中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所博士生入学专业课试题2002-2008

博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：高等渗流力学适用专业：油气田开发工程1、 已知一流场的复势为：z z F 1)( 推导该流场的等势线和流线方程，并画出渗流场示意图。

（15分）2、 推导两分支裂缝井的等势线和流线方程以及产量计算公式。

（15分）3、 写出一维理想扩散渗流微分方程式，并说明方程中各项的物理意义。

（10分）4、 用保角变换方法推导圆形供给边界地层偏心井产量计算公式。

（10分）5、一维无限大排油坑道（水平、均质、等厚地层），以定压Pw 生产，设原始地层压力为Pi ，导压系数为χ，排油坑道渗流面积为A ：（1）建立渗流微分方程；（2）推导地层压力分布公式；（3）画出地层压力分布变化曲线。

（20分）6、一维油水两相渗流，当考虑重力和毛管力时，(1) 建立渗流微分方程；(2) 推导任一过水断面含水率计算公式；(3) 说明计算含水率的方法和步骤。

（15分）7、推导水平均质地层，单相刚性稳定渗流基本微分方程式。

∂∂∂∂∂∂2 22222P xPyPz++=（15分）博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：高等渗流力学适用专业：油气田开发工程1、已知一流场的复势为：z z F 1)( 推导该流场的等势线和流线方程，并画出渗流场示意图。

（15分）2、写出“双孔单渗”单相流的基本渗流微分方程式，并说明方程中各项的物义。

（10分）3、写出杜哈美积分公式的两种形式。

（10分）4、推导三分支裂缝井的等势线和流线方程以及产量计算公式。

（10分）5、一维无限大水平、均质、等厚地层平面径向流，以定产Q 生产，设原始地层压力为Pi ，导压系数为χ：（1）建立渗流微分方程；（2）推导地层压力分布公式；（3）画出地层压力分布变化曲线。

（20分）6、一维油水两相渗流，当考虑重力和毛管力时，(1) 建立渗流微分方程；(2) 推导任一过水断面含水率计算公式；(3) 说明计算含水率的方法和步骤。

（20分）7、推导一维水驱油等饱和度面移动方程。

中国科学院（中科院）考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。

一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。

（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。

（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。

（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。

（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。

（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。

（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。

（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。

中国科学院南京土壤研究所自然地理学一、1大气雾霾形成条件及机制（15,14）；答：雾霾是雾和霾的统称。

雾是当气温达到露点温度时（或接近露点），空气里的水蒸气凝结生成的，是一种常见的天气现象。

霾，是指原因不明的因大量烟、尘等微粒悬浮而形成的浑浊现象。

霾的核心物质是空气中悬浮的灰尘颗粒，气象学上称为气溶胶颗粒。

由于雾和霾外在表象比较相似，而且常常同时存在，中国不少地区将雾并入霾一起作为灾害性天气现象进行预警，所以统称“雾霾天气”。

所以形成雾霾现象无非两点：足够的颗粒污染物物、使空气污染物不易扩散的气象条件。

不同地域颗粒物的来源有所不同。

京津冀地区燃煤、机动车和扬尘是主要污染因素。

其它地区秸秆焚烧可能是某个时间段悬浮颗粒物增加的主要因素。

天气条件是一方面是水平方向的静风，另一方面是垂直方向的逆温现象。

水平方向和垂直方向空气流动性差导致污染物因无法扩散，污染物积聚形成雾霾。

雾霾的危害a雾霾影响人体健康雾霾首先危害到的是人体的健康。

可吸入颗粒物直接进入人体呼吸道和肺泡中，容易引起急性鼻炎和急性支气管炎等病症。

雾霾天气会使支气管炎、哮喘、肺气肿等慢性呼吸系统疾病患者病情急性发作或加重。

b雾霾天气另一个比较明显的负面效果是影响交通出行。

低能见度会导致飞机航班延误、高速公路封闭、交通堵塞。

c雾霾还会影响农业生产。

一方面植物会吸附空气污染物，当空气污染物过多，植物的呼吸作用就会受到影响；另一方面，雾霾天气时，空气流动性差，同时遮住了阳光，影响了植物的光合作用，不利于植物生长。

d雾霾等大气污染还会对我国周边地区造成负面影响，影响与周边国家的友好关系；糟糕的空气也会影响其它国家的对华投资和中国的国际形象。

二、喀斯特地貌形成条件及机制（14年）1. 喀斯特地貌，是具有溶蚀力的水对可溶性岩石（大多为石灰岩）进行溶蚀等作用所形成的地表和地下形态的总称，又称溶岩地貌。

除溶蚀作用以外，还包括流水的冲蚀、潜蚀，以及坍陷等机械侵蚀过程。

当时得到的试卷，希望对大家有用中国科学院研究生院2008年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

******（试题内容）一、试述海洋生态系统类型，以及它们各自的基本组分、结构和功能。

（10分）二、简述海洋初级生产力、新生产力、再生生产力的涵义，它们之间的关系及其研究方法。

（15分）三、全球变化的核心问题是什么？海洋生态系统对全球碳平衡的作用如何？(10分)四、限制海洋自养生物生长的营养盐和微量元素主要有哪些？举例说明海洋中生源要素的循环规律和作用机制。

（10分）五、有研究者发现：南海开阔海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的垂向分布峰值常出现在次表层，试分析其原因和调控机制。

