选题背景.......................................4.. (10)1.5 .2 完成的技术突破 (12)1.5 .3 各章主要内容.........................................:.................................12第二章评价光源质量的几种重要因素 (13)2 .1 光源相关色温评价方法 (13)2 .2 光源显色性评价方法··························································……”巧2 .3 光源光效的评价方法 (17)2 .4 本章小结................................................................................. 17第三章光谱功率分布数学模型改进................................................ 183 .1 单色L E D 光源光谱数学模型 (18)3 .2 白光L E D (蓝光激发荧光粉) 的荧光光谱 (19)3 .3 本章小结···········································································……2 05 .2 .4 正白加红蓝L E D (N W /R/ B ) 组合白光 (39)5 .3 本章小结 (41)结论·······················································································……4 2参考文献·················································································……43发表论文和科研情况说明····························································……45致谢···························第一章绪论1.1 引言低碳经济已成为社会各界关注的焦点，从长远来看，可持续的低碳和绿色经济将是未来世界发展的趋势，这无疑为发光二极管(LE D ) 照明等节能环保产业的发展带来巨大机遇。
高显色指数LED光谱配比与色度参数的关系杨宇铭; 李燕; 周天亮; 郑怀文; 杨华; 伊晓燕; 王军喜; 李晋闽【期刊名称】《《照明工程学报》》【年(卷),期】2019(030)005【总页数】7页(P82-87,98)【关键词】显色指数; 荧光粉; 光谱; LED【作者】杨宇铭; 李燕; 周天亮; 郑怀文; 杨华; 伊晓燕; 王军喜; 李晋闽【作者单位】中国科学院半导体研究所中国科学院半导体照明研发中心中国科学院大学北京第三代半导体材料与应用工程技术研发中心半导体照明联合创新国家重点实验室北京100083; 厦门大学材料学院福建厦门361005【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TM923引言随着半导体照明技术在照明市场的渗透率逐步提高，在技术上对照明光源的控制能力不断提升，这也使得人们对照明的的健康属性愈加关注[1-4]，其中高显色指数的LED照明光源在教室照明，桌面照明，电视转播照明等领域有着广泛的应用，高显指白光LED的常见技术方案为蓝光激发绿光段和红光段荧光粉，多家制造商也提出了不同的技术方案[5-8]，这也是未来照明光源品质提升的重要方向。
一般来说，为了提高LED光源的显色性一般需要在传统蓝光加黄绿荧光粉的基础上增加一些不同发射光谱的荧光材料[9,10]，在理论上利用配比不同峰值发射光谱的荧光粉可以实现类似的色温和显色指数，这一方面为我们设计和使用更多的约束条件带来的便利，同时也由于其多样性为我们开展光生物效应相关的实验增加了难度。
因此，确认当前技术条件下的高显色指数LED的主要光谱配比对于健康照明研究具有重要的参考价值。
为了简要地分析上述问题，本文选取了5种典型的蓝光二极管和红/绿/黄绿色荧光粉进行不同配比的白光LED光谱光色特性仿真研究，结合不同的基本光谱比例优化相关色温和显色性等指标，对获得相近色温和显色性的比例关系进行研究并考察其光谱形态。
1 仿真设置研究中使用的蓝光LED的发射光谱，峰值波长为455 nm，半高宽为25 nm。
Applications• TV Studio • Film Production • Still Photography• Stage/Set Lights • Architectural/HospitalityFeatures:• High lumen output• Over 25,000 lm @ 3150K, 25ºC • Over 27,000 lm @ 5600K, 25ºC • 3150K and 5600K CCT • 95 CRI minimum • 90 TLCI minimum• 2 SDCM color binning accuracy• Excellent optical emission uniformity and color over angle consistency • Exceptional long term color stability• Superior thermal conductivity for uniform heat spreading • Environmentally friendly: RoHS and REACH compliant • UL certified, file # E465703•Table of ContentsTechnology Overview . . . . . .2Test Specifications . . . . . . . . .2Chromaticity Bins . . . . . . . . . .3Product Ordering & Shipping Part Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Product Typical Flux Range 5Operating Characteristics . .5Optical and Electrical Character-istics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Mechanical Dimensions . .12Packaging Information . . .12Handling Notes . . . . . . . . . .17CVM Studio COB ArraysLED Entertainment LightingReliabilityDesigned from the ground up, the Luminus COB LED is one of the most reliable light sources in the world today . Having passed a rigorous suite of environmental and mechanical stress tests, including mechanical shock, vibration, temperature cycling and humidity . Only then are the devices qualified for use in a wide range of lighting application including some of the most demanding commercial applications .UL Recognized ComplianceLuminus COB arrays are tested in accordance with ANSI/UL 8750 to ensure safe operation for their intended applications . REACH & RoHS ComplianceAll LED products manufactured by Luminus are REACH and RoHS compliant and free of hazardous materials, including