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《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 2 Phonetics
learners of English, and explain why they cause difficulty. 2. Observe your classmates’ pronunciation of the English consonant
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
2020/7/3
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
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Some Natural Classes
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件_期末考试必备语言学Chapter_2_sound(1)
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
华中师范大学《英语语言学入门》期末考试必备通关指导2
共 3 道大题，满分 100 分一、单选题（共 15 道小题，共 30 分）1. Speech act theory did not come into being until ( ).（2 分）A. in the late 50’s of the 2021e centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century【答案】A【解析】2. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ( ).（2 分）A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs【答案】B【解析】3. Which of the followings is not consonants?（2 分）A. /p/B. /b/C. /t/D. /u:/【答案】D【解析】4. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to ( ) construction.（2 分）A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate【答案】B【解析】5. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a ( ) sentence.（2 分）A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex【答案】A【解析】6. “Alive” and “dead” are ( ).（2 分）A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above【答案】C【解析】7. ( )refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.（2 分）A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language【答案】C【解析】8. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ( ), rather than by instinct.（2 分）A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B【答案】D【解析】9. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ( ).（2 分）A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics【答案】B【解析】10. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ( ).（2 分）A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic【答案】C【解析】11. The ( ) rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.（2 分）A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational【答案】D【解析】12. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents ( ).（2 分）A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviorism【答案】B【解析】13. Of all the speech organs, the ( ) is/are the most flexible.（2 分）A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords【答案】C【解析】14. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ( ) .（2 分）A. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area【答案】A【解析】15. According to F. de Saussure, ( ) refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.（2 分）A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language【答案】C【解析】二、多选题（共 10 道小题，共 40 分）16. Which of the followings are alveolars ? ( )（4 分）A. [t]B. [d]C. [s]D. [f]【答案】A, B, C【解析】17. Which of the followings are glides? ( )（4 分）A. [b]。
语言学教程第二章ppt课件
and the alveolar ridge.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
Allophone: phonetic variants/realizations of a phoneme
A phoneme is realized as allophone 1 + allophone 2 +…
E.g.: /p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] (unreleased)
Allophones
Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme:
语言学课02精品PPT课件
The vowels
The consonants
English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs）
i: beat æ bat u: moon ɒ lot ei say ǝu so eǝ pair
i bit ǝ another ʊ put ɑ: car ai buy aʊ noãw ʊǝ poor
Speech Production (Speaker)
transmitted in the air
Speech Perception (Hearer)
The process of speech production and perception
Subdivisions:
articulatory phonetics —how to produce speech sounds
2.5.2. Classification of English consonants
By manners of articulation Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [m] [n] [ŋ] Fricatives: [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] Affricates: [ʧ] [ʤ] Liquids: lateral [l] retroflex [r] Nasals: [m][n]
l letter ϳ yard
t till g gap ŋ ring s so ð thy ʧ chain
r reef
Vowels of American English
i beet ε bet o boat ʌ butt ǝ sofa
ı bit u boot ɔ bore ɒ pot/bar ɔϳ boy
The consonants
English vowels （monophthongs and diphthongs）
i: beat æ bat u: moon ɒ lot ei say ǝu so eǝ pair
i bit ǝ another ʊ put ɑ: car ai buy aʊ noãw ʊǝ poor
Speech Production (Speaker)
transmitted in the air
Speech Perception (Hearer)
The process of speech production and perception
Subdivisions:
articulatory phonetics —how to produce speech sounds
2.5.2. Classification of English consonants
By manners of articulation Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [m] [n] [ŋ] Fricatives: [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [ð] [ʃ] [ʒ] Affricates: [ʧ] [ʤ] Liquids: lateral [l] retroflex [r] Nasals: [m][n]
l letter ϳ yard
t till g gap ŋ ring s so ð thy ʧ chain
r reef
Vowels of American English
i beet ε bet o boat ʌ butt ǝ sofa
ı bit u boot ɔ bore ɒ pot/bar ɔϳ boy
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter 4
8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability
The ______ smiles.
man student policeman boy girl …..
The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10
He went there
This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
17
A(S)
B
C
IC Analysis
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
18
Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents Syntactic studies from the different viewpoints of the three linguistic schools:
新编简明英语语言学 课件 chapter 2 音系学
双元音
Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as:
▪ Monophthongs or pure/single vowels
单元音
▪ Diphthongs or gliding vowels 双元音 [ai], [ei], [iə], [eə], [uə], [au], [əu], [ɔi].
Chapter 2 Phonology
▪ phonetics
--- What is ponetics? 什么是语音学
--- organs of speech 发音器官
--- Orthographic representation of speech sounds 语音的正字标音法
--- Classification of English speech sound 英语语音的分类
e.g. pit & spit
送气音和非送气音
Nasality -- nasal & non-nasal 鼻音和非鼻音
e.g. bank & back
Orthographic representation of speech sounds
---- A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)（国际音标） .The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.
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Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
The vowel diagram shows the CARDINAL VOWELS, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrary defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The vowels are shown their relevant positions in a cross-sectional diagram of the oral cavity.
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
The “other symbols” are a group of consonants that involve more than one place or one manner of Articulation, which cannot be placed into one of slots in the consonant chart.
The manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the ways in which articulation can be accomplished:
the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; (a closure) they may narrow the space considerably; (narrowing) they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
2. Consonants and vowels
Consonants are produced „by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction‟, i.e. there is obstruction of air happened in a certain point of vocal tract in the production of consonants. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such „stricture‟ so that „air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose‟, i.e., there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur‟. Take an individual language, say English, as an example, to determine its phonological structure, i.e. which sound units are used and how they are put together. Then compare the properties of sound systems in different languages in order to make hypotheses about the rules that underlie the use of sounds in them, and ultimately we aim to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages.
1.2 The IPA
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers‟ Association was founded It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897. One of the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages, more specifically is to study the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
• Stop (or Plosive) (6 sounds in English) • Nasal (3 sounds in English) • Fricative (9 sounds in English) • (Median) Approximant (3 in English) • Lateral (Approximant) • Trill • Tap or Flap • Affricate
2.1 Consonants
In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved. The categories of consonant, therefore, are established on the basis of several factors, but two are important: the Manner of articulation & the Place of Articulation
Non-pulmonic consonants are produced either by sucking air into the mouth, such as clicks, or closing the glottis and manipulating the air between the glottis and a place of articulation further forward in the vocal tract, as in the case of implosives and ejectives.
1. How speech sounds are made
1.1 Speech organs (vocal organs)
Three Cavities of Vocal Tract
• Sounds made with different parts of the tongue:
– Coronal (tip and blade): /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /θ/ – Dorsal (front and back): /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ – Radical (root): /h/