（15分）六、简述现代生态学的主要研究内容与今后发展趋势，你最感兴趣的领域是什么，打算怎么做？(10分)七、请选择以下命题之一（题目可在此命题基础上自行细化），写一篇学术文章或基础研究项目申请书（30分）：1．河口海湾浮游生态动力学2．珊瑚礁样带生物多样性与气候变化关系3．海洋微食物网结构与功能作用4．人类活动影响下近海环境演变与生态安全中国科学院研究生院2009年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。

2．所有答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在本试卷纸或草稿纸上一律无效。

一、什么叫新生产力和再生生产力？试述南海开阔海域初级生产力的垂向分布特点。

（12%）二、为什么说海洋是地球上最大的生态单位？联系海洋主要分区说明海洋在纬度、深度和从近岸到大洋等三大环境梯度特征。

（10%）三、简述赤潮发生的原因、消长过程与预防对策。

（10%）四、试述海洋生物泵，并说明海洋生物泵（包括碳酸盐泵）对吸收大气CO2、缓解全球温室效应的作用机理。

（10%）五、铁是哪些海区浮游植物生长繁殖的限制元素？说明海洋中铁的主要来源，它在海洋透光层中的供应特点与N、P营养盐有什么差别？（10%）六、什么叫海洋微型生物食物环？它在海洋生态系统的能量流动和物质循环中有哪些重要作用？（10%）七、海底热液口的环境和生物组成有哪些特征？其生物群落的有机物质生产过程与光合作用有什么不同？（10%）八、试写一份生态领域的基础研究项目申请书，内容包括题目、立项依据、研究内容与目标、拟解决的关键科学问题、主要创新点、技术路线、预期成果等。

中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所1号2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题专自然地理学6554 8814一、分析河流与地理环境的相互影响。

课二、分析植被对水循环影响的主要途径。

院三、根据蓄库不同，生态系统物质循环主要可以分为几种主要类型？每种类型的基本特征是什么？业四、举例分析地方气候对地域分异的意义。

200092五、分析人类活动对地球表层环境的作用与影响。

2010年纬度对流层季风河流地下水矿化度地貌土壤质地生物群落生态平衡地域分异规律地貌在地理环境中的作用土壤的一般形态自然区划的原则气候变化的原因水循环气候系统的五个组成部分（25）土壤圈在地理环境中的作用（25）中科院新疆生态与地理所研究生试题自然地理学试题2003年一名词解释大气环流洪积扇土壤结构沙漠化植物群落定振波俯冲型板块干洁空气雪线潜水二简答1 简述地球的圈层构造。

2 图示大气的垂直分层。

3 简述地貌的成因。

4 简述主要的成土过程。

5 简述生态系统的结构和功能。

三论述1 试述影响流域水量平衡的因素及水量平衡方程？2 论述全球气候变化的原因和未来气候可能的变化？2004年一名词解释承压水雅丹林德曼效率准平原3S ENSO 生物圈种群土地流量干燥度泥石流非地带性牛轭湖二简答题1、简述气候变化的原因2、简述冰川对地理环境的影响3、简述自然区划的原则4、简述大气中水汽凝结的基本条件5、简述风蚀作用的过程6、影响土壤发育的因素三综述题1、举例说明生态系统的调节作用2、论述我国西北干旱地区在水土开发过程中出现的生态环境问题及其调控对策中科院地理所自然地理2004年名词：1.生物圈2.气候3.太阳辐射4.降水5.径流6.风蚀作用7.植物群落8.土地退化9.土壤剖面10.地域分异规律简答：1.气候变化2.基本地貌类型3.水量平衡4.成土学说5生态系统的组分与结构论述：1.试述地带性学说2.试述中国自然界的最基本特征2005年名词：1.矿物2.地下水的总矿化度3.季风4.河流5.地域分异规律6.生物群落7.对流层8.土壤9.（忘了）10.（忘了）简答：1.生物多样性的价值2.自然区划原则3.土壤的物质组成4.地球表面的基本特征5.影响地貌形成因素论述：1.陆地生态系统的主要类型。

南京大学2002年自然地理学专业课考研真题试卷
1、试述我国东西部地区的气候环境差异及对西部气候环境改造的建议（15）
2、简述厄尔尼诺现象的形成和对中国的影响或简述城市小气候特征及对人类的影响（10）
3、中国西北大部分地区的水汽来源，水文特点及其形成条件分析（15）
4、试述中国东部弱淋溶土（或黄棕壤、或铁铝土，三者择一）的分布及其土壤发育的自然地理条件（10）
5、中国东南沿海（或台湾的东西两侧）海岸地貌基本特征，及其与地壳运动和海平面变化的关系（15）
6、中国西南山区坡地自然灾害事件主要类型及其发生原因的初步分析（15）
7、控制群落演替的主要因素有哪些？研究群落演替在当前开展生态建设的现实中有何意义？10
8、比较热带雨林与亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统的特征与稳定性，并说明在开发中更应该注意其中的哪一个类型10。

攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试遥感概论试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、遥感图像2、K-T变换3、DMC4、图像锐化5、光谱测量6、多时相分析7、大气纠正8、辐射传输方程二、简述题（共50分）1、简述遥感探测地物信息的过程。

（10分）2、简述均值平滑与中值滤波的区别。

（10分）3、E0S-M0DIS数据已在农作物监测中得到较为广泛的应用，请简要论述其监测的原理、方法及应用优势。

（15分）4、试述气象卫星的特点及其应用范围o （15分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、阐述数据共享存在的技术与非技术问题。

