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高一英语经济体系单选题50题1.The price of this book is very _____.A.expensiveB.highC.cheapD.low答案解析：D。
价格（price）只能用“高（high）”或“低（low）”来形容，物品可以用“贵 expensive）”或“便宜 cheap）”来形容。
2.I need to save some money for _____ expenses.A.everydayB.every dayC.every daysD.every-days答案解析：A。
“everyday”是形容词，意为“日常的”；“every day”是短语，意为“每天”。
这里需要形容词修饰“expenses”。
3.She made a _____ decision to invest in the stock market.A.wiseB.smartC.cleverD.intelligent答案解析：A。
“wise”除了有聪明的意思，还有明智的意思，在投资方面用“wise decision”更恰当。
4.The store offers a _____ on all products this week.A.discountB.reductionC.cutD.lower答案解析：A。
“discount”是折扣的意思；“reduction”和“cut”一般指减少；“lower”是降低的意思，通常后面跟价格等。
5.He is good at _____ his money.A.managingB.controllingC.handlingD.dealing答案解析：A。
“manage”有管理的意思，“manage money”表示理财；“control”侧重于控制；“handle”和“deal”一般不直接与“money”搭配表示理财。
6.The cost of living in this city is quite _____.A.highB.tallC.longD.deep答案解析：A。
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释稀缺性(scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。
经济学（economics）：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
效率（efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。
平等（equality）：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
机会成本（opportunity cost）：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人（rational people）：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
边际变动(marginal change):对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
市场经济（market economy）：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
产权（property rights)：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。
市场失灵（market failure）:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
外部性(externality）：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
市场势力（market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
生产率（productivity）：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量.通货膨胀（inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。
经济周期（business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。
)循环流向图(circular-flow diagram）：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
生产可能性边界（production possibilities frontier）：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形.微观经济学（microeconomics）：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易.宏观经济学(macroeconomics）：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
管理经济学中英文术语及其解释Ability-to-Pay principle (税收的)能力支付原则the idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit costAdverse selection逆向选择the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed partyAgent代理人 a person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalArrow ‟s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理a mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAverage fixed cost平均固定成本fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益total revenue divided by the quantity soldAverage tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total incomeAverage total cost平均总成本total cost divided by the quantity of outputAverage variable cost平均可变成本variable costs divided by the quantity of outputBenefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBudget constraint预算约束the limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford Budget deficit预算赤字an excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余an excess of government receipts over government spending Business cycle经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production Capital资产the equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCartel卡特尔a group of firms acting in unisonCircular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firmsCoase theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋an agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共源goods that are rival but not excludableComparative advantage比较优势the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别 a difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场 a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price takerComplements互补性商品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox孔多塞悖论（投票悖论）the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变the property whereby long-run average total cost staysthe same as the quantity of output changesConsumer surplus消费者剩余 a buyer‟s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually paysCost成本the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a goodCost-benefit analysis成本收益分析 a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodDeadweight loss无谓损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand schedule需求表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines．As the quantity of the input increasesDiscrimination歧视the offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDominant strategy占优策略 a strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学the study of how society manages its scarce resourcesEconomies of scale规模经济the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources Efficiency wages效率工资above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale有效规模the quantity of output that minimizes average total costElasticity弹性 a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium均衡 a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded Equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity平等the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it Explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firmExports出口goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality外部性the uncompensated impact of one person‟s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production生产要素the