The American Land：An Overall View

Using Land WiselyA very important world problem-in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time-is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.一个十分重要的世界性难题（事实上我更倾向于说它是我们目前所面临的所有世界性大难题中最重要的）是对于土地和土地资源来说快速增长的人口压力。

It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important. It works out to be about 1.6per cent per annum net increase. 重要的是人口的增长率，而不是实际世界人口数量。

世界人口正大约以每年1.6%的净速率在增长。

In terms of numbers this means something like forty to fifty-five million additional people every year-Canada has a population of twenty million-rather less than six months, climb in world population. 从数字上看来，这意味着，甚至在少于六个月的时间里，世界人口中就会增加大约40,000,000到55,000,000个人。

Take Australia. There are ten million people in Australia. So, it takes the world less than three months to add to itself a population which peoples that vast country. 以澳大利亚为例，那儿有一千万人口，所以只需要花费不到三个月的时间增长的世界人口数就能达到这个硕大的国家的人口水平。

Terms and Definitions (5 points each):WASPWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant, commonly abbreviated to the acronym WASP, is a sociol ogical and cultural ethnonym that originated in the United States and Canada.The term originated in reference to white North Americans of British d escent, who were Protestant in religious affiliation. It initially applied to people with histories in the upper class Northeastern establishment, who were alleged to form a powerful elite.The original WASP establishment created and dominated the social structure of the United States and its significant institutions when the country's social structure took shape in the 17th century until the 20th century.ExodusThe action and the phenomenon of l eaving one’s native country to settl e abr oad.American Exceptionalism （美国例外论）American exceptionalism refers to the theory that the United States is qualitatively different from other countries. In this view, America's exceptionalism stems from its emergence from a revolution, becoming "the first new nation," and devel oping a uniquely American ideol ogy, based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism and laissez-faire. This observation can be traced to Alexis d e Tocqueville, the first writer to describe the United States as "exceptional" in 1831 and 1840. Historian Gord on Wood has argued, "Our beliefs in liberty, equality, constitutionalism, and the well-being.第二个答案：Every American who ever lived, with the exception of one group, was either an immigrant himself or a descendant of immigrants。