2、在目前常用的数字图像处理技术中，你将如何选择适半的分类方法，完成遥感图像数据的分类处理，并就你的选择的方法，说明其特点及分类步骤。

3、完成下表的填空，并简述时间分辨率在遥感应用研究中的意义。

4、根据目前遥感的一些重大研究课题或主要研究内容，简述遥感地学分析或遥感应用研究的主要发展趋势，并根据你的见解给出一些评价。

攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试水文学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、湖泊深度一容积曲线2、内重力波3、温跃层4、换水周期5、单位过程线6、蓄满产流7、河流比降8、堰塞湖二、简述题（共50分）1、简述影响湖岸演变的因素。

（10分）2、试述人类活动对湖泊水质方面有何影响？（10分）3、简述流域汇流过程，简要说明描述流域汇流过程有哪些主要处理方法？（15分）4、在温带地区湖泊，当存在热力分层口寸，存在哪些垂直分带、它们的各自定义？（15 分）三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分，共60分）1、论述湖泊富营养化的原因、主要污染物，提出湖泊富营养化的治理思路？2、根据我国湖泊分布，一般可划分成哪几个主要分区，就1-2个分区说明区内湖泊的主要特点。

3、试述水文全球循环过程及其意义。

4、简述降雨径流水文模型研究的国、内外进展情况，并就一•个水文模型进行应用的适应性分析。

中国科学院2007年生态环境研究中心硕士入学考试试题-----土壤学试题中国科学院2007年生态环境研究中心硕士入学考试试题-----土壤学试题07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）一：填空与选择：（5分1题）1、旱地土壤淹水后土壤PH值是（升高/降低/不变）2、国际制、美国制和中国制中对于“砾”的直径尺寸要求都是大于_________3、草甸土、水稻土、沼泽土哪个是地带性土壤：________4、 N、P、K中哪些能被矿物固定：________5、土壤固相包括哪三个部分：______、________、_________6、土壤胶体吸附的Na+、Fe3+、H+中哪些是必须元素_______、哪些是有益元素_________二：名词解释（5分1题）1、土壤肥力（农学家的定义）：2、地下水临界深度：三：计算题（10分1题）1、从“孔度＝孔隙体积/土壤体积” 推导出“孔度＝1－（容重/密度）”2、（记不清了）四：实践题（10分1题）1、试列举提高土壤有机质含量常用的三种措施，并简要解释原理2、试列举提高土壤氮肥利用率的三种措施，并简要解释原理3、为什么开垦土壤后土壤有机质会普遍减少？五：问答题（15分1题）1、比较团粒结构和非团粒结构土壤肥力特性差异2、比较旱田和水田的水分运动方式的不同六论述题（30分1题）你认为肥沃的土壤应该具备哪些特性？TOP 华东师范学考博试题景观生态学（2001年）（五选四）1、什么是缀块－廊道－基底模式？如何区分这三类景观结构单元？2、什么是景观的结构、功能和动态？它们之间的关系是什么？3、什么是景观连接度？它对景观功能的重要意义是什么？4、为什么要研究景观格局？研究景观格局的主要方法有哪些？5、景观生态学与自然保护和土地规划及设计有何关系？举例说明如何利用景观生态原理和方法促进生物多样性保护和自然资源管理。

4楼yiii发表于：2006-3-19 10:48:25景观生态学（2000年）（五选四）1、3S技术（遥感，全球定位与地理信息系统）技术在景观生态研究中的作用和意义；2、试述景观生态规划与设计的基本原则和组要方法；3、比较美国景观生态学派与西欧景观生态学派的工作特点；4、分析景观生态网络体系的基本特征及成因5、请设计一个用于景观空间结构的指标体系，并说明其研究方法中山大学1997——2004年人文地理学考博试题[/size]中山大学1997年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释1、人地关系论2、人口反金字塔模式3、Mental map4、theme park二、简析20世纪以来人文地理学的理论进展三、简析97香港回归的地理意义四、简析cross-culture与经济全球化的关系中山大学1998年人文地理学考博试题一、试析发展迅速的大都市连绵区的人地关系二、试比较后现代社会和现代社会的乡村文化景观三、试析中东和平危机的地理意义中山大学1999年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释1、Age-sex pyramid2、cultural landscape3、economic rent4、social area二、20世纪以来英美人文地理学的主要流派三、试析人地关系地域系统与可持续发展的关系四、试析南联盟科索沃问题的政治地理背景中山大学2000年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释通论地理学地缘政治学可持续发展观洪堡二、试述20世纪50年代以前和以后人文地理学发展的特点三、试述区域发展依附理论的演进及其对后工业社会的解释价值四、举例分析旅游业发展在产业结构调整中的作用和地位五、我国最近提出开发大西北的区域发展战略其地理依据何在？中山大学2001年人文地理学考博试题一、名词解释拉采尔人地相关论行为革命海权论二、经济全球化与区域集团化对人地关系的影响三、请论述人文地理学与你报考方向的相互关系四、下图为某国人口年龄结构构成曲线，请论述年龄构成的特征及需要采取的政策。

中国科学院——中国科学技术大学2002年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 试题名称：固体物理一 某元素晶体具有面心立方结构，其晶胞参数为a 1 )(21j i a a +=)(22k j a a +=)(23i k a a +=()k j i a a a a a a b -+∙=⨯∙⨯=214)(2321321ππ()k j i a a a a a a b ++-∙=⨯∙⨯=214)(2132132ππ()k j i aa a a a ab +-∙=⨯∙⨯=214)(2213213ππ该倒格子为体心立方布拉菲格子2 上述倒格子中最短的三个倒格矢为晶胞顶点到体心，立方体的边和面对角线。