inputs used to produce goods and servicesFixed casts固定成本costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider免费搭车者 a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it Game theory博弈论the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGiffen good吉芬商品 a good for which an increase in the price raises the quantity demanded Horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital人力资本the accumulation of investments in people, such as education andon-the-job trainingImplicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firmImport quota进口配额 a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports进口goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect收入效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers‟ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndifference curve无差异曲线 a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good低档物品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation通货膨胀an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyIn-kind transfers实物转移支付transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality外部性的内在化altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsLaw of demand需求定理the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand需求与供给定理the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism自由主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observer behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism自由至上主义the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle生命周期the regular pattern of income variation over a person‟s lifeLump-sum tax定额税 a tax that is the same amount for every personMacroeconomics宏观经济学the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes边际变动small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionMarginal cost边际成本the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production Marginal product边际产品the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution边际替代率the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue边际收益the change in total revenue from an additional unit soldMarginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of incomeMarket市场 a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or serviceMarket economy市场经济an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services Market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion极大极小准则the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem中位选举人定理 a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMicroeconomics微观经济学the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsMonopolistic competition垄断竞争 a market structure in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly垄断 a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutesMoral hazard道德风险the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorNash equilibrium纳什均衡 a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosenNatural monopoly自然垄断 a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firmsNegative income tax负所得税 a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNormal good正常商品 a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statements规范性表述claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be Oligopoly寡头 a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpportunity cost机会成本whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complements完全互补品two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes完全替代品two goods with straight-line indifference curvesPermanent income持久性收入 a person‟s normal incomePhillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPigovian tax庇古税 a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externalityPositive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it isPoverty line贫困线an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the …poverty linePrice ceiling价格天花板（上限） a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold Price discrimination价格歧视the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity supply供给的价格弹性 a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor价格地板I下限） a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold Principal委托人 a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act Prisoners‟ dilemma囚徒困境 a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer surplus生产者剩余the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller‟s cost Production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier生产可能性曲线 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity生产率the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker‟s timeProfit利润total revenue minus total costProgressive tax累进税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProportional tax比例税 a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomePublic goods公共产品goods that are neither excludable nor rivalQuantity demanded需求数量the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase Quantity supplied供给数量the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell Regressive tax累退税 a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersRivalry竞争the property of a good whereby one person‟s use diminishes other people‟s use Scarcity稀缺性the limited nature of society‟s resourcesScreening筛选an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal informationShortage短缺 a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied Signaling信号显示an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to anuninformed partyStrike罢工the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a unionSubstitutes替代品two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherSubstitution effect替代效应the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution Sunk cost沉淀成本 