American Culture and Society(1)I. Fill in the blanks1. On July 4,1776,the Declaration of Independent was adopted by the Second Continental Congress，announcing to the world the birth of a new nation2. Christopher Columbus persuaded the Spanish monarchs to give him 3 ships. He sailed westward and landed an island in the Bahamas on Oct. 12, 1492.3. Name of the national song in the America: the star-spangled banner4. When Japanese carrier-based planes executed a devastating surprise attack against the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7，1941.5. "WASP" stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant6. The capital Washington D.C. is named after George Washington and Christopher Columbus.7. These people，nowadays called native American （also known as Indians），had crossed form Asia to Alaska some 20，000 years earlier，making good use of the land its resources to lead a nomadic life on this vast continent.8. In May, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.9. Full name of America: the United States of America10. Motto of the US is In God We Trust11. The country is situated mostly in central North America , with Canada_ to the north and Mexico to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Atlantic Ocean to the east.12. The federal district of USA is Washington, D.C. and the largest city is New York City.13. Appalachian Mountains are in the eastern part and the Rocky Mountains arein the western part.14. English Puritans established several settlement in New England.15. The first English colony founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.16. The Pilgrims travelled cross the Atlantic in the ship Mayflower in1620and settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts.17. Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe had converted many readers to the abolitionist cause in the 19th century?18. The Ku Klux Klan is a kind of violent terrorist secret society by southern whites after the Civil War.19. The stock market crash in1929 is the signal of Great Depression.20. Martin Luther King, Jr is the pioneer of The Civil Rights Movement for blacks.21. Americans believe that all people have an equal opportunity to succeed in life, despite the physical or economic conditions into which they were born.22. Americans focus more on the future than the past and even the present. Almost all energy is directed towards realizing a better future.23. American always cherishes the following values: equality, respect, gratitude, loyalty, responsibility. And, independence show up in modern American families.24. Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ for members of the Christian religion.25. Traditions associated with Easter are an Easter bunny (a symbol of fertility), and colored eggs (a symbol of the new life) , originally painted.26.II. Multiple Choice1.How many states did the original Union consist of at the time of its Independence?A. 11 statesB. 12 statesC. 13 statesD. 14 states2.Which states are geographically separated from the American continent?A. Hawaii and Alaska.B. Hawaii and ArizonaC. Arizona and AlaskaD. Alaska and New York3.How many time zones are there in the United States?A. twoB. threeC. four.D. five4. How many continental states were there at the time of independence of the US?A.35B. 48C. 13D.505. Which of the following was the last continental state added to the Union?A.KentuckyB.ArizonaC.PennsylvaniaD.Alaska6.Which of the following description of uniformity of American culture is not true?A.People in general share the same ideas, ideals and objectivesB.There is no real regional or class variety in speech of usage of English.C.There is not much really distinctive regional architecture or cookery.D.Generally speaking people have the same ethnic background.7. What are the five famous symbols of American culture?A. Barbie Doll, American Gothic, Buffalo Nickel, Uncle Sam, The Statue of LibertyB. Uncle Sam, The Statue of Liberty, Coca-cola, Barbie Doll, American GothicC. American Gothic, Buffalo Nickel, Uncle Sam, Coca-cola, The Statue of LibertyD. Coca-cola, Barbie Doll, Buffalo Nickel, Uncle Sam, The Statue of Liberty8. What are the national rose and tree of US?A. rose and palmB. rose and oakC. tulip and oakD. tulip and palm9. Which two lakes consist of Niagara Falls?A. Lakes Superior and MichiganB. Michigan and HuronC. Huron and ErieD. Erie and Ontario10. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?A. George WashingtonB. Benjamin FranklinC. John AdamsD. Thomas Jefferson11. Which foreign power was on the side of American colonies during the War of Independence?A. GermanyB. SpainC. FranceD. Italy12. When and Where did the Second Continental Congress meet?A. In May 1775, PhiladelphiaB. In September 1774, PhiladelphiaC. In September 1775, PhiladelphiaD. In May 1774, Philadelphia13. What is the signal of the start of Independence War of US?A. Boston Tea PartyB. Declaration of IndependenceC. The Battle of LexingtonD. The First Continental Congress meet14. What are the three significant conflicts between the North and South of America.A. Different economic interests; The candidates for president; The political conflictB. The candidates for president; The political conflict; The slave problemC. The slave problem; Different economic interests; The political conflictD. The political conflict; The slave problem; The territorial expansion15. Which state was famous for the most celebrated and romanticized figures in American culture—cowboy?A. CaliforniaB. TexasC. MassachusettsD. Arkansas16. Americans are even disrespectful of those in authority. What is their preference when they are called by people?A. Mr. or Mrs.B. first nameC. middle nameD. last name17. What is also known as Remembrance Day, Armistice Day. It honors all the brave servicemen and women who have put their lives on the line to defend the rights and freedom of all Americans.A. Thanksgiving DayB. Independence DayC. Veteran's DayD. Labor DayIII. Connection problems1. Find the nicknames of the following States in the USA.Arkansas: Land of OpportunityCalifornia: Golden StateColorado: Centennial StateFlorida: Sunshine StateHawaii: Aloha StateAlaska: Land of Midnight Sun; the Last Frontier；Peninsula StateMassachusetts: Old Colony State；Bay State2. Find the exact descriptions of the American Presidents respectively.Franklin Delano Roosevelt : the president who helped US out of the second world warBill Clinton: made an economic growth for 9 years continuouslyGeorge Washington: was elected as the first President of USAGeorge W. Bush: Sept.11 event; Invasion of IraqBarack Obama: the first black President of USAJames Earl Carter: re-establishment of diplomatic relations between China and USA Abraham Lincoln: issued Emancipation Proclamation which granted freedom to about 4 million black slaves3. Find the exact signals or descriptions of each holidays respectively.Valentine's Day: a festival of romance and affection by exchanging tokens of loveSt. Patrick's Day : Be sure to wear greenEaster: In Christian countries it is celebrated as a religious holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ,April Fools' Day: Play a clever (but harmless) trick or tell a joke to someone with a good sense of humorMothers' Day: carnationColumbus Day: It commemorates the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus Halloween:“Trick or treat”Thanksgiving Day: turkeyChristmas: Santa Claus and his reindeersIV. Definition1. Indian ReservationAn Indian Reservation is an area of land that was given to the Native Indians. It is managed by an American Tribal council. They were forced to move there and the lands are not very good lands. Not like where they lived before. Now the majority of them do not live on the reservation.2. American DreamThe so-called American Dream , is a belief that as long as the United States after a hard struggle will be able to achieve the idea of a better life, that is, people have to work through their own hard work.3. New York City1)It is the commercial capital of the United States.2)It is at the southernmost tip of the New York state.3)it is well-known for such places as Wall street, the Empire State Building, Harlem andCentral Park.4. Thanksgiving Day:It is the fourth Thursday in November, celebrates the first harvest of the Pilgrims after they survived their first winter in the new world. The theme has always been peace and plenty.5. Marti n Luther King’s DayIt is on Jan. 15th to celebrate the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., a great civil rights leader who fought against racial discrimination.V. Explanation1. The geographical characteristics of the United States?1)Vast area: The US is bigger in area than the whole of Europe, spreading from the Pacificcoast to the Atlantic coast.2)Diversity of land features: The US comprehends land features like forest, desert, swamp,mountains , plains and one of the world’s largest river systems.2. What are the indirect causes of finding America1. Christian Crusaders of the 11th to 14th century2. Muslim and Italian middlemen charged dearly3. Renaissance4. Portuguese successful plantation experiment in Africa5. Spain was ready3. . List the states of the first 13 states when US declared its independenceDelaware; Pennsylvania; New Jersey; Georgia; Connecticut; Massachusetts; Maryland; South Carolina; New Hampshire; Virginia; New York ; North Carolina; Rhode Island4. List some social etiquettes when you get acquainted with Americans(as least 5)1. Don’t talk with mouth full2. Don’t make noise when eating3. Avoid some privacy for westerners, such as age, marital status, property and belief.4. Keeping eye contact while talking with others5. Taking a small, inexpensive gift such as flowers, a bottle of wine or a small souvenir from your home country is always appreciated when you guest there6. Americans often write thank-you notes or cards, and send them to the host after a party or meal.7. Making an appointment or telephone the host before visiting them.。