长度k为a π423∙，aπ4，aπ42∙，由衍射条件：θsin 2k K =可得θ，其中k 为X 射线的波矢。

1） a akK λππλθ233242sin 1=∙==，aaλππλθ=∙∙=4221sin 2（消失）2） 几何结构因子 ()()]1[4122l k h n i jl k h n i h k l ef feF jj j ++∙+++==∑πμμμπ衍射线强度 ()⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡+++∙=∙∝*l k h n fF F I h k l h k l h k l 2c o s 122π 相应立方体边的倒格矢（110）的衍射消失。

a aλππλθ2424sin 2=∙∙=' 所以，散射角最小的两个衍射峰的布拉格角为aλθ23sin 1=和aλθ2sin 2='3 固体能带理论是一个固体量子理论，他为阐明许多晶体的物性提供基础，成为固体电子理论的重要部分，晶体大小并不影响其晶格势场，所以不影响能带的基本情况4 一条能带允许有2倍原胞数目电子占据，原胞中电子数目为奇数，必有未填满的能带，相应的晶体具有金属导电性。

5 原因是银的费米面具有两个极值截面，所以会出现两个振荡周期。

二 对惰性元素晶体，原子间的相互作用常采用勒纳-琼斯势()⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎣⎡⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=6124r r r u σσε其中σ和ε为待定常数，r 为两原子间的距离1 第一项的排斥作用力，当原子间电子云明显交迭时，产生强烈的排斥作用，它起源于泡利原理。

1、阐述环境保护的主要经济政策2、论述环境风险应急管理的基本思路3、论述生态文明战略的实现途径4、为何需对有毒污染物的环境过程与生物效应开展深入研究？5、为何城市周边土壤中多环芳烃含量一般都较高?请推荐1-2中土壤中多环芳烃的实用修复技术6、请说明大型垃圾填埋场甲烷气的的收集后燃烧利用的环境意义？7、天然有机大分子化合物对污染物生物效应的影响8、碳循环转化中生物所起的作用及过程9、污染物和生物之间的相互作用机制，试举例说明10、根据《国务院节能减排工作方案》中的污染物减排指标，试分析如何开展针对预期目标的环境工程技术与政策创新11、结合自己的专业知识，分析“2007年太湖蓝藻事件”的产生原因及防治措施12、简述废水生物处理技术原理及其功能分析南京大学2007年考博试题环境科学与技术进展请在下列十二道题中任选五道，每道题目分值为20分。

1.应用环境系统分析方法阐述流域水环境管理的基本思路2.描述我国环境政策体系的基本框架、存在问题及对策3.描述社会、经济与环境均衡发展的模式及面临的挑战4.描述土壤中的生命过程与全球环境变化的关系5.污染环境治理与修复的生物技术原理及应用举例6.阐述污染物对陆地或水生生物体的影响7.复合污染是当前我国环境污染的一大特点，请简述常见的几类复合污染及环境行为8.为何二恶英、多溴联苯醚等的检测是当前环境科学研究的热点之一？9.论述养殖业大量使用抗生素可能带来的环境危害10.从水资源重要性出发、分析我国自2005年5月1日对现有七大耗水工业实施限标准用水的意义合作用11.随着电子信息时代的来临，电子垃圾污染问题已经成为全社会高度关注的焦点，从电子垃圾对环境的危害和发展电子垃圾处理技术为核心分析我国应如何应对？12.城市污水处理厂产生大量的剩余污泥，若采取填埋、燃烧和堆肥等途径进行安全处理和处置，分析各种途径的优缺点及应用前景。

论述与问答题(从下列12题中任选6题,请把答案写在答题纸上)1. 我国环境保护虽然取得了积极进展，但环境形势严峻的状况仍然没有改变。

中科学地理所自然地理学考博真题_水文学
水文学试题一
一、简答题
1．流域产流过程及其方式有哪些？
2．何为流域的蒸发能力？干旱和湿润地区的实际蒸发和蒸发能力之间有什么联系和区别？
3．研究流域水文过程有哪些新技术方法？
4．影响径流形成的主要因素有哪些？气候变化及人类活动如何影响流域径流形成？
5．如何理解水资源可再生（可更新）性？其意义是什么？
二、论述题
1．试述流域水文循环过程及其科学问题。

2．简述流域水文模型的类型及其应用问题。

3．试述河川径流中的基流分割主要方法及研究基流的意义。

4．试述水量转化及其在水资源评价中的应用。

5．论述中国水资源开发利用问题及其对策。

水文学试题二
水文学（5选4）
1.你认为生态水文学的科学问题有哪些
2.水文学的基础理论问题
3.水文模型的基本类型有哪些？各有哪些作用？
4.径流形成的基本原理及其影响条件
5.水文学与水资源学的关系
水文学试题三
1 我国南北方流域产流过程及其方式有哪些不同？
2 实际蒸发与蒸发能力之间有什么联系和区别，如何计算？
3 影响下渗的因素由哪些？
4 分析流域地下水的补给来源、地下水径流、地下水排泄，以及地下水动态的影响因素？
5 如何理解湖泊、沼泽的水量平衡与调节作用？
6 论述流域水文模型的类型及其特征？
7 论述流域水文循环和水量转化过程及其在水资源评价中的应用？
8 试述人类活动的水文效应及其研究方法？
9 论述题：论述中国水资源的时空分布特点及其开发利用对策？。