a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredSupply curve供给曲线 a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply schedule供给表 a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSurplus过剩 a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedTariff关税 a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyTax incidence税收归宿the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketTotal cost总成本the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionTotal revenue (for a firm)总收益the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal revenue (in a market)总收益the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity soldTragedy of the Commons公共地的悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeTransaction costs交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargainUnion工会 a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditionsUtilitarianism功利主义the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility效用 a measure of happiness or satisfactionValue of the marginal product边际产品价值the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputVariable costs可变成本costs that vary with the quantity of output producedVertical equity纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsWelfare福利government programs that supplement the incomes of the needyWelfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a goodWorld price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good。
英语复习资料1.Adrian was in charge of the allocation of available funds.阿德里安是在现有资金的分配费用。
2.After twenty yearsˊ hardships and sufferings , he bagan to write his autobiography经过二十年的艰辛和苦难，他开始写他的自传3.The job of newscasters involves a lot tension and practice.新闻播音员的工作涉及到很多紧张和实践。
4.Many start-up enterprises became bankrupt because of the scarcity of funds.许多创业企业破产因为资金短缺。
5.In order to be famous , he strove to improve his performance.为了出名，他努力改善自己的性能。
6.Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business.我们公司是面向企业的出口侧。
7.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract.8.University students must show essays to their supervisors at the end of this term.9.The country was in a turmoil during the strike.10.The graphic displays will be helpful to illustrate the increase of the output./doc/d618490844.html,panies cannot survive fierce competitions without innovative personnels.12.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job.13.There were many people travelling about the country in pursuit of work.14.At least give him credit for trying even though he did not succeed.短语翻译1.社团、社会community2.首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)3.任务小组Task force 3.政府机构部、处agency4.常务董事managing director5.流行价格prevailing price6.监督员supervisor7.市场份额market share8.计算机程序员computer programmer9.管理能力managerial competency 10.保险业务员insurance agent11.资源配置allocation of resources 12.新闻广播员newscaster13.任务小组Task force 14.销售合作人Sales associate 15.收入，税收revenue 第二单元1.He carried out a number of frauds on trusting people who lent him money.2.He was adept at playing the piano.3.He would not have succeeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur.4.Our journey home was pretty traumatic .5.They could not tell the commanding officer from his subordinates .6.What criteria do you use when judging the quality of a student`s work.7.Although our men had lost the battle , their morale was high.8.They employed a firm of landscape gardeners to lay out the grounds of the mansion.9.His first performance was a debacle, the audience booed him off the stage.10.There is a hierarchy in the classification of all living creatures.11.The two old rivals vie for the first place.二、短翻译1.管理人员management2.工作框架work setting3．电话营销中心telemarketing center 4.顾客投诉customer complaint5.业绩评价标准evaluation criteria for performance6.具体运作计划specific operational plans7.分派权利与任务delegate authority and responsibility8.协调进度与资源coordinate schedules and resources9.商务合作人business associate 10.财务崩溃financial debacle11.刺激业务增长spur the growth of the business 12.监督现场工作supervise on-site work第三单元1.There are plans to change the makeup of the committee.2.Dickens` father was immortalized for ever as Mr.Micawber in diandian.3.The school of adult education was an autonomous extension of the university.4.She was this year`s winner of the coveted Nobel Prize.5.Since Germany was divided it is no longer one political entity.6.The factory has laid off workers because of the drop in sales.7.The school is run not on democratic lines but on authoritarian ones.8.They were blamed for their failure to hold down expenditure.9.I hope you will reap a reward for your work.短语翻译1.Mergers and acquisitions 兼并与收购2.Corporate restructuring 公司重组3.Downsizing 公司缩编4.Outsourcing decision 外包决策5.Modular corporation组件公司6.Unit cost of production 单位生产成本7.Strategic alliance 战略联盟8.Overhead管理费用/doc/d618490844.html,petitive advantage 竞争优势/doc/d618490844.html,work form of organization 网络型组织结构第四单元1.The company is prepared to trade off its up-market image against a stronger appeal to teenage buyers.2.Psychologists are aware that both language and learning are in a sense social phenomena.3.An important point in the theory of economics(for government, firms or households) is how to allocate the valuable resources.4.Despite the threat of war, people went about their work as usual.5.That socialist is studying the complex way in which people interact with each other at parties.6.The role of incentives in making individual decision is important for those trading with others.7. A dog responds to kind treatment by loving its master.8.The patients be isolated from the rest.9.She specialized first in painting birds and later in writing about them.10.These circumstances have enabled us to compete with allother countries in the open market of the word.短语翻译1.个人决策individual decisionmaking2.换取关系tradeoff3.效率与公平efficiency and equity4.稀缺资源scarce resources5.成本与效益costs and benefits6.增量调整incremental adjustment7.边际成本marginal costs 8.边际效益marginal benefits9.机会成本opportunity cost 10.竞争对手与贸易伙伴competitors and partners第五单元1.Without rules people would live in a state of chaos混乱。