lead and mercury .TraceabilityEach Luminus COB LED is marked with a 2D bar code that contains a unique serial number . With this serial number, Luminus has the ability to provide customers with actual test data measurements for a specific LED . In addition, the 2D bar code is linked to manufacturing date codes that enables traceability of production processes and materials .Testing TemperatureLuminus Studio products are measured at temperatures typical for the LED operating in the fixture . Each device is tested at 85ºC junction temperature eliminating the need to scale datasheet specifications to real world situations . Chromaticity Bin RangeChromaticity binning delivers color consistency for every order . Studio products are delivered with a 2-step MacAdam ellipse . This ensures color performance matching in the application . These tightly controlled, small distribution bins provide customers predictable, repeatable colors .Technology OverviewLuminus Chip-on-Board (COB) LED series offers a complete lighting class solution designed for high performance illumination applications . The selection covers a wide lumen range from less than 400lm to over 10,000lm, all major color temperatures and can deliver color rendering greater than 97 at 2700K and 3000K and R9 equal to 95 . These breakthroughs allow illumination engineers and designers to develop lighting solutions with maximum efficacy, brightness and overall quality .Every Luminus LED is fully tested to ensure it meets the high quality standards customers have come to expect from Luminus’ products .Understanding Luminus COB LED Test SpecificationsChromaticity Bin StructureChromaticity Bins: 1931 CIE Curve*Note: Luminus maintains a +/- 0 .005 tolerance on chromaticity (CIEx and CIEy) measurements .Product Ordering and Shipping Part Number NomenclatureAll CVM products are packaged and labeled with part numbers as outlined in the table on page 5 . When shipped, each package will contain only a single flux and chromaticity bin . The part number designation is as follows:CVM XX NN 95 V V Q QPP F G WNote 1: NN nomenclature corresponds to the following:31 = 3150K56 = 5600KNote 2: XX CRI is specified as minimum value95 CRI is 95 minimumNote 3: AA00 /AC00 / AB00 - Package Configurator for 3-stepFA00 / FB00 / FC00 - Package Configurator for 2-stepExample 1:The ordered part number CVM-27-56-95-36-F A00-F2-2 which refers to a 26 .5 millimeter diameter emitter, at color temperature 5600K, a minimum CRI of 95, a typical voltage of 36V, a standard package, a typical flux of 10,500 lumens and a 2-step MacAdam ellipse chromaticity range .Note: Luminus part numbers may be accompanied by prefixes or suffixes . The most common is the “Rev01” suffix indicating a part is fully released and carries a full warranty . These additional characters may appear on shipping labels, packing slips and invoices . In all cases the basic part number described above will always be included .The following tables describe products with typical flux and minimum flux measured at the maximum rated current and specified at junction temperature, T j = 85ºC . The values at 25ºC are calculated and shown for reference only .CVM Part Numbers*Note: Luminus maintains a +/- 6% tolerance on flux measurements . Luminus maintains a +/- 2% tolerance on CRI measurements .CVM-14CVM Operating Characteristics 1Note 1: Ratings are based on operation at a constant junction temperature of T j = 85ºC.Note 2:Although products are specified at Maximum Current, they are all capable to be driven down to currents as low as 20% of the typical value. Operationbelow these current levels may result in