Guidelines for the Compliance Risk Management of
Commercial Banks
October 25, 2006
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1For the purpose of strengthening the compliance risk management of commercial banks and maintaining commercial banks operating safely and stably, these Guidelines are instituted in accordance with the Measures of the People's Republic of China on the Supervision and Administration of the Banking Sector and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks.
Article 2A Chinese-funded commercial bank, foreign sole-capital bank, joint venture bank or branch of a foreign bank established within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be governed by these Guidelines.
A policy bank, financial asset management company, urban credit cooperative, rural credit cooperative, trust investment company, enterprise group financial company, financial lease company, automobile financial company, currency brokerage company, postal savings institution or any other financial institution established within the territory of the People's Republic of China and approved by the China Banking Regulatory Commission shall be governed by these Guidelines.
Article 3The term "laws, rules and standards" as mentioned in these Guidelines refers to the laws, administrative regulations, departmental rules as well as other regulatory documents, business rules and industrial standards of self-disciplinary organizations, behavioral code and occupation ethnics.
The term "compliance" as mentioned in these Guidelines refers to the consistence between the business operations of commercial banks and the related laws, rules and standards.
The term "compliance risks" as mentioned in these Guidelines refers to the risks of a commercial bank suffering from legal sanction, supervision punishment, great financial losses or reputation losses when it violates any law, rule or standard.
The term "compliance management department" as mentioned in these Guidelines refers to any department, team or position that especially established within a commercial bank to take charge of compliance management.
Article 4Compliance management is a core risk management of commercial banks. A commercial bank shall take overall consideration of the relevance between compliance risks and credit risks, market risks, operation risks and other risks so as to ensure the consistence between all the policies and formalities for risk management.
Article 5The objective of compliance risk management of a commercial bank is to establish and improve a framework of compliance risk management so as to realize the effective recognition and management of compliance risks, promote the establishment of an overall system of risk management and ensure an operation based on compliance of laws and regulations.
Article 6A commercial bank shall enhance the establishment of compliance culture and incorporate the establishment of compliance culture into the whole process of establishing its enterprise culture.
The compliance is the joint responsibility of all staff members of a commercial bank and its senior management shall take a lead in the execution thereof.
The board of directors and senior management of a commercial bank shall determine the keynote of compliance, set up such compliance philosophies as voluntary compliance by all its staff members and value creation subject to compliance, promote the occupational ethnics and value concept of being creditworthy and upright within the bank, elevate the compliance consciousness of all its staff members and promote an effective interaction between self-compliance of the commercial bank and external supervision.
Article 7China Banking Regulatory Commission shall implement supervision over the compliance risk management of commercial banks, examine and evaluate the effectiveness of compliance risk management of commercial banks.
Chapter II Compliance Management Functions and Duties of the
Board of Directors,
Board of Supervisors and Senior Management
Article 8A commercial bank shall establish a system of compliance management in line with its business scope, organizational structure and business scale thereof.
The following basic elements shall be included in the compliance management system:
(1)Compliance policies;
(2)Organizational structure and resources of the compliance management department;
(3)Plans of compliance risk management;
(4)Recognition of and management formalities for compliance risks; and
(5)Training and education system of compliance.
Article 9The compliance policies of a commercial bank shall specify the basic principles that all its staff members and operational lines shall comply with and the significant formalities for recognizing and managing compliance risks as well as stipulate the related matters in respect of the functions of compliance management, which shall at least include:
(1)Functions and duties of the compliance management department;
(2)Power limit of the compliance management department, including the right to communicate with any bank staff member and obtain any record or archival file as required in its duty performance;
(3)Functions and duties of compliance management of related persons-in-charge;
(4)All the measures that guarantee the independency of the persons-in-charge of compliance as well as the compliance management department, including a guaranty that there is no interest conflict between the functions and duties of compliance management of the persons-in-charge and related persons that engage in the compliance management and the other functions and duties thereof;
(5)The coordination relationship between the compliance management department and the risk management department, the internal auditing department as well as other departments; and
(6)The establishing of principles of the compliance management departments for the business lines as well as the branches and sub-branches.
Article 10The board of directors shall undertake final responsibilities of compliance in the business operation of a commercial bank and perform the following functions and duties of compliance management:
(1)Examining and approving of the compliance policies of the commercial bank and supervising its implementation of the compliance policies;
(2)Examining and approving the reports on compliance risk management submitted by the senior management of the commercial bank and appraising the effectiveness of compliance risk management of its
commercial bank so as to timely and effectively resolve the compliance defects;
(3)Authorizing the risk management commission, auditing commission or specially established compliance management commission under the board of directors to conduct daily supervision over the compliance risk management of commercial bank thereof; and
(4)Supervising any other functions and duties of compliance management as stipulated in the constitution of its commercial bank.
Article 11The commission under the board of directors of a commercial bank which is responsible for the daily supervision of compliance risk management shall, by means of holding individual talks with the related persons-in-charge of compliance or by any other effective means, know about the implementation of the compliance policies and existing problems, timely put forward corresponding opinions and suggestions to the board of directors or the senior management , supervise and guarantee to implement the compliance policies effectively.
Article 12The board of supervisors shall supervise the performance of functions and duties of compliance management by the board of directors and senior management.
Article 13The senior management shall manage the compliance risks of its commercial bank effectively and perform the functions and duties of compliance management as follows:
(1)Instituting the compliance policies in written form and revising the compliance policies in accordance with the status of compliance risk management as well as the related laws, rules and standards at an appropriate time, reporting them to the board of directors for deliberation and then distributing them to all its staff members after having been approved;
(2)Carrying out the compliance policies, guaranteeing that proper measures for correction be timely adopted when any rule-breaking event occurs and investigating the corresponding responsibilities of violators;
(3)Designating the persons-in-charge of compliance and guaranteeing their independency;
(4)Specifying the compliance management department and their organizational structure, arranging enough and proper personnel of compliance management for its performance of functions and duties, and ensuring the independency of the compliance management department;
(5)Recognizing the significant compliance risks that the commercial bank is faced with, examining and approving the plans of compliance risk management and ensuring the work coordination between the compliance management department and the risk management department, the internal auditing department and other relevant departments;
(6)Submitting to the board of directors a report of compliance risk management on an annual basis, which shall present sufficient proof and assist the members of the board of directors to judge the effectiveness of compliance risk management by senior managers;
(7)Reporting to the board of directors or the commissions thereunder and the board of supervisors any significant rule-breaking event timely; and
(8)Performing any other functions and duties as prescribed by the compliance policies.