americanliterature听力答案American LiteratureI.Choose the best answer for each blank or question.（50%）1.was usually regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB.Anne BradstreetC.Emily DickinsonD.Captain John Smith2.Hard work，thrift，piety and sobriety were the values that dominated much of the early American writing.A.RomanticismB.PuritanC.EnlightenmentD.Realist3.The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis onA.rationality rather than traditionB.belief in human perfection through educationC.opposition to old colonial order and religious obscurantism（主义）D.all of above4.Which of the following is not a writer of American literature of reason and revolution？A.Benjamin FranklinB.Thomas PaineC.Washington IrvingD.Thomas Jefferson5.Which is of the following works is not written by Thomas Paine？mon SenseB.The American CrisisC.The Rights of ManD.The Autobiography6.was regarded as Father of the American short stories.A.James Fenimore CooperB.Thomas PaineC.Washington IrvingD.William Bradford7.was regarded as the first American novelist.A.James Fenimore CooperB.Edger Allan PoeC.Washington IrvingD.Nathaniel Hawthorne8.The general characteristics of American Romanticism are following exceptA. the celebration of natural beauty and the simple lifeB. stress on reason rather than emotionC. interest in the picturesque past and remote placesD. individualism and historical romance is a literary and philosophical movement which flourished in New England9.from the 1830s to 1860s, asserting the existence ofan ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.A. PuritanismB. TranscendentalismC. RomanticismD. Symbolism10. The Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant American writers, Ralph Waldo Emerson andA. Henry David ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman11. Which of the following is not a principle of Transcendentalism?A. The importance of a direct relationship with GodB. An individual is the spiritual center of the universeC. The need to pursue unity with natureD. The use of scientific reason as the basis for truth12. What term do Transcendentalists use to describe the unity that exists between man, nature, and God?A. NirvanaB. OversoulC. OnenessD. Intuition13. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled at Harvard, which was praised by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. Divinity School AddressD. The American Scholar14. A book came out of Thoreau's two-year experiment at Walden Pond.A. WaldenB. Self-RelianceC. Civil DisobedienceD. English Traits15. Which of the following works is not written by Nathaniel Hawthorne?A. The House of the Seven GablesB. White JacketC. The Marble FaunD. The Scarlet Letter16.In The Scarlet Letter, what does Pearl best represent throughout the novel?A. The living embodiment of Hester's sinB. A young innocent childC. The unifying force that will bring Hester and Dimmesdale together at the endD. A form of punishment for Hester17. As time goes by, Hester's scarlet letter eventually comes to stand forA. AdmirableB. AloneC. AbleD. Adultery18. Who is the greatest sinner in The Scarlet Letter?A. Roger ChillingworthB. Hester PrynneC.Arthur DimmesdaleD.Pearl19.can be broadly defined as"the faithfulrepresentation of reality"or"verisimilitude（逼真）".It includes the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century.A.American RealismB.American TranscendentalismC.American SentimentalismD.American Romanticism20.Who is not a writer of American Realism？A.William Dean HowellsB.Mark TwainC.Henry JamesD.Herman Melville21.is poetry that has no fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A.Free verseB.Blank verseC.BalladD.Lyric22.The poetry in Leaves of Grass clearly demonstrates Whitman's faith inA.capitalismB.federalismC.democracyD.socialism23.Whitman believed that poetry should beA.spoken，not writtenB.read，not spokenC.created，not quotedD.personal，not public24.The themes of Leaves of Grass areA.celebration of the freedom and dignity of individualB.death as a process of lifeC.universal brotherhood of manD.all of above25.Which of the following statements about Emily Dickinson is not true？A.In most of her life she had an isolated life，not leaving her house and seeing close friends.B.She knew such famous writers as Shakespeare and Bronte sisters.C.The American Civil War affected her thinking and writing a lot.D.She took no interest in having her poems published.26.Which of the following is not true to the characteristics of Emily Dickinson's poetry?A. Her poems are innovative.B. Her poems are highly compact.C. Her poems are very long.D. Her poems are highly subjective.27.In the line "We slowly drove — He knew no haste /And I had put away /My labor and my leisure too, /For His Civility -", the word "civility"meansA. abilityB. politenessC. kindnessD. pleasure28. Mark Twain is regarded as one of the forerunners of American literature.A. romanticismB. naturalismC. realismD. modernism29. Which of the following is not true?A. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is considered one of the best books about an American boy's life in the eighteen hundreds.B. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is largely based on the author's personal memories ofgrowing up in Hannibal in the 1840s.C. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is written in the third person point of view.D. The setting of the novel, St. Petersburg, is a town where the author grew up.30. In 1935, Ernest Hemingway wrote: "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain calledA. Innocent AbroadB. Huckleberry FinnC. The Gilded AgeD. Life on the Mississippi31. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were aA.Modern GenerationB. Beat GenerationC.Lost GenerationD. Last Generation32.Which of the following works is not written by F. Scott Fitzgerald?A. Tender is the NightB. This Side of ParadiseC. The Last TycoonD. The Waste Land33. Which university did F. Scott Fitzgerald enter but drop before graduation?A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Boston UniversityD. Princeton University34. The term is often applied to the 1920's.A. Blue Age B Jazz Age C. Roaring Age D. Gilded Age35. Which of these details is true about Gatsby's past?A. He fought in the warB. He's the son of wealthy people from the MidwestC. He received a degree from OxfordD. All of above36. Which of the following is not symbolized by the green light in The Great Gatsby?A. MoneyB.the American DreamC.natureD.optimism37. The road between West Egg and East egg isA. A "valley of ashes"B. A literary illusion to the mythological River StyxC. A literary illusion to the Waste Land by T.S. EliotD. All of these38. Why is Nick Carraway the perfect choice to narratethe novel?A. Because he is not a character in the story he tells.B. Because he can narrate not only what he sees but also what he doesn't see.C. Because he is tolerant, open-minded, quiet, and a good listener, as a result, others tend to talk to him and tell him their secrets.D. Because he regards Gatsby as a great man.39. In 1950 was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for the year 1949.A.William FaulknerB.Ernest HemingwayC.John SteinbeckD.Henry James40.Who coined the expression"lost generation"?A.Gertrude SteinB.Ernest HemingwayC.Ezra PoundD.T.S.Eliot41.n1954 won the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his powerful,style-forming mastery of the art of modern narration".A.Ernest HemingwayB.William FaulknerC.F.Scott FitzgeraldD.Henry James42.The code of Hemingway heroes may be summed up in his phraseA.dignity in despairB.truth in simplicityC.rebels against traditionD.grace under pressure43.Who said the following:"the dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one eighth of it being above water"?A.William FaulknerB.Ernest HemingwayC.John SteinbeckD.Henry James44.Which war serves as the background for A Farwell to Arms?A.Spanish civil warB.World War IC.World WarⅡD.Mexican-American War45.What dose rain symbolize in A Farewell to Arms?A.LoveB.DeathC.WarD.Hope46.What is not depicted in A Farewell to Arms?A.war and loveB.illness and injuryC.death and disillusionmentitary glory and heroism47.Which of the following works is not written byWilliam Faulkner?A.The Sound and the FuryB.Light in AugustC.The Grape of WrathD.As I Lay Dying48.Most of Faulkner's major works are set in an imaginary place calledA.OxfordB.MississippiC.Yoknapatawpha CountyD.New Albany49. Emily Dickinson's poetry covers a wide range of themes. Which of the following is not the theme of her poetry?A. love and natureB. success and failureC. mortality and immortalityD. war and peace50. Mark Twain is famous for his writing style.A. humorousB. romanticC. pessimisticD. free【答案】I. Choose the best answer for each blank or question. (50%)1. D2. B3. D4. C5. D6. C7.A8. B9. B 10. A11.D 12.B 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. A 17.C 18. A 19. A20. D21. A 22.C 23. A 24.D 25. C 26. C 27. B 28.C 29. D30. B31.C 32. D33.D 34. B 35. A 36. C 37.D 38. C39. A40. A41. A42. D 43. B44. B 45. B 46. D 47.C 48. C 49. D 50. A。

