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英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology

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英语语言学之Morphology

英语语言学之Morphology

Allomorph（词素变体）:An allomorph is the different variants of the same morpheme. It can be phonologically or morphologically conditioned.
See more on p. 82
“doing”---consisted of two parts “do” and “-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put “ –ing” to a verb to form a “-ing’ participle.
形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语 形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s’ have?
The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example.
(1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”

morphologyPPT课件

morphologyPPT课件

What is lexical meaning and what is grammatical meaning?
E.g. The English word tourists contain three morphemes. One minimal unit of lexical meaning is tour and another unit of lexical meaning is –ist which means person who does something. The third minimal unit –s has grammatical meaning indicating plurality.
• Bound morphemes are actually affixes. 黏着语素实际上 就是词缀。
• 词缀本质上是黏着的。Affixes are naturally bound. All affixes in English are bound.
• ——词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素上的一类语素
• Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.
• Inflectional affixes are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical functions of a word.
自由语素 vs黏着语素
• 像tour, chair这种能够独立构词的语素，我 们称之为自由语素。 Those which may make up words by themselves are free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as words.

语言学Morphology形态学课件

语言学Morphology形态学课件
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件

Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” • Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour • Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. • All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Undress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
Free and Bound Morphemes
• This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. • Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat • But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)

语言学-形态学课件

语言学-形态学课件
• “desire” in “desired” is a ___?
• “enrich” in “enriches” is a ___?
学习交流PPT
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Basic ways/rules of forming words in English
1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素成词
• Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by
themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “-ed” in “recorded”.
• Adjective compounds
maneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved)
dutyfree (N+adj.)
• Preposition compounds
into (P+P)
throughout (P+P)
学习交流PPT
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Some points about compounds
学习交流PPT
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• A root is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional as well as derivational) are removed. E.g.
• ___ in “desirable”, • ___ in “unbelievable”

Chapter-Morphology--形态学现代语言学

Chapter-Morphology--形态学现代语言学

Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。

The aim of morphology is to find out these rules.形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。

Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学）。

前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。

2.Morpheme 词素Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language 词素：语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。

Monomorphemic words 单词素单词Types of morphemes 词素的类型Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes. Such as help, table,room, mate, quick, able.这些词素是独立的、可以自由使用的意义单位，所以它们就被称作自由词素。

英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology

• Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme
• The ‘irregular’ forms of plurals and past tenses in English are described as having individual morphological realization rules
• Teach -er -s
Teachers
• Lexical deri- inflectional
Morphological Description
• P 78 • Problems i Nhomakorabea morphological description
Morphs and Allomorphs
• Morphs: actual forms used to realize morphemes. Cat is a single morph. Cats consists of two morphs, realizing a lexical morpheme and an inflectional morpheme (plural)
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour
• Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s.
Free and Bound Morphemes

语言学Morphology形态学PPT课件

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3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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1.2 Identification of words 1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex
the first two days
another three weeks
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The formation of word
Morphemes: Technically, a morpheme is defined as a
minimal meaningful unit in the grammatical system of a language.The components of a word are known as morphemes. They themselves cannot be further analyzed:
has, had, etc.
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C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词 词组)or a single noun.
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3) Postdeterminers: cardinal numerals(基数词), ordinal numerals(序数 词), general ordinals(一般顺序词): next, last, past, (an)other, additional and other quantifiers like many, a few, several, much, little, a lot of, plenty of, a great deal of, a great number of

语言学morphemePPT课件

e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower.
可编辑课件PPT
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B. Bound morphemes(黏着语素):
They cannot occur alone. (不能单独出现) They must appear with at least one different morpheme. （至少有一个不同的语素） e.g. dogs, national, disclose.
distempered
dis temper -ed
bound morphemes
free morphemes
可编辑课件PPT
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2.Root, affix and stem 词根，词缀，词干
A. Root（词根）: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning,that is to say,it is that part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed.
可编辑课件PPT
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B. Affix（词缀）: is a collective term for the type
of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme（the root or stem).词缀是那些只 能附着于另一个词素（词根或词干）上的一类语素的总称。
such as: chair , dog , cup and so on.

Lecture 8：MorphologyPPT教学课件


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Examples
Cat cats Boy boys House houses Foot feet Radius radii Sheep sheep (zero) Child children
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2.2 Morpheme
Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of a language. It cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying the meaning.
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. It is generally divided in two fields: (1) Inflectional morphology: the study of inflections. (2) Derivational morphology: the study of word-formation.
be realized in different contexts as the alternate shapes of phonetic forms as : {-s, z, -iz, -ai, -I, -n, -∮} , which are called the allomorphes of the same morpheme{-s}
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Free and Bound Morphemes
• This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng.
• Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat • But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free
morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
Free morphemes
• Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey
• ‘open’ class of words • Functional morphemes功能词素: consists
largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns: closed
• Eng has 8 inflectional morphemes: -’s, -s (books), -s (lies), -ing, -ed, -en, -er, -est.
• All suffixes
Derivational vs. Inflectional
• Inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word
• Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme
• The ‘irregular’ forms of plurals and past tenses in English are described as having individual morphological realization rules
• All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic
word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Un- dress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
Morphology
• A better way of looking at linguistic forms in different languages would be to use the notion of “elements” in the message.
• Morphology: the type of investigation which analyzes all those “elements” which are used in a language
• Morphemes: “elements” in the form of a linguistic message
Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.”
• Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
• Teach -er -s
Teachers
• Lexical deri- inflectional
Morphological Description
• P 78 • Problems in morphological description
orphs and Allomorphs
• Morphs: actual forms used to realize morphemes. Cat is a single morph. Cats consists of two morphs, realizing a lexical morpheme and an inflectional morpheme (plural)
Bound Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour
• Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s.
• Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form
• Derivational morpheme can change: teach-er
• -er can be an inflectional morpheme as part of an adjective (fast-er) and also a distinct derivational morpheme as part of a noun (teacher)