Article 14A person-in-charge of compliance shall coordinate the recognition and management of compliance risks of the commercial bank, supervise the compliance management department to perform its functions and duties in accordance with the related plans of compliance risk management and submit to the senior management an appraisal report about compliance risks periodically. A person-in-charge of compliance must not take charge of the management of any business lines.
An appraisal report on compliance risks shall include but be not limited to the following contents: any change
of compliance risk within the reporting period, the recognition of any rule-breaking event or compliance defect and the measures for correction that have been adopted or are advised to be adopted.
Article 15A commercial bank shall set up an examination system of compliance performance of managers. The performance examination of a commercial bank shall embody the value concept of promoting compliance and punishing any rule-breaking behavior.
Article 16A commercial bank shall establish an effective compliance accountability system, strictly carry out the confirmation and investigation of responsibilities incurred from any rule-breaking behavior, adopt effective measures for correction, improve the formalities for management in time, revise the related policies, formalities and operational guidelines at a proper time.
Article 17A commercial bank shall establish a credit accusation system, encourage its staff members to tip off the illegal acts, the act in violation of professional integrity or the suspicious acts, and fully protect any tip-off reporter.
Chapter III Functions and Duties of the Compliance Management
Department
Article 18The compliance management department shall, under the guidance of its person-in-charge, assist the senior management to effectively recognize and manage the compliance risks, if its commercial bank is faced with, and perform the following fundamental functions and duties:
(1)Paying continuous attention to the latest development of the related laws, rules and standards, correctly understanding the provisions and spirit of the related laws, rules and standards, accurately understanding the impact of the related laws, rules and standards on the business operation of the commercial bank, and putting forward corresponding suggestions on compliance to its senior management;
(2)Instituting and carrying out the plans of compliance management which focus on risks, including the implementation and appraisal of special policies and formalities, appraisal on compliance risks, compliance testing, compliance training and education, etc..
(3)Examining and appraising the compliance of all policies, formalities and operational guidelines of the commercial bank, organizing, coordinating and supervising and urging all business lines and the internal control department to sort of and revise the related policies, formalities and operational guidelines, and guaranteeing that all policies, formalities and operational guidelines comply with the requirements of the related laws, rules and standards;
(4)Helping the related training and education departments to implement compliance trainings, including the compliance trainings of new staff members as well as the periodic compliance trainings of all its staff members, and functioning as the internal communication department for staff members to consult the related matters of compliance;
(5)Organizing the institution of the formalities for compliance management as well as such compliance guidelines as compliance booklets and behavioral code of its staff members, appraising the formalities for compliance management and the appropriateness of compliance guidelines, offering guidance to its staff members on proper implementation of related laws, rules and standards;
(6)Recognizing and appraising the compliance risks in relation to the business operation of the commercial bank actively, including conducting the necessary examination and testing for the development of new products and services, recognizing and appraising any compliance risk arising from the development of any new business mode, establishment of new customers' networks or change of nature of the bank's relationship
with its customers.
(7)Collecting and choosing the data that may indicate potential compliance problems, such as increasing index of customers' complaints and abnormal transactions etc., establishing a supervisory index of compliance risks, and determining the preferential sequence of compliance risks to be considered in accordance with the possibility and impact of compliance risk occurrence measured by the risk matrix;
(8)Carrying out enough and representative appraisal and testing of compliance risks, including testing through on-the-spot examination on the compliance of all policies and formalities, inquiring the existing defects in the policies and formalities, and making corresponding investigation. The result of a compliance testing shall be reported in accordance with the formalities for internal risk management of commercial banks through the reporting line of compliance risks so as to ensure that all policies and formalities comply with the requirements of related laws, rules and standards; and
(9)Keeping daily contact with its supervisory organ, and tracing and appraising the implementation of supervisory opinions and supervisory requirements.
Article 19A commercial bank shall allocate the resources for effectively performing the compliance management for its compliance management department. A person who engages in compliance management shall have the qualification, experience, expertise and individual quality corresponding to his/her functions and duties.
A commercial bank shall offer systematic and professional technical trainings to its personnel who engage in compliance management, especially technical trainings in such aspects as correct master the latest development of the related laws, rules and standards as well as their impacts on the business operation of the commercial bank.
Article 20The persons-in-charge of all business lines or branches or sub-branches of a commercial bank shall take primary responsibility for the business operation of their lines or departments.
A commercial bank shall, in accordance with the business scope of its lines of business and the branches and sub-branches as well as the operational scale, set up the corresponding compliance management departments. The compliance management departments of all business lines and the branches and sub-branches of a commercial bank shall, in accordance with the formalities for compliance management, actively recognize and manage the compliance risks and report the related information in time through the reporting lines in accordance with the reporting requirements of compliance risks.
Article 21A commercial bank shall establish a coordination mechanism between the compliance management department and the risk management department in respect of compliance management.
Article 22A commercial bank shall separate the functions and duties of compliance management from the function of internal auditing, and the performance of compliance management shall be subject to independent appraisal by the internal auditing department periodically.
The internal auditing department shall be responsible for the auditing on compliance among all business operations of the commercial bank. An internal auditing plan shall include an auditing appraisal on the appropriateness and effectiveness of the functions and duties of compliance management. An appraisal on compliance risks shall be included in the measures for risk appraisal in the internal auditing.
A commercial bank shall specify the functions and duties of compliance risk appraisal and compliance testing between the compliance management department and the internal auditing department. The internal auditing department shall notify the result of compliance auditing to the related persons-in-charge of compliance. Article 23A commercial bank shall specify its reporting lines of compliance risks as well as the elements,
format and frequency of a report on compliance risks.
Article 24The overseas branches or sub-branches or affiliated institutions of a commercial bank shall strengthen the functions of compliance management. The organizational structure of the compliance management functions shall accord with the local laws and requirements of supervision.
Article 25The board of directors and senior management of a commercial bank shall guarantee that the outsourcing of the work of the compliance management department shall comply with local laws, rules and standards.
A commercial bank shall guarantee that any outsourcing work of the compliance management department be under a proper supervision of its person-in-charge of compliance and will not hamper an effective supervision by China Banking Regulatory Commission.
Chapter IV Supervision over Compliance Risks
Article 26A commercial bank shall report its internal regulations such as compliance policies, formalities for compliance management as well as compliance guidelines to China Banking Regulatory Commission for archival filing.