建平中学高三英语周二练习（11.21）II.Grammar and Vocabulary（20%）SectionA（10%）Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Kazuo Ishiguro, who won this year’s Nobel Prize in Literature, has a number of strings to his bow, or rather his guitar.u The 62-year-old is world famous as a writer of fiction, but his early dream was to be a great singer and songwriter, like last year’s winner, Bob Dylan.His friend and former publisher Robert McCrum recalls the young Ishiguro 21) (turn) up at the publishing house Faber and Faber with a bunch of his stories in one hand and a guitar over his shoulder. It was his stories22) earned him the great honor he received two weeks ago23) his name indicates, Ishiguro comes from a Japanese background, although he came to Britain from Japan at the age of 5 and is a British citizen who writes in English. He24) (educate) at the University of East Anglia, a school that has become known for training writers.Ishiguro’s writing is hig hly restrained. His characters are often reluctant to express25), exceptin a kind of code. This certainly gives his writing a quality in common with that of Jane Austen, an author to 26) he is often compared. The best example of this is his novel The Remains of the Day, which later became a successful film.The central character of the book is a butler called Stevens. He is an extremely loyal servant to an English lord, and is a character who some might call repressed. He misses out on affection andlove27) he will not confess his feelings toanyone.The story is told by Stevens, and his style is as polite and unrevealing as his behavior. Of course,we28 read between the lines to uncover the ―real‖ story, which isn’t quitethe one the butler is telling. Stevens finds it a challenge 29) (communicate), and communication is often a theme in Ishiguro’snovels.In this author’s sense of the world, there is a gap between our feelings and our ability to communicate them. The Nobel Committee emphasized thistheme30) it talkedabout Ishiguro’s work. The writer has, the committee claimed, ―in novels of great emotional force ... uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world‖.Directions:Complete the following passage by using the words inthebox. Each word canonlyTowalkdownMainStreets,U.S.A.,istowalkthroughaparticular31)ofAmerican’scollective memory. It’s small-town values.It’s optimism.It’s energy.It’s innovation .It’s a certain kind of innocence. It is by design,the story of the ―American Way‖ -andone that has played a(n) 32) role in shapingthe collective memory of AmericanhiatoryThough Disney Parks today are well-established cultural icons,the Walt Disney Company’s startasa(n)33 ofAmericanhistoryandidealsbeganlongbeforeitopenedthegatesof Disneyland.It is a sophisticated process. From its creation in 1923 as ―The Disney Brothers CartoonStudio,‖theDis neyoperationwasproducingfilmsthat34) Americans’ideal version ofthemselves.Often set in a glorified 19th century rural American heartland,theseanimations35) ahero(usuallytheindomitable (不屈不挠的) MickeyMouse)whosestrongworkethicandbravery in thefaceofrisk al ways found the ―littleguy‖ and ―commonman‖triumphantover his foe(敌人).Such optimistic sentiment heldgreat36) inthe country’sDepressionyears,andmostcertainly led Mickey and company to become householdnames.This narrative of upholding American values continued at the brand’s theme parks, where Walt Disney translated it into a physical experience using American folk history. ―Disneyland,‖hesaid at the park’sgrandopening,‖is37)to the ideals,the dreams,and the hard factsthathavecreatedAmerican.‖Visitors are made to feel as if they are stepping into moments of history, ones chosen to fit atidy narrative that 38) the nation’s past and future commitment to lift, liberty, and the pursuit ofhappiness.To be su re, Disney’s unique abilityto39)American history in its own nostalgia-tinged(带有怀旧气息的)image---whathascometobecalled‖Disney fiction‖--hasdrawnsignificant 40) .Butwhenitcomestocollectivememory,itmustbenotedthatthepartcanbe rememberedone way and exist faithfully in another, and that many different versions can have their place in the American mind. Even as characters change and Tomorrowland becomes an artifact of yesterday,DisneylandcontinuestobeatouchstoneofAmericancollectivememory.III.ReadingComprehension（45%）Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Whether it's from an awful breakup or a painful life event, some memories can haunt us for our entire lives. But, what if science 41) your bad memories so that you can start all over again? As is known ta all, memory is an incredibly complex 42) . While scientists used to believe it was like a filing cabinet and particular memories were stored in different sections of the brain, we now know thisis43) .In fact, each memory is a brain wide process. If you end up remembering something, it’s becausethecellsinyourbrainarebeingfired44) new connections and linksandliterally rewiring the circuitry of your mind. And this change is partially 45) by proteins in the brain. So what if the proteins aren’tavailable?Simply put, memories can’t be made. Seriously, scientists have tested this by giving animals drugs that prevent these proteins from forming.46), the animals have no recollection of the things that took place shortly after the drug was taken. From this research, scientists actually found a way to target long term memories for 47) . You see, every singletime you remember a memory,your brain is once again firing andrewiring.In fact, each time you reflect on a memory, you are physically changing that memory in your mind. A nd each time that memory is altered a little, reflecting your 48)thoughts. Remembering is an act of 49) and imagining,meaning the more you reflect on old memories, the less accurate they become. And scientists have actually quantified this change.After 9/11, hundreds od people were asked about their memories of the dreadful day. A year later, 37％of the details had changed. By 2004, nearly 50% of the details had changed or gone50) .Andbecausememoriesareformedandrebuilteverytime,ifyouadminister(服药)theprotein-preventingdrugwhilerecallingamemorycanbe51) removed.To test this, scientists took lab rats and played a sound for them, shortly followed by an electric shock. After doing this multiple times, the rats quickly learned that if they heard the sound,a shock wan soon to follow. 