uneven light distribution across the LES surface.Note 3: Voltage is rated at typical forward current. For voltage at lower drive current, refer to performance graphsNote 3: Maximum operating case temperature combined with maximum drive current defines the total maximum operating condition for the device. Toprevent damage, please follow derating curves for all operating conditions.Note 4: All product specifications are subject to change without prior notice.Note 5: Caution must be taken not to stare at the light emitted from these LEDs. Under special circumstances, the high intensity could damage the eye.CVM-27CVM Operating CharacteristicsCVM-18CVM-32CVM-14 Optical & Electrical CharacteristicsRelative Output Flux vs. Junction TemperatureChange in Voltage vs. Junction TemperatureChange in CIEx vs. Jucntion Temperature (3100K)Change in CIEy vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)CVM-18 Optical & Electrical CharacteristicsRelative Output Flux vs. Junction TemperatureChange in Voltage vs. Junction TemperatureChange in CIEx vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)Change in CIEy vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)CVM-27 Optical & Electrical CharacteristicsRelative Output Flux vs. Forward Current @ 85ºCForward Current vs. Forward Voltage @ 85ºCRelative Output Flux vs. Junction TemperatureChange in Voltage vs. Junction TemperatureChange in CIEx vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)Change in CIEy vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)CVM-32 Optical & Electrical CharacteristicsRelative Output Flux vs. Junction TemperatureChange in Voltage vs. Junction TemperatureChange in CIEx vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)Change in CIEy vs. Junction Temperature (3100K)CVM Optical & Electrical CharacteristicsTypical Spectum (3150K)Typical Spectrum (5600K)Typical Polar Radiation PatternTypical Angular Radiation Pattern0%20%40%60%80%100%120%-80-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80R e l a t i v e I n t e n s i t y (%)Anglular Displacement (Degrees)Shipping Container (CVM-14-AC00)Mechanical Dimensions (CVM-14-AC00)225 pcs per boxEach bag is boxed for easier storage/ stackingTrays are sealed in an anti-static bag45 pcs per tray5 trays are stacked together with separate coverLuminus Label Model:Luminus Devices IncXXXXXX -XX -XX (Manufacturer Part Number & Bin Kits)R o H S C o m p l i a n tXXX -XX -XX -XX -XX -XXXX -XX -X (Customer Part Number)Rev XXBar codeXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Box ID)Qty: XXBar codeBar codeBar codeShipping Container (CVM-18-AA00)Mechanical Dimensions (CVM-18-AA00)180 pcs per boxEach bag is boxed foreasier storage/ stackingTrays are sealed inan anti-static bag36 pcs per tray5 trays are stacked togetherwith separate coverLuminus Label Model:Luminus Devices IncXXXXXX-XX-XX(Manufacturer Part Number & Bin Kits)RoHSCompliantXXX-XX-XX-XX-XX-XXXX-XX-X(Customer Part Number)Rev XXBar codeXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Box ID)Qty: XXBar codeBar code Bar code14Mechanical Dimensions (CVM-27-AA00)Mechanical Dimensions (CVM-27-AB00)Shipping Container (CVM-27)100 pcs per boxEach bag is boxed for easier storage/ stackingTrays are sealed in an anti-static bag20 pcs per tray5 trays are stacked togetherwith separate coverLuminus Label Model:Luminus Devices IncXXXXXX -XX -XX (Manufacturer Part Number & Bin Kits)R o H S C o m p l i a n tXXX -XX -XX -XX -XX -XXXX -XX -X (Customer Part Number)Rev XXBar codeXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Box ID)Qty: XXBar codeBar codeBar codeShipping Container (CVM-32-AC00)Mechanical Dimensions (CVM-32-AC00)60 pcs per boxEach bag is boxed for easier storage/ stackingTrays are sealed in an anti-static bag20 pcs per tray3 trays are stacked togetherwith separate coverLuminus Label Model:Luminus Devices IncXXXXXX -XX -XX (Manufacturer Part Number & Bin Kits)R o H S C o m p l i a n tXXX -XX -XX -XX -XX -XXXX -XX -X (Customer Part Number)Rev XXBar codeXXXXXXXXXXXXXX (Box ID)Qty: XXBar codeBar codeBar codeGeneral HandlingDevices are made to be lifted or carried with tweezers on two adjacent corners opposite the contact pads . At no time should the devices be handled by or should anything come in contact with the light emitting surface (LES) area . This area includes the yellow colored circular area and the ring surrounding it . There are electrical connections under the LES which if damaged will cause the device to fail .In addition, the ring frame itself should not be used for moving, lifting or carrying the device . Also do not attach any optics or mechanical holders to the ring as it is not capable to handle the mechanical stress .Static ElectricityLuminus COBs are electronic devices which can be damaged by electrostatic discharge (ESD) . Please use appropriate measures to assure the devices do not experience ESD during their handling and or storage . ESD protection guidelines should be used at all times when working with Luminus COBs . Storage: Luminus products are delivered in ESD shielded bags and should be stored in these bags until used .Assembly: Individuals handling Luminus COBs during assembly should be trained in ESD protection practices . Assemblers should maintain constant conductive contact with a path to ground by means of a wrist strap, ankle straps, mat or other ESD protection system .Transporting: When transporting the devices from one assembly area to another, ESD shielded carts and carriers should be used . Electrical ContactLuminus COBs are designed with contact pads on their top surface . These pads are clearly marked with + and – polarity . Wires can be soldered to the contact pads for electrical connections or other solderless connector products are available .If wires are being soldered to the COB product, we recommend attaching these wires prior to mounting the devices to a heat sink . Please contact Luminus for specific recommendations on how to solder wires if not familiar with the standard practice . Luminus can also offer design recommendations for jigs to allow easily soldering multiple products in rapid succession . Chemical CompatibilityThe resin material used to form the LES can getter hydrocarbons from the surrounding environment . As a results, certain chemical compounds are not recommended for use with the Luminus products . Use of these compounds can cause damage to the light output of the device and may permanently damage the device . Please refer to www .luminus .com for a list of the compounds not recommended for use with the Luminus COB products .Thermal Interface Material (TIM)Proper thermal management is critical for successful operation of any LED system . Excess operating temperature can reduce the light output of the device . And excessive heating can cause permanent damage to the device . Proper TIM material is a crucial component for effective heat transfer away from the LED during normal operation . Please refer to www .luminus .com for specific recommendations for TIM solutions .Handling Notes for Luminus COBsLuminus products are designed for robust performance in general lighting application . However, care must be taken when handling and assembling the LEDs into their fixtures . To avoid damaging Luminus COBs please follow these guidelines .The following is an overview of the application notes detailing some of the practices to follow when working with these devices . More detailed information is available on the Luminus web site at www .luminus .com .。