English Test for Doctoral Candidates （A卷）Dec. 28, 2008Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1. A. Touch all his friends.B. Write a lot.C. Have a lot of time.D. Have a lot of friends.2. A. To work for a small company.B. To start a large company.C. To be independent.D. To graduate.3. A. Buy a new car.B. Go to a new store.C. Find a new repair shop.D. Take a different bus.4. A. 36 dollars.B. 15 dollars.C. 12 dollars.D. 4 dollars.5. A. One hour.B. Two hours.C. Three hours.D. Four hours.6. A. Perston's sister is going abroad.B. The man is probably reading a newspaper.C. The news today is very unusual.D. The Prime Minister is warmly welcomed.7. A. She likes Mexican food.B. She expected a better dinner.C. The dinner was expensive.D. She enjoyed the food more than the man did.8. A. 6 hours.B. 1 hour.C. 10 hours.D. 4 hours.9. A. In order to obtain a visa.B. To prove she is a foreign visitor.C. As identification to cash a check.D. The man is an immigration official.10. A. Bus-conductor and passenger.B. Lawyer and client.C. Doctor and patient.D. Teacher and student.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage 111. A. In 1954.B. In 1953.C. In 1955.D. In 1960.12. A. Adventureland.B. Tomorrowland.C. Fantasyland.D. Mianstreet, U.S.A.13. A. It would take you several days at Disneyland to see everything.B. Adventureland shows the jungles of Asia and Africa.C. Walt Disney World was built in Florida.D. Disneyland is deeply loved by children as well as adults.Passage 214. A. At college level.B. In primary school.C. In high school.D. After they graduate.15. A. The Use of Computers in Education.B. How Computers Are Used in Teaching.C. On Computers.D. Computers and Management.Section CDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a short passage. It will be spoken three times. After you hear the passage, please write a summary of it in about 60 words on your Answer Sheet II.Part II Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.There are many definitions of social movements and revolutions, but they all have some common points. Social movements are organized, 16 attempts by individuals to produce social change. These attempts are usually resisted by powerful people who 17 from the status quo, 18 it is often difficult for social movement participants to use the accepted and 19 means of producing social change (such as the courts and political institutions). 20 , social movement participants often 21 disruptive street their only means of action. The antiwar movement in the 1960s, the 22 Rights Movement that emerged strongly in the 1950s, and the antiabortion movement of the 1980s are all examples of social movement in America that have 23 both legal and illegal activities to 24 their goals. In fairness to social movement participants, 25 , their powerful opponents are just as likely to use illegal activities and violence to 26 the social movement.Although there are 27 over the definition of revolution, there is a 28 view that revolutions are successful social movements on a much grander 29 , that is, involving more people and much more social change. Although social movements like the U.S. Civil Rights Movement may be working to 30 some law or produce some reform in the society, revolutions like the Chinese Revolution are aimed at 31 social change. The goals of revolutions are commonly the overthrow of a government, basic change in the political and economic system, 32 more generally a basic change in the stratification system in the country. Because of the extent of change 33 , revolutions are always accompanied by extensive violence. The 34 are so high that opponents will kill to prevent the revolution, and revolutionaries must be 35 to kill to achieve their goals.16. A. purposeful B. idealized C. empirical D. reciprocal17. A. acquire B. profit C. prohibit D. succeed18. A. and B. but C. because D. though19. A. cultural B. legal C. educational D. industrial20. A. However B. Still C. Thus D. Nevertheless21. A. regard B. find C. treat D. use22. A. Civil B. Liberty C. Humanity D. Privacy23. A. engaged B. involved C. employed D. initiated24. A. achieve B. accelerate C. complete D. strive25. A. moreover B. however C. furthermore D. therefore26. A. stop B. promote C. advocate D. avoid27. A. diversities B. discrepancies C. inconsistencies D. disagreements28. A. conform B. regular C. specified D. standard29. A. level B. scale C. degree D. range30. A. enable B. enact C. enlarge D. envelop31. A. main B. principal C. major D. primary32. A. and B. nor C. also D. or33. A. sought B. aimed C. strove D. endeavored34. A. stakes B. dangers C. odds D. risks35. A. resentful B. ready C. reluctant D. relievedPart III Reading Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage OneWater shortage on Earth? It seems impossible. Images of our planet from outer space show vast oceans, lakes as big as small countries, and wide rivers flowing with incredible volumes. How can there not be enough water? But the fact is that the world is facing the prospect of water shortages caused by population growth, uneven supplies of water, pollution, and other factors. The United Nations (UN) predicts that water shortages could retard the economic growth of some countries and lead to food shortages and, even possibly, to international conflicts.Humans use water for three basic purposes: agriculture, industry, and domestic and municipal use (water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and so forth). And the amount of water available to each person decreases as the population grows, raising the possibility of water shortages. Water shortages will not come all at once in every part of the world, just as the world's population is unevenly distributed by region, so is the annual supply of renewable water. Rainfall and snowfall are determined by uneven weather patterns and landscape, and as a result, some areas of the world get more precipitation than others. This leads the uneven distribution of water all over the world.Natural water scarcity has prompted many nations to try to increase their water supplies by building dams to catch water that otherwise would escape to the sea, or by sinking more and deeper wells. But these efforts can have negative side effects that can contribute to water scarcity. Instead of building dams, some countries choose to increase their access to groundwater. But this practice increases the risk of overpumping aquifers.Pollution also affects the water supply, reducing the available water by making it toxic or otherwise unfit for human use.Water shortage could also lead to international conflicts as countries compete for limited water resources. Political tensions over water often appear when different nations lay claim to the same river, lake, or aquifer. According to the UN, more than 300 river basins and aquifers worldwide cross national boundaries, creating the potential for conflicts.36. Which of the following is NOT a factor that would cause water shortage?A. Population growth.B. Uneven supplies of water.C. Industrial pollution.D. Global warming.37. Water shortages could lead to all the following EXCEPT _______.A. economic growthB. food shortageC. over-pumping of the underground waterD. international conflicts38. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A. Humans use water for crop growing, industrial production and domesticconsuming.B. The annual supply of renewable water is unevenly distributed over the world.C. Pollution can reduce the available water by making it toxic.D. Building dams to catch river water could best solve the problem of watershortages.39. How can water shortages lead to international conflicts?A. Countries cannot agree with each other on water price.B. Countries compete for limited water resources.C. Countries pollute each other's water.D. Countries steal each other's water.40. Which of the following best describe the author's tone in this passage?A. Optimistic.B. Ironic.C. Objective.D. Arbitrary.Passage TwoWhy is stage fright so universal when it does not pose a physical threat?Our ego and self-esteem are threatened, evidently to a significant degree. No normal person wants to look like a fool. Consequently, a speaking situation does involve peril, not physical but psychological. The brain instructs the body to react exactly the way it would at times of physical danger. In essence, the brain tells the body, "get ready to fight off the danger or to run away from it."When the danger signals reach the brain, the brain instructs the adrenal gland (肾上腺) to start secreting (分泌) adrenal fluid into the bloodstream. The adrenal fluid brings about specific bodily reactions.First, our senses become more keen because we will have to rely on them to help us fight or run. Blood goes away from the muscles of the stomach and intestines. The sudden rush of blood from the digestive system causes the sensation known as "butterflies in the stomach." The large muscles of the arms and legs become most important in the "fight or flight" reaction, as they must do the punching and kicking.The extra blood and the oxygen it contains get the muscles so tense that they must function strongly. Our hands shake, our knees knock, and we feel tension in the larger muscles of the body. We experience a dry, cottony mouth, sometimes to the point where good articulation becomes impossible.41. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to describe _______.A. types of physical and psychological dangerB. cures for stage frightC. the biochemistry of the brainD. the physical reaction that might result from state fright42. It can be inferred from the passage that psychological reactions _______.A. are more serious than stage frightB. diminish our ability to speakC. diminish our ability to fightD. cause anxiety43. According to the passage, "butterflies in the stomach" are produced by _______.A. hunger painsB. the egoC. blood leaving the digestive systemD. poor articulation44. The passage mentions all of the following reactions EXCEPT _______.A. tremblingB. tensionC. dryness in the mouthD. blushing45. According to the passage, a speaking situation may result in _______.A. physical perilB. brain damageC. forgetfulnessD. psychological perilPassage ThreeA satellite is usually launched by a rocket. Once the satellite is in orbit, the plane of the orbit is relatively fixed in space. However, as the satellite goes around the earth, the earth spins on its axis beneath it. Thus on each circuit the satellite passes over a different part of the earth's surface.The orbit of a satellite is usually not a circle. During launching, variations from the calculations of elevation, altitude, and speed are impossible to eliminate. The orbit is then elliptical. Scientists deliberately plan for a satellite to enter an elliptical orbit so that it will probe a range of altitudes. An elliptical path can bring a satellite into the upper atmosphere. The friction of the atmosphere on the satellite causes its speed to decrease. It is then drawn closer to the earth, and may be heated ultimately to incandescence (白热，白炽) and be vaporized as it enters the lower portion of the eqarth's atmosphere.A satellite which has been given an initial horizontal speed of 30,000 km/hr orbits about the earth in a circular path at an altitude of about 500 km. If this horizontal speed is raised to 40,000 km/hr, the space vehicle leaves the earth's orbit and goes into orbit around the sun. The velocity at which this happens is called escape velocity. 46. According to the passage, an elliptical orbit may cause the satellite to vaporize dueto _______.A. the vibration of the enginesB. friction with the atmosphereC. the heat of the sunD. the earth spinning on its axis47. According to the passage, which speed will produce an elliptical orbit of a satellitearound the earth?A. 5,000 km/hr.B. 15,000 km/hr.C. 30,000 km/hr.D. 35,000 km/hr.48. The passage states that an elliptical orbit is beneficial because it allows thesatellite to _______.A. probe a range of altitudesB. orbit the sunC. vaporizeD. stay above the same point on earth49. The author's style can best be described as _______.A. argumentativeB. explanatoryC. humorousD. rhetorical50. According to the passage, satellite orbits are usually not circular because _______.A. there is friction in the atmosphereB. the earth spins on its axisC. variations from precise calculations are difficult to eliminateD. too great a speed is needed for circular orbitsPassage FourFor most of us, the work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative.Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We cannot hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the frustrations createdby inequality at work, unless we tackle it head-on; still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. They are constantly learning; they are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and others' working lives. Most important of all, they have opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, and for a growing number of white-collar workers, work is a boring, dull, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerable—for themselves—by those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine; as a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.51. In the author's opinion, people tend to judge others _______.A. completely by where they workB. absolutely by their amount of moneyC. to a great extent by the type of work they doD. slightly by their amount of money52. Why does the author take for a counsel of despair the opinion that workers shouldturn their attention from intolerable work to other parts of life?A. Because work is the sole focus of people's life.B. Because work has always been important in deciding the satisfaction in life.C. Because people are not interested in other parts of life.D. Because other parts of life are similarly intolerable.53. What may be the cause of the more obvious problems of industrial life?A. The frustrations in other parts of life.B. The frustrations resulting from inequality at work.C. The indecency and inhumanity of society.D. The cruelty of most managers.54. What does work mean to most managers and workers respectively?A. Work means opportunity and challenge to both managers and workers.B. Work means responsibility to workers only and control to managers.C. Work means a monotonous experience to both workers and managers.D. Work may be intolerable to workers and challenging to managers.55. Why do many workers feel alienated from their work?A. Because they have no control over their work.B. Because they feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine.C. Because they are considered part of the technology.D. Because they spend most of their life working hard.Passage FiveUntil recently, hunting for treasure from shipwrecks was mostly fantasy; but with recent technological advances, the search for sunken treasure is becoming more popular as a legitimate endeavor. One team of salvagers has searched the wreck of the RMS Republic, which sank in 1909, 55 miles southeast of Boston harbor. The search party, using side-scan sonar, a device which projects sound waves across the ocean bottom and produces a profile of the sea floor, located the wreck in just two-and-a-half days. Before the use of this new technology, searches could take months or years. The team of 45 divers searched the wreck for two months, finding silver tea services, crystal dinnerware, and thousands of bottles of wine; but they did not find the five-an-a-half tons of American Gold Eagle coins they were searching for. Whether or not the team finds the gold, their mission has already sparked more debate between preservationists and treasure hunters over the spoils.While a shipwreck's treasure may not have a high monetary value, it can be an invaluable source of historic artifacts preserved in nearly mint condition. Maritime archaeologists worry that the success of salvagers will attract more treasure-hunting expeditions and thus threaten remaining, undiscovered wrecks. Once a salvage team has scoured a site, much of the archaeological value is lost. Preservationists are lobbying their state lawmakers to legally restrict underwater searches and unregulated salvages. On the other hand, the treasure hunters argue that without the lure of gold and million-dollar treasures, the wrecks and their historical artifacts would never be recovered.56. What is the main ideal of this passage?A. Searching for wrecks is now much easier due to new technologies like side-scan sonar.B. Maritime archaeologists are concerned over the unregulated searching ofwrecks.C. The search of the RMS Republic is causing further debate betweenpreservatinists and salvagers over searching wrecks.D. Treasure hunting on underwater wrecks threatens the archaeological value ofthe site.57. The word "sunken" in line 2 is closest in meaning to which of the following words?A. Broken.B. Underwater.C. Ancient.D. Hollow.58. The second paragraph is an example of _______.A. chronological orderB. explanationC. specific to generalD. definition59. What enabled the search team to find the RMS Republic quickly?A. Sea floor profiles.B. A team of 45 divers.C. Side-scan sonar.D. Sound waves.60. Which of the following people would most likely be a preservationist?A. A treasure-hunter.B. A diver.C. A lawmaker.D. A maritime archaeologist.Section BDirections:In this section, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Put your answer on your Answer Sheet II.People can be addicted (上瘾的) to different things, e.g. alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive; i.e., they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders; they feel that they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy.There is even a special psychology of bargain hunting. To save money, of course, most people look for sales, low prices, and discounts. Compulsive bargain hunters, however, often buy things that they don't need just because they are cheap. They want to believe that they are helping their budgets, but they are really playing an exciting game. When they can buy something for less than other people, they feel that they are winning. Most people, experts claim, have two reasons for their behavior: a good reason for the things that they do and the real reason.It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business: they consider people's needs for love, power, or influence, their basic value, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods.Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money.1. Compulsive spenders get more pleasure in _______.2. Most people look for sales and discounts because _______.3. The problem with compulsive bargain hunters is that _______.4. Companies and advertisers often make use of comsumers' psychology to _______.5. What's the main idea of this passage?Part IV Translation (20%)Section ADirections: Put the following into Chinese and write your Chinese version on your Answer Sheet II.Equality between women and men is no longer a negotiable issue. As long as women remain unequal they can't have access to resources, they can never participate in political decision-making, they can't make their own choices in life. That is the bottom line. Women around the world are all concerned about equality. In developing countries, in states emerging as industrial powers, in the countries of the West, women are looking for action, action they sometimes call a revolution. [选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》Unit 1, Exercise Section 3 Translation I]Women's health needs have in the past often been overlooked, or assumed to be the same as men's. At the Cairo conference last year it was agreed that the consequence of unsafe abortions is part of overall health care. The public has to recognize that women have specific health needs which must be understood, and that women must have full access to adequate health-care services. [选自《新世纪博士生综合英语》Unit 1, Exercise Section 3 Translation II-6]Section BDirections:Put the following into English and write your English version on your Answer Sheet II.1993年国家对五万名初、高中生进行的调查显示中学生中吸食大麻的人数明显上升。