52), they would stress up and freeze every time they heard it. Months later, these rats wouldstill53) the noise; however, if they administeredthedrug first, the rats would lose the memory of the sound, and simply continue on. They had lost their memory of that specificnoise.To be sure the drug wasn’t just causing large-scale brain damage, scientists repeated these experimentswithmultipletonesthistime.Bothsoundswouldwarnforashock,and54)the mice would fear both. But if they administered the drug and played only one of the sounds,the micewouldonlyforgetthatonetone,whilestillremaining55) of the other.Overtimescientists have discovered specific drugs to target particular proteins across different parts of the brain.41 . A. refresh B. forget C. control D. erase42 . A. range B. process C. idea D. structure43 . A. incorrect B. evident C. partial D. complex44 . A. eliminating B. decreasing C. bringing D. building45 . A. identified B. stopped C. facilitated D. perfected46 . A. By contrast B. On the contrary C. As a result D. For example47 . A. evaluation B. estimation C. deletion D. production48 . A. current B.precious C. terrified D. previous49 . A. reception B. creation C. repetition D. reproduction50 . A. uncontrolled B. complicated C. valuable D. missing51 . A. repeatedly B. effectively C. hardly D. consistently52 . A. Therefore B. However C. Besides D. Instead53 . A. turn to B. respond to C. watch out D. turn down54 . A. surprisingly B. especially C. eventually D. similarly55 . A. suspicious B. careful C. painful D. fearfulSection B（22%）Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose theone that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）As a person who writers about food and drink for a living, I couldn’t tell you the first thing about Bill Perry or whether the beers he sells are that great. But I can tell you that I like this guy. That’s because he plans to ban tipping in favor of paying his servers an actual living wage.I hate tipping.I hate it because it’s an obligation disguised as an option. I hate it for the post-dinner mathit requires of me. But mostly, I hate tipping because I believe I would be in a better place if pay decisions regarding employees were simply left up to their employers, as is the custom in virtually every otherindustry.Most of you probably think that you hate tipping, too. Research suggest otherwise. You actually love tipping! You like to feel that you have a voice in how much money you server makes.No matter how the math works out, you persistently view restaurants with voluntary tipping systems as being a letter value, which makes it extremely difficult for restaurants and bars to do away with the tipping system.One argument that you tend to hear a lot from the pro-tipping crowd seems logical enough:the service is better when waiters depend on tips, presumably because they see a benefit to successfully veiling their contempt for you .Well , if this were true we would all be slipping a few100 dollar bills to our doctors on the way out their doors, too. But as it turns out, waiters see onlya tiny bump in tips when they do an exceptional job compared to a passable one. Waiters, keen observers of humanity that they are , are catching on to this; in one poll, a full 30% said they didn’t believe the job they did any impact on the tips theyreceived.So come on, folks: get on board with ditching the outdated tip system. Pay a little more up –front for your beer or burger. Support Bill Perry’s pub, and any other bar or restaurant that doesn’task you to do drunken math.56.What can we learn about Bill Perry from thepassage?A)He runs a pub that serves excellentbeer.B)He intends to get rid of the tippingpractice.C)He gives his staff a considerable sum fortips.D)He lives comfortably without getting anytips.57.Why do many people love tipping according to theauthor?A)They help improve the quality of the restaurants they dinein.B)They believe waiters deserve such rewards for goodservice.C)They want to preserve a wonderful tradition of theindustry.D)They can have some say in how much their serversearn.58.What have some waiters come to realize according to asurvey?A)Service quality has little effect on tipsize.B)It is in human nature to try to save ontips.C)Tips make it more difficult to pleasecustomers.D)Tips benefit the boss rather than theemployees.59.What does the author argue for in thepassage?A)Restaurants should calculate the tips forcustomers.B)Customers should pay more tips to help improveservice.C)Waiters deserve better than just relying on tips for aliving.D)Waiters should be paid by employers instead ofcustomers.（B）Inspiring young minds!TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the world of children’s publishing, bringing a unique combination of challenging ideas and good fun to young fans every month.Sounds too good to be true?Take a look online —evidence shows that thousands of teachers and parents know a good thing when they see it and recommend TOKNOW to their friends.Happy Birthday All Year!What could be more fun than a gift that keeps coming through the letterbox every month? The first magazine with your gift message will arrive in time for the special day. SUBSCRIBE NOW □Annual SubscriptionEurope£55 Rest of World£65 □Annual Subscription with Gift PackIncludes a Mammoth Map, a passport Puzzle Booklet, and Subscription Europe£60 Rest of World£70Refund Policy —the subscription can be cancelled within 28 days and you can get your money back.60. Why is TOKNOW a specialmagazine? A. It entertains youngparents.B. It provides seriousadvertisements.C. It publishes popular sciencefictions.D. It combines fun with complexconcepts.61. How much should you pay if you make a 12-mouth subscription to TOKNOW with gift pack fromChina? A.£55. B.