A commercial bank shall timely report its plans of compliance risk management and appraisal reports on compliance risks to China Banking Regulatory Commission.
Where a commercial bank finds any significant rule-breaking event, it shall report it to China Banking Regulatory Commission in accordance with the reporting system of significant events.
Article 27Where a commercial bank designates a person-in-charge of compliance, it shall report it to China Banking Regulatory Commission in accordance with the related provisions. Where any person-in-charge of compliance of a commercial bank leaves his/her post, the bank shall report related information such as leaving reasons for resignation to China Banking Regulatory Commission within 10 workdays after leaving the post. Article 28China Banking Regulatory Commission shall conduct appraisal on the effectiveness of compliance risk management of commercial banks periodically and the appraisal reports shall be regarded as an important basis for classified supervision.
Article 29China Banking Regulatory Commission shall, in accordance with the compliance records of commercial banks and the appraisal reports on compliance risk management, determine the frequency, scope and depth of on-the-spot compliance risk examination, and the contents shall be examined mainly include:
(1)The appropriateness and effectiveness of the compliance risk management system of a commercial bank;
(2)The functions of the board of directors and senior management of a commercial bank in the compliance risk management;
(3)The appropriateness and effectiveness of the performance examination system, the accountability system and the credit accusation system of a commercial bank; and
(4)The appropriateness and effectiveness of the functions of compliance management of a commercial bank.
Chapter V Supplementary Provisions
Article 30The power to interpret these Guidelines shall remain with China Regulatory Banking Commission. Article 31These Guidelines shall enter into force as of the day of promulgation.
商业银行操作风险管理指引 第一章总则 第一条为加强商业银行的操作风险管理，根据《中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》以及其他有关法律法规，制定本指引。 第二条在中华人民共和国境内设立的中资商业银行、外商独资银行和中外合资银行适用本指引。 第三条本指引所称操作风险是指由不完善或有问题的内部程序、员工和信息科技系统，以及外部事件所造成损失的风险。本定义所指操作风险包括法律风险，但不包括策略风险和声誉风险。 第四条中国银行业监督管理委员会（以下简称银监会）依法对商业银行的操作风险管理实施监督检查，评价商业银行操作风险管理的有效性。 第二章操作风险管理 第五条商业银行应当按照本指引要求，建立与本行的业务性质、规模和复杂程度相适应的操作风险管理体系，有效地识别、评估、监测和控制/缓释操作风险。操作风险管理体系的具体形式不要求统一，但至少应包括以下基本要素： （一）董事会的监督控制； （二）高级管理层的职责； （三）适当的组织架构；
（四）操作风险管理政策、方法和程序； （五）计提操作风险所需资本的规定。 第六条商业银行董事会应将操作风险作为商业银行面对的一项主要风险，并承担监控操作风险管理有效性的最终责任。主要职责包括： （一）制定与本行战略目标相一致且适用于全行的操作风险管理战略和总体政策； （二）通过审批及检查高级管理层有关操作风险的职责、权限及报告制度，确保全行的操作风险管理决策体系的有效性，并尽可能地确保将本行从事的各项业务面临的操作风险控制在可以承受的范围内； （三）定期审阅高级管理层提交的操作风险报告，充分了解本行操作风险管理的总体情况、高级管理层处理重大操作风险事件的有效性以及监控和评价日常操作风险管理的有效性； （四）确保高级管理层采取必要的措施有效地识别、评估、监测和控制/缓释操作风险； （五）确保本行操作风险管理体系接受内审部门的有效审查与监督； （六）制定适当的奖惩制度，在全行范围有效地推动操作风险管理体系地建设。 第七条商业银行的高级管理层负责执行董事会批准的操作风险管理战略、总体政策及体系。主要职责包括：