南京师范大学地理科学学院考博真题070501自然地理学（2002---2011）具体清单：科目一：自然地理学2002---2011科目二（01方向）：第四纪环境学2005---2007，2009，2011科目二（02方向）：生态学2005---2011科目二（03方向）：土壤学2006，2007，2009---2011070502人文地理学（2002，2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：人文地理学原理2002，2003，2005---2011科目二（01方向）：城市地理学科目二（02方向）：区域分析与规划2008---2011城市与区域规划2002，2003，2005---2007区域经济学2002，2003，2005---2007科目二（03方向）：旅游地理与旅游规划2008---2011旅游地理学2005---2007旅游规划2006，2007，2011070503地图学与地理信息系统（2001---2012）具体清单：科目一：地理信息系统原理与方法2001---2012地理信息系统原理2006---2011科目二：地理数据获取与分析遥感原理2001---2012C语言程序设计（包括数据结构）2001---2012现代自然地理学2001---2011070521★环境地理学（2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：环境科学2005---2011科目二（01方向）：生态学2005---2011科目二（02方向）：土壤学2006，2007，2009---2011070522★海洋地理学（2002，2003，2005---2011）具体清单：科目一：海洋学概论2002，2003，2005，2009科目二：海洋环境概论070523★遥感技术与应用（2006---2011）具体清单：科目一：遥感原理与方法2006---2011遥感原理2001---2012科目二：地理数据获取与分析地理信息系统原理2006---2011数字图像处理2006---2008，2010，2011数字摄影测量学2006---2008070905第四纪地质学（2002---2004，2009）具体清单：科目一：第四纪地质学2009地貌学与第四纪地质学2002---2004科目二：地球化学2009070525★资源科学（2005---2010）（2014不招生）具体清单：科目一：自然资源学原理2009科目二：经济地理学2005，2009旅游规划2006，2007，2011旅游地理与旅游规划2008---2011013 地理科学学院其它试卷：地貌学2005，2009自然地理学研究方法2003---2005非线性科学2003，2005---2009地理学基础理论2003---2005地图学2004，2005地球系统科学2002---------------------------------------------------------。