£60. C.£65. D.£70.62. Subscribers of TOKNOWwouldget .A. free birthdaypresentsB. full refund within 28daysC. membership of the TOKNOWclubD. chances to meet the experts inperson（C ）What’s inside?Every month the magazine introduces a fresh new topic with articles, experiments and creative things to make — the magazine also explores philosophy and wellbeing to makesure young readers have a balanced take on life. What is so special about TOKNOW magazine?Well, it has no ads or promotions inside — instead it is jam-packed with serious ideas. TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and accessible to children, who can become involvedin advanced concept s and even philo s ophy （哲学） —and they will soon discover that TOKNOW feels more like a club than just a magazine.Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures ―everything except that which makes life worthwhile.‖ With Britain voting to leave the European Union, andGDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was goingso well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economicprospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries areperforming.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality andenvironment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes – all things that contribute to a person's sense ofwell-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a declinein the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.62.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion ofGDP.63.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as anindicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results areenlightening.64.In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economicdecline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economicissues.65.Which of the following is the best for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global EconomicHealth[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingSection CDirections: Complete the following passage by using the sentences given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.Such theory, which sits in a big bucket of academic study called ―behavioral economics,‖is what Prof. Thaler is famousfor.B.Then there is this work on the ―planner-dose‖syndrome.C.It says people tend to divide their expenses into separate blocks even though the money comes from the samesource.D.It says we often chose what is the easiest over what is thewisest.E.Given two options, we are likely to pick the wrong one even if that means makingourselves less welloff.F.He has been rewarded both via the recognition of the Nobel Prize and by the not inconsiderable sum of $1.1 million in prizemoney.How do you get people to eat more healthily?You could put forward some powerful arguments about how obesity can lead to many serious diseases such as type-2 diabetes(Ⅱ型糖尿病).you could put large red traffic light signs on products high in salt,sugar and fat. You could take part in campaigns warning that overeating unhealthy foods can reduce life expectancy.Or, you could just change where you put the salad boxes on supermarket shelves.The last option is an example of nudge theory(助推理论) at work. The theory was developed and popularized by Richard Thaler,the University of Chicago economist who was announced as this year’s recipient(接受者) of the Nobel Prize for Economics.Prof. Thaler’s central argument is tha t we are not the rational beings who favor more traditional economictheory.67)Lack of thinking time,habit and poor decision-making mean that even when presented with a factual analysis on, for example, healthy eating, we are still likely to pick burger and chips. We’re hungry,we’re in a hurry, and burger and chips is what we always buy.Nudge theory takes accountofthis.68) Tests have shown that healthier foods putateye level sell better. That’s because the foods are able to ―nudge‖ a customer towards a purchase,whether he or she has any idea about obesity argument or not. The theory has been so famous that some governments have had their own ―nudge units,‖such as the Beh avioral Insights Team in the United Kingdom.They help develop policies to make people behave ―more rationally‖ and push them towards better outcomes.Prof. Thaler also gave us the concept of ―mental accounting.‖69)For example,people usually spend more on a debit card in a food shop compared with cash even though the money all ultimately comes from their earnings.70) According to Prof.Thaler,we lack self-control and will act in ourownshort-termself-interest. We need extra encouragement or even reward to plan long-term,rather than simply being told that,rationally, it is a goodidea.Having received news of the award, Prof.Thaler said that his job was to ―add human beings‖ to economic theory. Asked how he would spend his prize money, he gave just a brief answer. ―Irrationally.‖第Ⅱ卷（共 50 分）ⅠSummary Writing（10%）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Rote learning has become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ―by rote‖ as:‖from memory,without though of meaning; in a mechanical way.‖The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World War Ⅱbroke out when you can findthe answer on the Internet in about six seconds? But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.In fact, memorizing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctor requires knowledge of medicine and lawyer requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.While the internet and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life bu making it more convenient and more fun.Drilling yourself---with flashcards or by repetition--is usually hard and boring work, which is way most people application tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keep us motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.Once you’ve acquired the essentials of a subject by rote learning, you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.Ⅱ. Translation（15%）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.我们中3/5以上的人热衷于田径运动。