商业银行合规风险管理指引 第一章总则 第一条为加强商业银行合规风险管理，维护商业银行安全稳健运行，根据《中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法》和《中华人民共和国商业银行法》，制定本指引。 第二条在中华人民共和国境内设立的中资商业银行、外资独资银行、中外合资银行和外国银行分行适用本指引。 在中华人民共和国境内设立的政策性银行、金融资产管理公司、城市信用合作社、农村信用合作社、信托投资公司、企业集团财务公司、金融租赁公司、汽车金融公司、货币经纪公司、邮政储蓄机构以及经银监会批准设立的其他金融机构参照本指引执行。 第三条本指引所称法律、规则和准则，是指适用于银行业经营活动的法律、行政法规、部门规章及其他规范性文件、经营规则、自律性组织的行业准则、行为守则和职业操守。 本指引所称合规，是指使商业银行的经营活动和法律、规则和准则相一致。 本指引所称合规风险，是指商业银行因没有遵循法律、规则和准则可能遭受法律制裁、监管处罚、重大财务损失和声誉损失的风险。
本指引所称合规管理部门，是指商业银行内部设立的专门负责合规管理职能的部门、团队或岗位。 第四条合规管理是商业银行一项核心的风险管理活动。商业银行应综合考虑合规风险和信用风险、市场风险、操作风险和其他风险的关联性，确保各项风险管理政策和程序的一致性。 第五条商业银行合规风险管理的目标是通过建立健全合规风险管理框架，实现对合规风险的有效识别和管理，促进全面风险管理体系建设，确保依法合规经营。 第六条商业银行应加强合规文化建设，并将合规文化建设融入企业文化建设全过程。 合规是商业银行所有员工的共同责任，并应从商业银行高层做起。 董事会和高级管理层应确定合规的基调，确立全员主动合规、合规创造价值等合规理念，在全行推行诚信和正直的职业操守和价值观念，提高全体员工的合规意识，促进商业银行自身合规和外部监管的有效互动。 第七条银监会依法对商业银行合规风险管理实施监管，检查和评价商业银行合规风险管理的有效性。 第二章合规管理职责
xx银行合规风险管理办法 xx总发〔zz〕177号，zz年10月18日印发 第一章总则 第一条为加强本行合规管理，建立有效的合规工作管理运行机制，促进各项业务发展,维护全行安全稳健运行，根据银监会《商业银行合规风险管理指引》和浙江银监局《浙江辖内银行业金融机构合规风险管理指导意见》,结合本行实际，制定本办法。 第二条本办法所称合规，是指使本行制度与法律、规则和准则相一致，本行经营活动与法律、规则、准则及本行制度相一致。 本办法所称合规风险，是指银行因没有遵循法律、法规和准则以及本行制度而可能遭受法律制裁、监管处罚、重大财务损失和声誉损失的风险。 本办法所称法律、规则和准则，是指适用于银行业经营活动的法律、行政法规、部门规章及其他规范性文件、经营规则、自律性组织的行业准则、行为守则和职业操守。 本办法所称本行制度，包括本行发布实施的基本制度、具体办法、业务流程、操作手册等。 第三条本行合规风险管理目标是通过健全合规风险管理框架，实现对合规风险的有效识别和管理，促进全面风险管理体系建设，确保依法合规经营。 第四条合规风险管理是本行一项核心的风险管理工作，是对业务活动的全过程管理，主要包括合规风险识别、评估和监测、外部法规解读和业务制度管理、合规风险管理计划、合规报告、合规检查的组织和问题整改、合规绩效考核、合规问责、合规诚信举报、合规文化建设、监管联系等。 第五条本行的合规风险管理由总行高级管理层统一负责，接受本行董事会、高级管理层授权部门及外部审计、监管部门等的监督、指导和评估。 第二章组织架构与职责 第六条董事会、高级管理层领导下，总行设立合规管理部门，各分支行（部）设立合规管理部门或设立专兼职合规管理员（岗），总行各部门设立专兼职合规管理员（岗）。 第七条董事会对本行的经营活动的合规性负最终责任，履行以下职责： （一）审议批准合规政策，并监督合规政策的实施； （二）审议批准高级管理层提交的合规风险管理报告，并对合规风险管理有效性作出评估； （三）授权本行有关部门对合规风险管理活动进行日常监督。
关于国外商业银行风险管理经验及其借鉴 论文摘要：巴塞尔新资本协议要求国际实施全面风险，全面的风险管理需要正视商业银行自身的经营状况和借鉴国外银行成熟的做法。在考察我国商业银行不良资产现状的基础上，比较分析国外主导型和出资者主导型商业银行在风险管理方面的成熟做法，提出我国商业银行实施全面风险管理应注意的几个问题。 论文关键词：全面风险管理；不良资产；信用风险；市场风险 银行是高风险的行业，随着全球一体化进程的加快，商业银行面临的风险日益复杂和隐蔽，风险管理不仅影响着商业银行的经营业绩和竞争力，而且决定着商业银行的生死存亡。我国商业银行的经营状况迫切需要加强全面风险管理，而国外商业银行在风险管理方面的成功做法为我国银行业实施全面风险管理提供了足以借鉴的经验。 一、我国银行业不良资产现状迫切需要加强全面风险管理 风险管理是现代商业银行永恒不变的主题之一。在现代市场条件下，随着金融衍生产品的发展和金融工具的创新，商业银行面临的经营风险越来越大，风险种类越来越多，表现形式也越来越隐蔽而复杂，巴塞尔新资本协议正是在这样的情况下对国际银行业提出了实施全面风险管理的要求。 全面风险管理要求将信用风险、市场风险及各种其他风险以及包含这些风险的各种金产与资产组合、承担这些风险的各个业务单位纳入到统一的体系中。依据统一的标准对各类风险进行测量，且依据全部
业务的相关性对风险进行控制和管理。 如此高额的不良贷款早已成为制约我国商业银行发展的主要障碍。但是从更深层次的原因分析可发现：商业银行风险管理薄弱是因，资产质量差是果。风险管理薄弱是中国商业银行的病根，资产质量不高只是病症。要扫除影响中国商业银行未来顺利发展的主要障碍，就应从根本上解决风险管理不善的问题。这种状况迫切要求我国银行业正视自己的现状，树立全面风险管理理念，借鉴国外银行成熟的做法实施全面的风险管理以增强自身在国际市场中的竞争力。 二、国外银行在全面风险管理方面的成熟做法及比较分析 西方商业银行的发展较早，在其长期的发展过程中逐步形成并建立了一套完善的全面风险管理体系，培育了一大批优秀的银行风险经理队伍，他们在运作的过程中不仅有效地管理了本国的银行风险，而且为我国商业银行的全面风险管理提供了大量值得借鉴的经验。 (一)美国花旗银行 美国花旗银行实行的是全面风险管理。其风险管理的基本组织结构是董事会下设立风险管理委员会，下设信用风险部市场风险部和部。如图l所示： 风险委员会对董事会负责，其主要职责是作为内部最高层次的风险决策部门，负责建立银行的业绩目标、信贷组和标准，并与信贷政策委员会共同决定各地区(国家)和各行业的最高额度指标。风险管理委员会由一名副总裁直接领导，其成员包括花旗集团的上层领导。各风险管理部门配备了独立的风险经理，形成了一套独特的风险管理技巧，
毕业论文开题报告 金融学 我国商业银行操作风险管理探析 一、选题的背景与意义 银行业是一个高风险的行业，对风险的防范、管理和化解是银行业发展的永恒主题，而风险管理已经成为当前商业银行的生命线和核心竞争能力。科学有效的金融风险管理一方面可以保证金融机构健康、持续地运行，另一方面可以降低金融机构防范风险的资金成本，提高其竞争力。但是长期以来，国内商业银行将更多的注意力放在了信用风险和市场风险上，对操作风险关注较少。近几年来，国内商业银行连续发生的大案、要案使人们开始关注操作风险问题。特别是巴塞尔新资本协议的出台，进一步引发人们对操作风险的关注。当然，国内商业银行对操作风险的认识远未达到巴塞尔委员会的要求，在操作风险管理方面仍十分薄弱。因此在这种情况下，分析国内商业银行操作风险管理现状，归纳总结存在的问题，借鉴国际银行业对操作风险管理的研究成果，结合我国商业银行操作风险管理上的实际情况，建立和完善操作风险管理体系已经成为现代商业银行急需解决的重大课题，同时对推动操作风险管理研究的深入和提高操作风险管理水平具有积极的意义。 二、研究的基本内容与拟解决的主要问题： 基本内容： 本文首先对商业银行操作风险的基本内容进行介绍，其次对我国商业银行操作风险管理现状及成因进行分析，然后对国外先进银行操作风险管理的实践和经验进行介绍，最后结合我国商业银行的现状提出加强我国商业银行操作风险管理的策略。 提纲如下： 我国商业银行操作风险管理探析 1引言 2商业银行操作风险概述 2.1操作风险的定义 2.2操作风险的分类 2.2.1按业务性质分类 2.2.2按风险事件类型分类