高三英语经济词汇单选题30题1. The small shop owner calculated his ______ carefully at the end of each month.A. profitB. costC. revenueD. discount答案：A。
解析：profit表示利润，是指扣除成本后的收益。
cost是成本，指生产或经营过程中的花费。
revenue是收入，是销售商品或提供服务所得到的钱数，没有扣除成本。
discount是折扣。
在这个句子中，店主在月末仔细计算的应该是扣除成本后的利润，所以选A，B选项成本不符合题意，C选项收入没有体现扣除成本，D选项折扣与计算的内容无关。
2. A new product was launched in the store. The ______ of production was high at first.A. profitB. costC. revenueD. price答案：B。
解析：cost表示成本，新的产品刚推出时，生产的成本往往是比较高的。
profit是利润，这里不是在说利润的情况。
revenue是收入，句子没有提及收入。
price是价格，这里强调的是生产过程中的花费而不是产品的价格，所以选B。
3. The store's ______ has increased a lot this year because of its popular products.A. profitB. costC. revenueD. expense答案：C。
解析：revenue表示收入，因为商店有受欢迎的产品，所以它的收入今年增加了很多。
profit是利润，句子没有表明已经扣除成本得到利润。
cost是成本，这里不是说成本增加。
expense是费用，与题意不符，所以选C。
4. If a company wants to make a good ______, it should control its ______ well.A. profit costB. revenue discountC. price expenseD. cost revenue答案：A。
英语会计期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is not a primary financial statement?A. Balance SheetB. Income StatementC. Cash Flow StatementD. Payroll ReportAnswer: D2. The process of recording financial transactions is known as:A. BudgetingB. AccountingC. AuditingD. ForecastingAnswer: B3. What is the formula for calculating the current ratio?A. Current Assets / Current LiabilitiesB. Total Assets / Total LiabilitiesC. Current Assets / Total AssetsD. Current Liabilities / Total AssetsAnswer: A4. Which of the following is not an accounting principle?A. Going ConcernB. Accrual BasisC. Cash BasisD. ConsistencyAnswer: C5. What is the purpose of depreciation?A. To increase the value of assetsB. To allocate the cost of a tangible asset over its useful lifeC. To reduce taxesD. To increase profitsAnswer: B二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）6. The _________ is a summary of a company's financial position at a particular point in time.Answer: Balance Sheet7. An _________ is a liability that is due within one year. Answer: Current Liability8. The _________ is the difference between the cost of an asset and its accumulated depreciation.Answer: Book Value9. The _________ is the process of determining the value of a company's assets.Answer: Valuation10. _________ is a method of accounting where revenues and expenses are recognized when they are earned or incurred.Answer: Accrual Accounting三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）11. Explain the difference between a debit and a credit in accounting.Answer: In accounting, a debit is an entry that increases assets or expenses and decreases liabilities, equity, or revenues. Conversely, a credit is an entry that increases liabilities, equity, or revenues and decreases assets or expenses.12. What is the purpose of a trial balance?Answer: The purpose of a trial balance is to verify the accuracy of the accounting entries by ensuring that the total debits equal the total credits.13. Describe the accounting equation.Answer: The accounting equation is Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity. It represents the basic principle that the total assets of a company are financed by its liabilities and the owner's equity.14. What is the purpose of an income statement?Answer: An income statement is used to summarize acompany's revenues, expenses, and net income over a specific period of time, providing an overview of the company's financial performance.四、计算题（每题10分，共20分）15. Given the following data for a company, calculate the current ratio and the debt-to-equity ratio.- Current Assets: $50,000- Current Liabilities: $20,000- Total Liabilities: $80,000- Owner's Equity: $120,000Answer:- Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities = $50,000 / $20,000 = 2.5- Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Owner's Equity = $80,000 / $120,000 = 0.6716. A company purchased equipment for $100,000 and expects it to have a useful life of 5 years with no residual value. Calculate the annual depreciation expense using the straight-line method.Answer:- Annual Depreciation Expense = (Cost of Equipment - Residual Value) / Useful Life- Annual Depreciation Expense = ($100,000 - $0) / 5 = $20,000五、案例分析题（每题15分，共30分）17. A small business has the following transactions for the month of January:- Purchased inventory on credit for $15,000.- Sold goods for $25,000 cash.- Paid $5,000 in salaries.- Received $10,000 in advance for services to be provided in the future.Prepare the journal entries for these transactions.Answer:- Purchase of Inventory:- Debit: Inventory $15,000- Credit: Accounts Payable $15,000- Sale of Goods:- Debit: Cash $25,000- Credit: Sales Revenue $25,000。