引文：America: the Land and the PeopleThe United States is a varied land---- of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. Almost every kind of climate may be found, but the country lies mostly in the temperate zone. Including the states of Alaska and Hawaii, the United States covers an area of 9 million square kilometers. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches sounth to Mexico and the Gulfof Mexico. A fast railroad train, traveling 96 kilometers an hour, takes more than 48 hours to cross the country.美国的国土和人民美国是一个地形多样的国家——有森林、沙漠、山脉、平坦的高地和肥沃的平原。

境内有各种气候，但是美国的大部分处在温带。

把阿拉斯加和夏威夷两个州加在一起，美国的总面积达9百万平方公里。

美国大陆东起大西洋，西至太平洋，横跨4，500公里。

北面与加拿大接壤，南面与墨西哥湾毗邻。

一列时速为96公里的快速火车，横跨美国需要48小时以上。

对错题Chapter 81.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territor y.(F)2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropica l zones.(T)3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rain fall line.(T)4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boro ughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T)5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyla nd are located here.(F)6.During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.(T)7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.(T)8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of l iving.(T)Chapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were f ounded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible na tion.(T)4.Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in orde r to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)6.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible fo r the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)7.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)8.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)Chapter 101.Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of po wers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the co urts of appeals and the district courts.(T)5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)6.American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)7.American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)8.American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)Chapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)4.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)5.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)6.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.( T)7.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)8.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)Chapter 12cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America. (T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3.After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)4.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, locati on and academic quality.(T)ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)6.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)7.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)8.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)选择题Chapter 81.central, east, west2.483.Alaska4.the Mississippi River5.in New England6.California7.Europe8.western European, Protestant and middle-classChapter 91.Jamestown, Virginia2. French and British3.the people of the 13 colonies4. the Second Continental Congress5. Emancipation Proclamation6.Neutrality7. Roosevelt8. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 101.17892. tries to give3. guarantees citizens of4. six, two5.the Secretary of State6.making laws7. nine8.electors elected by the votersChapter 111.ore2. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economy3. diplomatic authority4.Alexander Hamilton5.Refrigerator6.Unemployment Pension7.Agribusinesses maintain a8.ServicesChapter 121.elementary2.politics and business education3.Harvard University4.research institutions5. working for communities6. The New York Times7.(PBS)8.July 4th简答题（1）Chapter 8 geography and people1. How is the American population distributed?The distribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost 57.5million. the west is not densely populated ,except for some metropolita n centers like los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation’s population.2．Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?The new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this made other workers afraid that the immigrants wouldls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.Chapter 9 history1. Why did American change its policy and enter world war II?Because of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wini ng the war and it might threaten America’s security and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign nations resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid on pearl harbor became the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.2. What were Nixon’s well-known contributions during his presidency?a)brought the Vietnam war to a close ;b)reestablishing U.S. relations with china ;c) negotiating the firststrategic arms limitation treaty with the former soviet union .3. What were the contents of Reagan’s economic program?Reagan’s economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to enco urage investment , and it also requested that many government regulations be eliminated so as to redu ce the federal government’s role in the day-to-day operation of business.Chapter 10 government1. What are the two characteristics of the U.S. constitution?One is “checks and balances”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a U.S. citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state w hich they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a U.S. citizen for no less than s even years.3. What are the major powers of the supreme court?a)to interpret laws b)to hear appeals from any federal court cases; c)to hear appeals from state court cas es that involve the constitution or national laws ; d)may declare a law unconstitutional e) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional.4. What is the difference between the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions ?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full empl oyment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system whi ch gives enterprises a greater freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress t he need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of aborti on they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.Chapter 11 economy1. What industry developments took place during the colonial period of America?During the colonial period ,the secondary industries developed as the colonies grew . a variety of specia lized sawmills and gristmills appeared. Colonists established shipyards to build fishing fleets and trading vessels . they also built small iron forges . by the 18th century , regional patterns of development in Am erica had become clear.2. How did the civil war affect the American economy?After the civil war , the large southern cotton plantations became much less profitable . northern industr ies , which had expanded rapidly because of the demands of the war ,surged ahead.3. Why does America try to reduce trade barriers?Because the united states has increasingly realized that open bilateral trade will not only advance its ow n economic interests, but also enhance domestic stability and its peaceful relationship with other nation s.Chapter 12 education , media and holidays1. How does an American university choose its applicants?a)their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) the impression they make during interviews at the university d) their scores on the SAT.2. What functions do American higher education institutions perform?Higher education institutions in the united states have three functions: teaching , research and public se rvice , and each has its own emphasis with regard to its function .3. What similarities do four famous university share?They all have a long history , they all have an excellent faculty , a large number of students and have ma de extensive academic achievements. Some of their graduates are very successful or influential in someareas such as politics, arts and business.4. What are the origins of thanksgiving day?Thanksgiving is associated with the time when Europeans first came to the new world , in 1620,the mayf lower arrived and brought about 150 pilgrims. Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not en ough food , so many of them died. During the following summer the native America helped them and t hen they had a bountiful harvest. So they held a big celebration to thank god and the native Americans.简答题（2）Chapter 81．Why is the United St ates regarded as a”melting pot” and a ”salad bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation,but a nation of nations.The immigrants came in waves,including the Europeans,the Africans and the Asians.Therefore,America is described as a"melting pot"where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture.Recently,America has been called a"salad bowl"in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously,but at the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2．What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward di fferent cultures.People from different racial and ethnic backgrounds should respect each other.Society s hould create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated.At the same time the immigrants sh ould keep their own language,customs and religion,contributing to the diversity of a multicultural societ y.Chapter 91.What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to manage their planta tions and they regarded the slaves as their property.In the North,with the development of industry,there was a growing demand for free labor.What’s more,the Northerners demanded a law to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads.But the Southerners were again st it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars,America remained neutral in the early stage.However, Americans continued their profitable trade with the warring countries.Therefore,they not only retained their military forces,but also accumulated great wealth.When America entered the wars,it was almost at the end of the wars.By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthened its power and became a pow erful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 101.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas about the American electio n?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency.T o win a presidential election,a candidate has to spend millions of dollars,travel all over the country to make spe eches and debate on television with the rival.The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage,presidential electors for each state will be chosen.In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President.Since the second stage is only a kind of formality,everyone knows who will b e the next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns.And, the election cannot solv e the social and economic problems of the U.S. as some candidates do not keep their word after they b ecome President.2.What was President Eisenhowers foreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower made vigorous efforts to wage the Cold War.He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war.He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened.The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala,but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia.In addition,Eisenhower used U.S.power and prestige to help create a non-communist government in South Vietnam,which brought disastrous long-term consequences to the United States.Chapter 111.How did the U.S c onstitution lay the groundwork for American’s economic development ?The U.S.Constitution,as an economic charter,established that the entire nation was a unified or "common"market.There were no tariffs or taxes on interstate commerce.It provided that the federal government could regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states,establish uniform bankruptcy laws,create money and regulate its value,fix standards of weights and measures,establish post office and roads,and fix rules governing patents and copyrights.The last-mentioned clause was an early recognition of the importance of "intellectual property",a matter that began assuming great importance in trade negotiations since the late 20th century.2.Cite examples to illustrate the role of government intervention in America's economic development.The government has always played an active and important role in America’s economic development.I n the early 1930s,thr United States suffered the worst economic depression in American history.Presiden t Roosevelt introduced the New Deal to tackle the financial crisis.Besides,he set up the New York State E mergency Relief Commission to help those in desperate need and tried to relieve the serious problems of the jobless.At the end of 1970s, the American economy again suffered a recession.The Reagan admini stration combated inflation by controlling government spending deficit,cutting taxes and raising interes t rates.Both policies mentioned above helped to set the country’s economic development on its right course,In all,the intervention of the government has ensured that economic opportunities are fair and a ccessible to the people.It has prevented flagrant abuses of the system,dampened the effects of inflation and stimulated economic growth.Chapter 121.What are the ideals that guide the American educational system?The first ideal is that as many people as possible should receive as much education as possible .The sec ond ideal is that of ptoducing a society that is totally literate and of local control . The third ideal is that scholars and students should work to discover new information or conceive new ways to understand wh at is already known .2.How does America carry out multicultural education?American schools routinely teach the experiences and values of many ethnic cultures.Current textbooks incorporate a variety of ethnic individuals who have achieved success.Struggle for equality are vividly depicted,and past racism is bluntly acknowledged.Cultural pluralism is now generally recognized as the organizing principle of education.Schools at all levels offer students opportunities to learn about different cultures.。