2.3操作风险的特点 2.4操作风险的度量方法 2.4.1定性分析法 2.4.2定量分析法 2.5操作风险管理的必要性 3我国商业银行操作风险管理分析 3.1我国商业银行操作风险现状分析 3.2我国商业银行操作风险管理存在的主要问题 3.2.1对操作风险管理缺乏足够重视，认识不足及意识落后 3.2.2操作风险管理框架和体系仍不健全 3.2.3操作风险管理政策不统一 3.2.4操作风险管理缺乏电子化手段，手段过于单一 3.2.5尚未建立操作风险报告机制，缺乏量化管理数据 3.2.6缺乏操作风险管理人才 3.3我国商业银行操作风险管理问题的成因分析 3.3.1风险管理文化氛围不足 3.3.2内控和监管机制不健全 3.2.3人力资源管理因素 3.3.4外部环境因素 4国外先进银行操作风险管理的实践和经验 4.1汇丰银行操作风险管理的实践和经验 4.2美国银行操作风险管理的实践和经验 4.3经验总结 5加强我国商业银行操作风险管理的策略 5.1强化操作风险管理意识及文化 5.2完善商业银行公司治理结构和和内部控制体系 5.3构建全面的操作风险管理体系框架 5.4注重技术创新，积极推进操作风险管理工具的开发 5.5操作风险人力资源管理的优化 5.6创造良好的操作风险管理和监管外部环境 6总结 拟解决的主要问题：
商业银行流动性风险管理指引 （第2次征求意见稿） 第一章总则 第一条为加强商业银行的流动性风险管理，维护商业银行安全稳健运行，根据《中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》以及其他有关法律和行政法规，制定本指引。 第二条在中华人民共和国境内设立的中资商业银行、外商独资银行、中外合资银行、外国银行分行适用本指引。 第三条本指引所称流动性风险是指商业银行虽然有清偿能力，但无法获得充足资金或无法以合理成本获得充足资金以应对资产增长或到期债务支付的风险。 流动性风险可以分为融资流动性风险和市场流动性风险。融资流动性风险是指商业银行在不影响日常经营或财务状况的情况下，无法有效满足资金需求的风险；市场流动性风险是指由于市场深度不足或市场动荡，商业银行无法以合理的市场价格出售资产以获得资金的风险。 第四条流动性风险管理是识别、计量、监测和控制流动性风险的全过程。商业银行应当坚持审慎性原则，充分识别、有效计量、持续监测和适当控制在各个业务环节中的流动性风险，确保商业银行无论在正常经营环境中还是在压力状态下，都有充足的资金应对资产的增长和到期债务的支付。 第五条中国银行业监督管理委员会（以下简称银监会）依法对商业银行的流动性风险和流动性风险管理实施监督管理。银监会综合运用多种监管手段，督促商业银行建立健全流动性风险管理架构，有效识别、计量、监测和控制流动性风险，维持充足的流动性水平以满足各种资金需求和应对不利的市场状况。当商业银行的流动性风险管理体系存在缺陷或者出现流动性风险时，银监会应当及时采取措施，最大限度地降低流动性风险对金融市场的影响，维护银行体系安全、稳健运行。 第二章：流动性风险管理体系 第六条流动性风险管理体系是商业银行风险管理体系的组成部分。流动性风险管理体系应当与本行总体发展战略和整体风险管理体系相一致，并与本行的规模、业务性质和复杂程度等相适应。商业银行实施流动性风险管理，应适当考虑流动性风险与其他风险的相关性，并协调流动性风险管理与其他类别风险管理
Commercial Banks ' Information Technology Chapter I General Provisions Article 1. Pursuant to the Law of the People 's Republic of China on Banking Regulation and Supervision, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks, the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Banks, and other applicable laws and regulations, the Guidelines on the Risk Management of Commercial Banks' Information Technology (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines) is formulated. Article 2. The Guidelines apply to all the commercial banks legally incorporated within the territory of the People's Republic of China. The Guidelines may apply to other banking institutions including policy banks, rural cooperative banks, urban credit cooperatives, rural credit cooperatives, village banks, loan companies, financial asset management companies, trust and investment companies, finance firms, financial leasing companies, automobile financial companies and money brokers. Article 3. The term “information technology ” stated in the