2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families are less likely to sit down to eat together than was once the case, millions of Britons will none the less have partaken this weekend of one of the nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. __1__ a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this __3__ should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure __4__ to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has __5__ a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures.This means that people should __7__ crisping their roast potatoes, spurn thin-crust pizzas and only __8__ toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is "__11__ to be carcinogenic" but have no hard scientific proof. __12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the FSA advice. __14__, it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a __15__.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be __16__ up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? __17__, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods __18__, but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, their __19__ risks coming across as exhortation and nannying. Constant health scares just __20__ with no one listening.1. A In B Towards C On D Till2. A match B express C satisfy D influence3. A patience B enjoyment C surprise D concern4. A intensified B privileged C compelled D guaranteed5. A issued B received C ignored D canceled6. A under B at C for D by7. A forget B regret C finish D avoid8. A partially B regularly C easily D initially9. A Unless B Since C If D While10. A secondary B external C inconclusive D negative11. A insufficient B bound C likely D slow12. A On the basis of B At the cost of C In addition to D In contrast to13. A interesting B advisable C urgent D fortunate14. A As usual B In particular C By definition D After all15. A resemblance B combination C connection D pattern16. A made B served C saved D used17. A To be fair B For instance C To be brief D in general18. A reluctantly B entirely C gradually D carefully19. A promise B experience C campaign D competition20. A follow up B pick up C open up D end up解析：今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。
The Ten Principles of EconomicsEconomics is a social science that studies how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited needs and wants. Through a systematic analysis of economic behavior, economists have formulated several principles that underpin the study of economics. These principles help us understand how the economy operates and how individuals and societies make economic choices. Here are the ten fundamental principles of economics:Principle 1: People Face Trade-offsIndividuals face trade-offs due to limited resources. A person can only allocate their time, money, and energy to certain activities, which necessitates sacrificing others. For example, a student must choose between studying for an exam and going out with friends. Similarly, governments face trade-offs when allocating their budgets between defense, healthcare, education, and other areas.Principle 2: The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get ItMaking decisions always involves considering opportunity costs. Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. For instance, if you choose to spend your money on a new smartphone, the opportunity cost is the vacation you could have taken instead. Understanding opportunity costs is essential for making rational decisions.Principle 3: Rational People Think at the MarginRational decision-making involves weighing the marginal benefits against the marginal costs. The marginal benefit is the additional benefit derived from consuming or producing one more unit of a good or service, while the marginal cost is the additional cost of producing or consuming that unit. Rational individuals make decisions by comparing these marginal benefits and costs.Principle 4: People Respond to IncentivesIncentives play a crucial role in economics. An incentive is anything that influences the behavior of individuals or firms. People respond to incentives in predictable ways. For example, when the price of a product increases, consumers tend to buy less of that product. Understanding incentives helps predict how people will react to changes in prices, taxes, subsidies, or regulations.Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffTrade allows individuals and countries to specialize in what they do best, leading to increased productivity and overall welfare. By specializing in their comparative advantage and engaging in trade, individuals can consume a greater variety of goods and services at a lower opportunity cost. Trade allows for the efficient allocation of resources and can make everyone involved better off.Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic ActivityMarkets have proven to be effective in organizing economic activity. The interaction of buyers and sellers in a market determines prices and quantities. Prices serve as signals to individuals and firms, guiding them on how to allocate resources. Markets also encourage competition, leading to efficiency and innovation. However, there are cases where markets may fail to allocate resources efficiently, such as when there are externalities or monopoly power.Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market OutcomesGovernments intervene in the economy to address market failures and promote the general welfare. They enforce property rights and contracts, provide public goods and services, and regulate market activities. Additionally, governments aim to correct market failures caused by externalities, information asymmetry, or natural monopolies. However, government intervention can also lead to unintended consequences and inefficiencies if not carefully implemented.Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and ServicesProductivity is the key driver of a nation’s standard of living. Countries with high levels of productivity can produce more goods and services per unit of input. Productivity growth is essential for sustained improvements in living standards over time. Factors that contribute to productivity growth include investments in physical and human capital, technological advancements, and efficient institutions.Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much MoneyInflation is primarily caused by the excessive growth of the money supply. When the government prints more money, the value of money decreases, leading to higher prices. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of individuals and businesses, distorts price signals, and hampers economic stability. Central banks play a key role in managing the money supply and controlling inflation.Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and UnemploymentThe Philips curve illustrates the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. In the short run, policies that aim to reduce unemployment may lead to higher inflation, and policies that aim to decrease inflation may result in higher unemployment. This trade-off highlights the challenges faced by policymakers in balancing price stability and low unemployment rates.These ten principles provide a foundation for understanding the complexities of economics. By applying these principles, economists can analyze economic behavior, develop models, and make predictions about the effects of policy changes. Understanding these principles is not only important for economists but also for individuals, businesses, and policymakers in making informed decisions to improve economic outcomes.。
成本比什么重要英语作文Cost vs. What Matters Most。
When it comes to decision-making, especially in business and economics, the debate often revolves around cost versus what truly matters. Cost, typically associated with financial expenditures, is undeniably a crucial factor in various scenarios. However, its importance can sometimes be overshadowed by other considerations that hold deeper significance. In this essay, we will delve into why certain aspects may be more critical than cost in decision-making processes.Firstly, one of the key factors that outweigh cost in many situations is quality. Quality encompasses various aspects such as product performance, reliability, and customer satisfaction. For businesses, delivering high-quality products or services is essential for building a strong reputation, retaining customers, and fostering long-term success. While cutting costs may seem attractive inthe short term, compromising on quality can have detrimental effects in the long run. Customers are often willing to pay a premium for superior quality, making it a priority over mere cost considerations.Secondly, ethical considerations often take precedence over cost in decision-making. Ethical dilemmas can arise in various contexts, including supply chain management, environmental practices, and employee welfare. Companies are increasingly being held accountable for their actions, not just in terms of profitability but also in terms of social and environmental responsibility. Making ethically sound decisions may involve higher initial costs, such as investing in sustainable practices or ensuring fair wages for workers. However, the long-term benefits, both in terms of reputation and societal impact, outweigh the immediate financial implications.Moreover, the importance of innovation and creativity cannot be overstated in today's fast-paced and competitive world. While cost-cutting measures may seem like a prudent approach to financial management, they can stifleinnovation and hinder progress. Investing in research and development, fostering a culture of creativity, and embracing new ideas often require resources that go beyond strict cost considerations. Companies that prioritize innovation are more likely to stay ahead of the curve, adapt to changing market dynamics, and maintain a competitive edge.Furthermore, the well-being of stakeholders, including employees, communities, and society at large, is another aspect that often outweighs cost concerns. Employee satisfaction, health, and safety are fundamental pillars of a successful and responsible organization. Similarly, contributing positively to the community through corporate social responsibility initiatives can enhance brand value and goodwill. While these endeavors may incur costs, the overall benefits in terms of employee morale, public perception, and long-term sustainability make them invaluable.In addition to these factors, strategic long-term planning is crucial for decision-making, often transcendingimmediate cost considerations. Strategic decisions involve assessing risks, anticipating future trends, andpositioning the organization for sustainable growth. While cost management is an integral part of strategic planning, it is just one piece of the puzzle. Strategic investments, partnerships, and diversification strategies may involve significant upfront costs but are essential for achieving strategic objectives and maintaining competitiveness in the market.In conclusion, while cost is undeniably an important factor in decision-making, it is often outweighed by considerations such as quality, ethics, innovation, stakeholder well-being, and strategic planning. A holistic approach that balances short-term cost efficiencies with long-term value creation is key to making informed and sustainable decisions in various domains. By understanding the broader implications and prioritizing what truly matters, individuals and organizations can navigate complex challenges and achieve meaningful outcomes.。
