高考英语考前阅读理解解题指导破解阅读理解猜测词义题讲义
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考前阅读理解解题指导 破解阅读理解猜测词义题
1.利用释义法解题
在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。
【考例1】（2022年全国乙卷，C篇）
29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones.
C. inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure.
解析：原文：That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better
protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways
alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones
assisting the crews’ efforts.
“including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the
rail infrastructure”对“maintenance”进行了解释，故推测maintenance是“维护，保养”的意思，C项inspection and repair与句中的inspect and repair对应。故选C。
【考例2】（2021年全国甲卷，C篇）
9. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean？
A. Be careful! B. Well done! C. No way! Don’t worry!
解析：原文：A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their
boards loud, shouting: “Safe！Safe！Safe！” And that’s what
mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater. 本题可以用释义法解题。根据画线部分后面的解释“And that’s what
mattered — landing tricks, being a good skater.（那才是真正重要的——掌握了滑板的落地技巧，才能成为一名好的滑板玩家。）”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，由此可以推出本句的“Safe”有赞美之意，故选B项。
2.利用构词法解题
英语单词可以通过添加词缀、合成或转化的方式构成新词或生成新的词义。同学们要熟记一定数量的词根、前缀和后缀，从而达到通过“解剖”一个单词，对一个生词能够“望文生义”的效果，同时要结合文章的语境来猜测词义。
【考例1】（2016年全国II卷，B篇）
27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？
A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden.
解析：原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of
losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would
declare, “But I’m just not creative.”
downside是由“down（向下）+ side（方面）”构成的合成词，并且后文提到“作者冒着失去那些有不同思维风格的学生的风险”。因此，我们可以猜测该词的意思是“不足，缺点”，故选B项。
【考例2】（2010年福建卷，B篇）
60. The underlined word “outlawed” in Paragraph 2 probably
means “_________”.
A. allowed B. banned C. offered D. refused
解析：原文：Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over
the next five years. In 2005, after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）, which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150
million by 2013 — pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.
本题可以利用构词法结合文意猜测词义。“out”作为前缀构成动词时，有“超越，超过”的意思，与“law”连用，意思是“超越了法律”，即为法律所不容。再结合句子“In 2005, after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班）, which had
outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one.”可知，2005年塔利班政权垮台以后，五分之一的阿富汗人有了电视机，而在这之前电视应该是“被禁止的”。“ban”有“禁止”之意。故选B项。
3.利用因果法解题
若画线单词或短语前后句子之间构成因果关系，那我们便可以根据这种因果逻辑关系推知单词或短语的意义。根据前面的原因可以推测后面的结果，根据后面的结果也可以反推前面的原因。因果关系的语境通常由because、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、so/such ... that ...等标志词体现。
【考例1】（2020年全国II卷，C篇）
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean？
A. Boomed. B. Became mature. C. Remained stable. D. Crashed.
解析：原文：The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market
for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like
crazy.
由“The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades”这一句可知，几十年来，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠的数量处于控制之下。根据画线词后的“the cat-sized animals
multiplied like crazy”可知，这种大小像猫的动物开始疯狂地繁殖，由此推知含有画线词的这一句指出了原因“20世纪80年代末海狸鼠市场“崩溃了”，故选D项。
【考例2】（2019年全国II卷，B篇）
25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2
mean？ A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feeling.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
解析：原文：I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or
social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just
need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the
single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a
team that his kids aren’t even on ... At this point the unwilling parent speaks
up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
由逻辑词“so”可知，此处可以借助因果逻辑关系猜测词义句意。画线部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人劝说一下”，故“tug at the heartstrings”应该有“劝说”的意思。“appeal to feeling”意思是“打动某人，唤起某人的情感”，故选B项。
4.利用同义法解题
画线单词或短语前后有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，它往往暗示了该单词或短语的含义，这时我们可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。常见的表示同义关系的词或短语有and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。当画线单词或短语与其他单词或短语由并列连词或者表示相同相似关系的副词连接时，意味着这两部分内容在含义上是接近的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个单词或短语所属的语域，进而可推知其大致意思。
【考例1】（2020年全国III卷，B篇）
26. What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3
probably mean？
A. Listing completely. B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully. D. Watching carefully.
解析：原文：One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of