商业银行合规风险管理的思考与建议 引言：随着加入世贸组织过渡期的结束，中国银行业完全实现对外开放。合规风险逐渐成为除信用风险、市场风险和操作风险之外的我国商业银行面临的重要风险。因此，完善银行业合规风险管理已是我国商业银行当前刻不容缓的重要任务。 一、合规风险管理的内涵及作用 合规指银行遵循法律、条例、准则、相关的自律组织标准和行为的守则的活动。合规风险是指银行因未能“合规”而可能遭法律制裁或监管处罚、重大财务损失或声誉损失的风险。合规风险管理是指银行主动避免违规事件发生，主动发现并采取适当措施纠正已发生的违规事件的内部控制活动，它是构建银行有效的内部控制机制的基础和核心。 因银行业经营风险的特点，在吸取大量银行案件的教训后，银行业合规问题日益引起监管者和商业银行的高度关注和重视，合规管理作为专门的银行风险管理技术也日益得到全球银行业的普遍认同。2005年4月，巴塞尔银行监管委员会发布了《银行的合规与合规管理部门》指导性文件，对银行的合规管理提供了框架性指导，以敦促并指导银行业金融机构建立起有效的合规政策和程序，推进银行机构的稳健经营。 合规建设在银行管理中的作用是指银行主动识别合规风险，持续修订合规管理制度，采取惩戒措施，避免违规事件发生，持续管理合规风险的动态过程。加强合规建设，建立和完善合规管理工作体制、机制，对于银行业市场化改革具有深远的影响和意义。 二、我国商业银行合规风险管理存在的主要问题 长期以来，我国商业银行一直未将合规作为一个重要的风险源来管理，更没有将合规风险管理摆上应有的重要位置，与巴塞尔银行监管委员会关于银行合规管理的一系列要求相比存在较大差距，目前我国商业银行在合规风险管理中存在以下问题： （一）合规风险管理意识普遍比较淡薄 由于认识上的误区和理念上的偏差，商业银行合规风险管理意识普遍比较淡薄：一是重业务拓展，轻合规管理。金融企业各级机构往往把目光局限于完成考核任务和经营目标，注重市场营销和拓展，忽视业务的合规性管理，有些营业机构甚至不惜冒着违规操作的风险以实现短期业绩，加大了银行合规经营风险。二是重事后管理，轻事前防范。商业银行往往偏重于对已发生或已存在的风险采取事后的管理处罚措施，试图以严厉的处罚遏制风险的出现，而对事前的防范和事中的控制措施却关注较少。三是重基层操作人员管理，轻高层管理人员约束。我国银行业在合规风险管理上存在着一个根深蒂固的错误理念，即重视对基层操作人员的管理，忽视对高层管理人员的约束，似乎只有基层操作人员才有引发合规
商业银行市场风险管理指引 （征求意见稿） 第一章总则 第一条为加强商业银行的市场风险管理，根据《中华人民共和国银行业监督管理法》、《中华人民共和国商业银行法》以及其他有关法律和行政法规，制定本指引。 第二条本指引所称商业银行是指在中华人民共和国境内依法设立的商业银行，包括中资商业银行、外资独资银行和中外合资银行。 第三条本指引所称市场风险是指因市场价格 - 利率、汇率、股票价格和商品价格–的不利变动而使银行表内和表外业务发生损失的风险。市场风险存在于银行的交易和非交易业务中。 市场风险可以分为利率风险、汇率风险（包括黄金）、股票价格风险和商品价格风险，分别是指由于利率、汇率、股票价格和商品价格的不利变动所带来的风险。利率风险按照来源的不同，可以分为重新定价风险、收益率曲线风险、基准风险和期权性风险。 前款所称商品是指可以在二级市场上交易的某些实物产品，如农产品、矿产品（包括石油）和贵金属（不包括黄金）等。
第四条市场风险管理是识别、计量、监测和控制市场风险的全过程。市场风险管理的目标是通过将市场风险控制在商业银行可以承受的合理范围内，实现经风险调整收益率的最大化。 商业银行应当充分识别、准确计量、持续监测和适当控制所有交易和非交易业务中的市场风险，确保在合理的市场风险水平之下安全、稳健经营。商业银行所承担的市场风险水平应当与其市场风险管理能力和资本实力相匹配。 为了确保有效实施市场风险管理，商业银行应当将市场风险的识别、计量、监测和控制与全行的战略规划、业务决策和财务预算等经营管理活动进行有机结合。 第五条中国银行业监督管理委员会（以下简称中国银监会）对商业银行的市场风险水平和市场风险管理进行监管。中国银监会应当督促商业银行有效地识别、计量、监测和控制各项业务所承担的各类市场风险。 第二章市场风险管理 第六条商业银行应当按照本指引要求，建立与本行的业务性质、规模和复杂程度相适应的、完善、可靠的市场风险管理体系。市场风险管理体系包括如下基本要素：（一）董事会和高级管理层的有效监控； （二）完善的市场风险管理政策和程序； （三）完善的市场风险识别、计量、监测和控制程序；
专业为企业/培训机构提供师资。 商业银行合规经营与风险防控 课程大纲 课前讨论：某信用联社内外勾结“以贷收贷”现象会有什么后果？ 第一单元：银行常见的金融风险 1. 信用风险含义和种类——资本充足率达标了吗？ 2. 市场风险含义和种类——讨论：利率放开后如何应对竞争 3. 操作风险含义和种类及国内银行操作风险统计 4. 流动性风险含义、种类及案例 5. 国家风险含义、种类及案例 6. 法律风险含义、种类及案例 7. 声誉风险含义、种类及案例 8. 战略风险含义和表现形式及案例 第二单元：金融风险内在生成机理分析 1、金融机构的内在脆弱性理论分析 信息不对称性导致逆向选择和道德风险,决定了金融机构的性质和脆弱性 金融机构优势发挥的两个前提: 储蓄者对金融机构的信心 金融机构对借款者的筛选和监督是高效率的 “囚徒困境”使挤兑具有爆发性发生的可能. 2、金融机构的内在波动性理论
专业为企业/培训机构提供师资。 3、金融风险的演变 金融危机与金融风险的演变 金融自由化与金融风险的演变 利率自由化与金融风险的演变 金融机构业务经营自由化与金融风险的演变 金融机构准入自由与金融风险的演变 第三单元：商业银行合规经营 1.合规管理产生的背景 2.合规与合规管理的相关概念 3.巴塞尔银行监管委员会出台有关银行合规的指导原则 4.合规法律、规则和准则通常涉及内容 5.《合规与银行内部合规部门》高级文件中的十大原则 6.银行业务风险矩阵 7.合规风险在银行风险防范中的地位分析 讨论：合规风险管理该有谁负责？如何负责？ 第四单元：银行内部合规部门的设立与合规的公司治理1、合规部门的定位 合规部门的9大职责 合规部门的8大职责特性
ⅩⅩ银行ⅩⅩ省分行合规风险管理工作实施方案 为了提高ⅩⅩ农行全体员工的合规经营意识，提升合规风险管理水平，培育良好的内部控制合规文化，保障ⅩⅩ农行各项经营活动持续协调发展，根据《关于印发<ⅩⅩ银监局推进银行业合规风险管理工作方案>的通知》（辽银监发[ⅩⅩ]1号）文件要求，按照《中国ⅩⅩ银行ⅩⅩ省分行工作三、五、十年发展规划》及ⅩⅩ年初ⅩⅩ农行全省工作会议精神，结合ⅩⅩ农行合规风险管理工作实际，制定本实施方案。 一、加强合规风险管理，促进ⅩⅩ农行持续有效发展 合规风险是指商业银行因没有遵循法律、规则和准则，可能遭受法律制裁、监管处罚、重大财务损失和声誉损失的风险。而推进合规风险管理、加强内部控制，是提高ⅩⅩ农行经营效益，保证ⅩⅩ农行持续健康发展的必由之路。 近年来，ⅩⅩ农行的合规风险管理工作有所进步，但与其他商业银行相比，ⅩⅩ农行的内控水平相对较低，基础管理比较薄弱，经营效益很不理想。合规文化尚未形成，特别是二级分行以下机构合规风险管理意识淡薄，重经营、轻管理思想严重，致使基层行的合规风险管理工作，发展的很不平衡。造成ⅩⅩ农行近年来案件数量、发案金额据高不下，违规问题层见迭出，如不及