中科院地理所《全球变化》考博真题（2003+2007~2017）中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所博士研究生招生统一入学考试全球变化2003年一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、简述冰期-间冰期的变化特点2、全球变化研究的内容和基本假设3、历史文献、树轮、冰芯中可以提取哪些环境信息4、全球变化的驱动力有哪些（10分）二、论述题（每小题20分，共60分）1、传统地球科学研究与全球变化研究的联系和区别。

2、地球物理气候系统反馈作用及在全球变化中的作用。

3、根据目前国际全球变化研究，论述全球变化研究哪些科学问题及中国全球变化的研究内容。

2007年一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、全球变化2、平均经圈环流3、古环境感应体4、新生代衰落二、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、全球变化研究的科学内涵2、气候变化的自然原因3、全球自然环境的演化阶段4、第四纪冰期-间冰期变化特征及转换机制三、论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1、全球变化的主要过程与驱动力2、全球气候变化的可能影响2008年一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、协同性假设2、新仙女木事件3、气溶胶4、代用资料二、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、全球变化研究的意义2、过去全球变化信息的种类3、农业革命及其环境的影响4、我国近几十年土地利用、土地覆盖变化三、论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1、过去2000年全球变化的主要表现及机制2、全球变化的主要过程及与地球系统之间的联系2009年一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、地球系统2、厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜现象3、阳伞效应4、更新世滥杀二、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、全球变化研究的主要内容2、重建过去全球变化的主要步骤3、人类的演化阶段4、近现代全球气候变化的自然原因三、论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1、生态系统的演化及生物-环境的相互作用2、冰期-间冰期的变化特征和转换机制请分别论述下列问题1、地球系统组成及其与子系统之间的关系（15分）2、全球变化研究的内容（15分）3、导致全球变化的因素有哪些（15分）4、气候系统中的反馈过程（15分）5、重建过去全球变化的步骤（20分）6、近50年来土地利用/土地覆盖变化特点（20分）2011年请分别论述下列问题1、人类生态系统和地球子系统之间的关系（15分）2、全球变化研究的技术手段有哪些（15分）3、全球变化的驱动力有哪些（15分）4、全球变化的基本假设（15分）5、全球变化的概念模式可分为哪几种，涉及到哪些地球系统和过程（20分）6、全球自然环境的演化阶段，以及生命进化阶段和生物大灭绝事件（20分）2012年请分别论述下列问题。

2000年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试自然地理学试题准考证编号得分一．亚洲季风的形成及季风研究的意义。

（25分）二．人类活动对湖泊发育演变的影响。

（25分）三．我国西部开发的资源条件分析。

（25分）四．我国东部沿海的生态环境问题及其对策。

（25分）2000年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试地理信息系统试题准考证编号得分一．解释（每小题5分，共20分）1．地理信息学（Geomatics）2．地理信息系统（Geographic Information System）3．拓扑结构格式4．空间数据二．问答题（每题15分，共45分）1．评价地理信息系统的性能特性应包括哪些方面？2．试论地理信息系统（GIS）和管理信息系统（MIS）的区别。

3．叙述数据可视化的应用前景。

三．结合你所熟悉的部门和专业，论述建立部门地理信息系统的目的、内容与过程，并画出系统框图。

（35分）2000年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试地貌与第四纪地质学试题准考证编号得分一．试论湖泊沉积的特点及其在过去全球变化研究中的作用。

二．新构造运动的定义及其主要研究方法。

三．叙述第四纪地质研究中年代学的重要性及其主要研究方法的概述。

四．论述近年来黄土——古土壤序列的研究的主要成果与意义。

五．阐明干旱半干旱地区地貌学与第四纪地质学研究之间的内在联系。

2000年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试经济地理学试题准考证编号得分一.名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1. 农业区位论2. 经济外向度3. 增长级与发展轴4. 城市化水平5. 生态经济学6. 数字地球二.问答题1.市场经济条件下生产力配置的基本规律有何特点,试举例说明。

(20分)2.概要说明中国加入WTO(世贸组织)对中国经济发展的影响(得失),中国产业结构应作何相应的调整。

(20分)3.试论西部大开发对调整中国生产力布局的重大意义,简述长江在西部大开发中的地位和作用。

(30分)2000年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试计算机应用基础试题准考证编号得分：1. 从下列关于DOS的叙述中，选出5条正确的叙述，并把编号按从小到大的次序写在答卷的对应栏内。