1 ：什么是LED？LED是发光二极管的英文缩写（Light emitting diode）。
2 :什么是像素？LED显示屏的最小发光像素，同普通电脑显示器中说的“像素”含义相同，像素可分为：单红，一红一绿1R1G，2R1B1G（两红，1绿，1蓝）；3：什么是像素距(点间距) ？由一个像素点中心到另一个像素点中心的距离，例如我们常说的：PH25；4：什么是LED显示模块？由若干个显示像素组成的，结构上独立、能组成LED显示屏的最小单元。
典型有“8×8”、“5×7”、“5×8”等，通过特定的电路及结构能组装成模组；5: 什么是DIP?DIP是Double In-line Package 的缩写，双列直插式组装；6: 什么是SMT?什么是SMD?SMT就是表面组装技术（Surface Mounted Technology的缩写），是目前电子组装行业里最流行的一种技术和工艺；SMD是表面组装器件（Surface mounted device 的缩写）；7: 什么是LED显示模组？由电路及安装结构确定的、具有显示功能、能通过简单拼装实现显示屏功能的基本单元；8：什么是LED显示屏？通过一定的控制方式，由LED器件阵列组成的显示屏幕；9：什么是插灯模组？优点和缺点是什么？是指DIP封装的灯将灯脚穿过PCB板，通过焊接将锡灌满在灯孔内，由这种工艺做成的模组就是插灯模组；优点是视角大，亮度高，散热好；缺点是像素密度小；10：什么是表贴模组？优点和缺点是什么？表贴也叫做SMT，将SMT封装的灯通过焊接工艺焊接在PCB板的表面，灯脚不用穿过PCB板，由这种工艺做成的模组叫做表贴模组；优点是：视角大,显示图象柔和，像素密度大，适合室内观看；缺点是亮度不够高，灯管自身散热不够好；11：什么是亚表贴模组？优点和缺点是什么？亚表贴是介于DIP和SMT之间的一种产品，其LED灯的封装表面和SMT一样，但是它的正负级引脚和DIP的一样，生产时也是穿过PCB来焊接的，其优点是：亮度高，显示效果好，缺点是：工艺复杂，维修困难；12：什么是3合1？其优点和缺点是什么？是指将R、G、B三种不同颜色的LED晶片封装在同一个胶体内；优点是：生产简单，显示效果好，缺点是：分光分色难，成本高；13：什么是3并1？其优点和缺点是什么？3并1是指将R、G、B三种独立封装的SMT灯按照一定的间距垂直并列在一起，这样不但具有3合1所有的各个优点，还能解决3合1的各种缺点；14：什么是双基色，伪彩、全彩显示屏？通过不同颜色的发光二极管能够组成不同的显示屏，双基色是由红、绿或黄绿两种颜色组成、伪彩是由红色、黄绿、蓝色三种不同颜色组成、全彩是由红色、纯绿、纯蓝三种不同颜色组成；15：什么是发光亮度？LED显示屏单位面积所发出的光强度，单位是cd/㎡，简单说就是一平方米显示屏发出的光强度；16：什么是亮度等级？整屏亮度在最低到最高亮度之间的手动或自动调节的级数；17：什么是灰度等级？在同一亮度等级下，显示屏从最暗到最亮之间的技术处理级数；18：什么是最大亮度？在一定的环境照度下，LED显示屏个基色在最大亮度和最大灰度等级时；19：什么是PCB？PCB是（Printed Circuit Board的缩写）印刷电路板；20：什么是BOM?BOM是（Bill of material的缩写）物料清单；LED 技术术语表AAdobe RGB –由 Adobe Systems 制定的 RGB（红、绿、蓝）颜色标准，可提供较宽的色域，非常适合用于打印 CMYK（青、品红、黄、黑）文档。
高显色指数白光LED光源的研究柳建新;田会娟;洪振;刘欢【摘要】Based on light-mixing technology and Chebyshev method of simulating Planckian locus,the relationships between chromaticity coordinate, luminous flux, relative color temperature and duty ratio of three-channel pulse width modulation (PWM) are derived in the paper, and limitation of three channels' PWM dimming is established.On the basis of this method, intelligent light-control system is designed, which can realize dimming and tunable color temperature of white-light LED clusters [the warm white/green/ blue (WW/G/B)]with high color rendering index (CRI) Ra by mobile client.Experiments show that maximum flux error between the setting value and the test value is 0.74% while the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the LED clusters is 3 600 K and the luminous flux is less than 600 lm.The deviation mean of CCT is less than 1.82% and luminous flux fluctuation is no more than 4% while the luminous flux is 300 lm and the range of CCT is from 3 200 K and 7 600 K.Meantime, CRI is generally more than 90, and the maximum value is 95.3 in the tunable range of the white-light LED clusters.%根据光源混合原理和模拟黑体轨迹的Chebyshev法,推导了三通道脉冲宽度调制(PWM)占空比与色坐标、光通量、相对色温之间的关系式,同时确定调光约束条件.在上述推导公式基础上,设计出一种智能调光控制系统,该系统通过手机客户端分别控制暖白/绿/蓝3种LED光源模组,实现高显色指数Ra下混合白光的调光调色.实验结果表明:设置光源色温为3 600 K时,光通量在600 lm之内,设定值与测试值最大误差为0.74%;当光源光通量设定为300 lm时,色温在[3 200,7 600]之间连续可调,其最大误差为1.82%,且光通量波动小于4%;混合光源具有较高的显色指数,在调光范围内,一般Ra在90以上,最大可达95.3.【期刊名称】《应用光学》【年(卷),期】2017(038)004【总页数】7页(P599-605)【关键词】发光二极管;脉冲宽度调制;显色指数;色温可调【作者】柳建新;田会娟;洪振;刘欢【作者单位】天津工业大学电子与信息工程学院,天津300387;大功率半导体照明应用系统教育部工程研究中心,天津300387;大功率半导体照明应用系统教育部工程研究中心,天津300387;天津工业大学电气工程与自动化学院, 天津市电工电能新技术重点实验室,天津300387;天津工业大学电子与信息工程学院,天津300387;大功率半导体照明应用系统教育部工程研究中心,天津300387;天津工业大学电子与信息工程学院,天津300387;大功率半导体照明应用系统教育部工程研究中心,天津300387【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN312;O439LED光源以发光效率高、寿命长、光色可调、节能环保等优点，在室内外照明、景观照明、可见光通信等方面有着广泛应用，被视为可替代传统照明光源的第四代照明光源[1-4]。