时扭转，不仅对ⅩⅩ农行本身的生存和发展造成威胁，而且对当地市场经济的发展和社会经济的稳定也将产生不利影响。因此，ⅩⅩ农行将制定《中国ⅩⅩ银行ⅩⅩ省分行内控合规管理工作三、五、十年发展规划》，确定牵头部门，建立合规风险管理机制，明确合规风险管理责任、义务，整合各部门、各机构间的控制边界，形成齐抓共管的局面，促进ⅩⅩ农行经营工作持续有效的发展。 二、设计合规风险管理体系架构，确定总体工作目标 推进ⅩⅩ农行合规风险管理工作的主要目标是，以科学发展观为指导，以《商业银行合规风险管理指引》为纲领，以农总行《风险合规管理工作3510中长期发展规划》为蓝图，完善ⅩⅩ农行系统合规风险管理机制，整体设计出与股份制银行运行机制相适应的内控合规管理体系架构，确保各级行的内部控制逐步严密，合规文化建设日趋成熟，员工从业行为规范准确，激励考核机制相对科学，违规、违章问题逐步减少，违法案件得到遏制，大案要案得以杜绝，同业竞争能力持续增强，使全辖14个二级分行和51个一级支行的合规风险管理工作上一个新台阶，保障ⅩⅩ农行全年工作目标得以顺利实现。 三、坚持三项原则，确保合规风险管理工作的整体推进 （一）坚持“自我提高，主动完善”原则。 推进ⅩⅩ农行各分支机构合规风险管理工作，旨在引导、督促各级经营行领导和员工，认识合规风险管理在业务操作和经营
商业银行风险管理与合规 一、巴塞尔委员会划分了八大风险种类： （一）信用风险：由于各种不确定因素的影响，使银行在信贷经营与管理过程 中，实际收益目标与预期收益目标发生背离，有遭受信贷损失的一种可能性。1.相似概念：信贷风险（在信贷过程中，由于各种不确定性，使借款人不能按时偿还贷款，造成银行贷款本金、利益损失的可能性，是一种狭义上的信用风险。 2.二者的不同点在于其所包含的金融资产的范围，信用风险包含信贷风险，还包括其他表内、表外业务，如贷款承诺、证券投资、金融衍生工具中的风险等等。（二）操作风险：由于不完善或有问题的内部程序、人员、计算机系统或外部 事件所造成的损失的风险。 操作风险包括四类：人员因素引起的操作风险；流程因素引起的操作风险；系统因素引起的操作风险；外部事件引起的操作风险。 相似概念：操作性风险：仅包括由人员因素，亦即由操作失误、违法行为、越权行为和流程因素引起的操作风险。尽管操作性风险是操作风险中发生频率最高、占比最高的风险类型，但我们不能将操作性风险等同于操作风险。 （三）市场风险：市场价格波动引起的资产负债表内和表外头寸出现亏损的风 险。 市场风险广泛存在于银行的交易和非交易业务中，分为利率风险、汇率风险、股票价格风险和商品价格风险。 市场风险发生时，往往涉及地区性和系统性的金融动荡或严重损失，因此，市场风险往往又被为系统性风险。市场风险一般不能通过资产多样化来分散和回避，因此市场风险又称为不可分散风险。 （四）流动性风险：资产流动性风险和负债流动性风险。 资产流动性风险指资产到期不能如期足额收回，进而无法满足到期负债的偿还与新的合理贷款及其他融资需要，从而给商业银行带来的风险。 负债流动性指商业银行过去的筹集的资金特别是存款资金，由于内外因素的变化而发生不规则波动，对其产生的冲击并引发相关损失的风险。 （五）法律风险：商业银行经营过程中国由于法律因素导致损失的可能性，包 括法律的内在缺陷、商业银行基于错误的法律理解或法律适用而实施的商业行为、监管机构的不当法律执行等因素导致商业银行遭受诉讼的可能性。主要关注商业银行所签署的各类合同、承诺等法律文件的有效性和可执行性能力。 （六）国家风险：经济主体在与非本国居民进行国际经贸与金融往来中，由于 别国经济、政治和社会等方面的变化而遭受损失的可能性。 凡是跨国境的信贷，不论其接受信贷的对象为该国政府、私人企业还是个人，都有可能遭受不同程度的国家风险，因而国险比主权风险或政治风险的概念更宽。国家风险包括主权风险和非主权风险。
中国银行业监督管理委员会关于 印发《商业银行房地产贷款风险管理指引》的通知 （银监发[2004]57号2004年8月30日） 各银监局，各政策性银行、国有商业银行、股份制商业银行： 现将《商业银行房地产贷款风险管理指引》印发给你们，请遵照执行。 请各银监局将本通知转发至辖内各城市商业银行、城市信用社，农村商业银行、农村合作银行、农村信用社县级联社，外资银行。 附件： 商业银行房地产贷款风险管理指引 第一章总则 第一条为提高商业银行房地产贷款的风险管理能力，根据有关银行监管法律法规和银行审慎监管要求，制定本指引。 第二条本指引所称房地产贷款是指与房产或地产的开发、经营、消费活动有关的贷款。主要包括土地储备贷款、房地产开发贷款、个人住房贷款、商业用房贷款等。 本指引所称土地储备贷款是指向借款人发放的用于土地收购及土地前期开发、整理的贷款。土地储备贷款的借款人仅限于负责土地一级开发的机构。 房地产开发贷款是指向借款人发放的用于开发、建造向市场销售、出租等用途的房地产项目的贷款。 个人住房贷款是指向借款人发放的用于购买、建造和大修理各类型住房的贷款。 商业用房贷款是指向借款人发放的用于购置、建造和大修理以商业为用途的各类型房产的贷款。 第二章风险控制 第三条商业银行应建立房地产贷款的风险政策及其不同类型贷款的操作审核标准，明确不同类型贷款的审批标准、操作程序、风险控制、贷后管理以及中介机构的选择等内容。 商业银行办理房地产业务，要对房地产贷款市场风险、法律风险、操作风险等予以关注，建立相应的风险管理及内控制度。 第四条商业银行应建立相应的监控流程，确保工作人员遵守上述风险政策及不同类型贷款的操作审核标准。 第五条商业银行应根据房地产贷款的专业化分工，按照申请的受理、审核、审批、贷后管理等环节分别制定各自的职业道德标准和行为规范，明确相应的权责和考核标准。
单选题 1. 关于合规的说法，正确的是（）√ A合规是指商业银行的经营活动与法律、规则和准则相一致 B只要能为银行带来利益，可以不与法律、规则和准则相一致 C其他银行已经做过的就是合规的 D创新业务可以不与法律、规则和准则相一致 正确答案： A 2. 以下关于合规主体的说法，正确的是（）√ A合规的主体是商业银行所有员工 B合规的主体是商业银行高管层 C合规的主体是总行合规部门 D合规的主体是事业部合规人员 正确答案： A 3. 关于合规主动性说法，正确的是（）√ A主动合规 B被动合规 C师傅说合规就是合规 D不违规就是合规 正确答案： A 4. （）应对本条线和本机构经营活动的合规性负首要责任。× A商业银行合规管理人员 B商业银行各业务条线和分支机构的负责人 C商业银行高管人员 D商业银行事业部风险官 正确答案： B
5. 以下关于合规管理职责体系说法错误的是（）× A商业银行各业务条线和各分支机构负责主动识别和管理本条线、本机构合规风险 B商业银行各业务条线和分支机构负责人对本条线和本机构经营活动的合规性负首要责任 C商业银行合规部门负责人对商业银行经营活动的合规性负最终责任 D商业银行董事会对商业银行经营活动的合规性负最终责任 正确答案： C 多选题 6. 以下关于合规管理的说法，正确的是（）√ A合规管理是银行一项核心的风险管理活动 B合规要从高层做起 C合规风险管理关注的重点是过程，而不仅仅是结果 D各业务条线和分支机构合应主动识别和管理本条线、本机构合规风险正确答案： A B C D 7. 关于合规管理职责体系说法正确的是（）× A董事会合规管理职责——应对商业银行经营活动的合规性负最终责任 B监事会合规管理职责——应监督董事会和高级管理层合规管理职责的履行情况 C各业务条线和分支机构负责人职责——应对本条线和本机构经营活动的合规性负首要责任 D合规负责人合规管理职责——应全面协调商业银行合规风险的识别和管理正确答案： A B C D 8. 以下说法正确的是() √ A合规是银行所有员工的共同责任 B信贷人员应对本岗位信贷业务的合规性负责 C柜面人员应对本岗位柜面业务的合规性负责
外文文献翻译 Commercial Bank Risk Management : An Analysis of the Process
外文文献： Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process Abstract Throughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management. 1. Introduction The past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems. Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of the industry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America's
商业银行合规风险管理经验做法 商业银行合规风险管理经验做法 一.合规风险管理的功能“思想文化政策制度组织行为”的合规风险管理基本框架已经形成，并开始在我行经营管理实践中发挥功能，功能发挥的过程同时也是检验和修正上述框架的过程。我们已经认识到健全而又灵活的合规功能是银行从事业务的基本前提，合规的功能除了体现在战略层面外，还能广泛应用于日常业务运作的协助.顾问和监控；此外驱动合规功能发挥的因素还有银行产品的复杂化和业务间的不断交叉，这些都使得合规管理的功能更加重要也更加复杂。在我行的探索和实践中，合规风险管理初步发挥了以下功能一确保法律.规则和准则得到遵守的功能。只有遵守法律.规则和准则，才能避免遭受法律制裁.监管处罚以及随之而来的声誉损失。不仅如此，法律.规则和准则本身对银行经营管理和风险控制内在规律的描述和总结，有其内在科学性。自觉学习.运用和遵守上述规则，有利于银行提高经营管理水平，在避免信用风险.操作风险和市场风险的同时，提高驾驭风险的能力。但“术业有专攻”，银行高级管理层.专业技术人员和操作人员不可能像法律.合规风险管理人员一样对法律.规则和准则有全面深刻的把握，他们既有可能判断失误，过失违规；也有可能裹足不前，错失良机。这就需要合规风险管理部门对法律.规则和准则进行跟踪和解读，明晰尺度，并最终将其“翻译”成为极具操
作性的规程和手册，为建立长效的遵章守制机制奠定基础。此外，合规风险管理部门还通过积极揭示合规风险成为决策时的重要参谋，并促使管理层在决策时主动在监管要求.合规以及商业利益问寻求到均衡，以将违规风险降至最低。二整合流程，促进业务发展的功能。如同刘明康主席在首届合规年会上指出的“当前几乎所有中资银行的业务流程都存在重大弊端，仍只是部门银行，而不是流程银行”，我行正试图以合规为契机，整合流程，明确各职能部门在流程中的位置和作用。为此，总行合规部负责对重要规章的审查，以及规章执行后的评价等，以确保不同部门颁布的规章能和谐统一，能够对同一业务有相同的规定，而不是相互矛盾使基层无所适从；我行还在规章制定中贯彻“问责制”原则，使行内规章符合法律上的逻辑规范。此外，合规部还积极介入部室职责划分和全行授权管理，积极创建“权责明确，衔接紧密，授权控权相统一”为特征的总行部室内部以及总行与分支行之间的关系。 “合规创造价值”的途径在于嵌入业务促发展。合规要敢于说“不”，但是合规不能只说“不”，如果一项业务只是某一点上存在不合规，不能因此就否认整个业务的可行性，应该力图将合规升华成为一种存在可能性的艺术，既“挑刺”，更要“拔刺”，在防范风险的基础上优化方案。只有这样，合规的价值才能体现，合规的功能才能发挥，合规部门才能得到全行的尊重。合规文化才能具有长久的生命力。三良好企业文化的培育和形成
文献信息： 文献标题：Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya（信贷风险管理策略及其对肯尼亚商业银行绩效的影响） 国外作者：Samuel Warui Mutua，Muoni Gekara 文献出处：《Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research》,2017, 3(4):1896-1904 字数统计：英文2891单词，15678字符；中文4915汉字 外文文献： Credit Risk Management Strategies and Their Impact on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya Abstract Credit risk management strategies are amongst the most critical factors to consider for any financial institution involved in any lending activity. Financial institutions have often find themselves making decisions between lending to potential borrowers thus effectively growing their balance sheets and effectively increasing their returns and being cautious in lending to caution themselves against any potential losses. Specifically, the research sought to examine credit risk management strategies and their impact on performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The research was guided by the liquidity theory of credit, portfolio theory, credit risk theory and the tax theory of credit. The research was based on a descriptive design which involves describing the current state of affairs by use of data collected through questionnaires and interviews. The research was focused on selected Tier III commercial banks in Kenya namely Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit Bank with reference to the loans department. The sampled population consists of 62 staff members from loans department of Consolidated Bank, African Banking Corporation and Credit