062《经济学家》读译参考之六十二马首是瞻-阿里巴巴引领电子商务发展潮流-9页word资料

电子商务的兴衰历史随着互联网的快速发展，电子商务（E-Commerce）作为一种新兴的商业模式逐渐走入我们的生活。

它不仅改变了人们的消费习惯，更重塑了整个商业生态。

然而，电子商务的发展历程并非一帆风顺，其兴衰背后蕴藏着复杂的市场因素、技术变迁以及消费者行为的变化。

本文将深入分析电子商务的发展历程，探讨其兴起、繁荣与衰退的原因，以及未来的发展趋势。

一、电子商务的起源与早期发展电子商务的概念可以追溯到20世纪60年代。

当时，企业主要通过电话、传真等手段进行采购与交易。

但真正意义上的电子商务始于1990年代初期，随着互联网的普及和信息技术的飞速发展，网络购物逐渐成为一种新的消费方式。

1994年，亚马逊正式上线，标志着全球首个在线书店的诞生。

亚马逊依靠丰富的图书资源和便利的在线购物体验，在短时间内吸引了大量用户。

这为后续其他电商平台的发展奠定了基础。

同时，eBay等平台也相继成立，通过拍卖和二手交易等模式，开启了C2C（消费者对消费者）的电商市场。

在这一时期，电子支付系统也随之发展。

早期的电子支付多依赖银行转账，而随着PayPal的出现，在线支付变得更加简单和安全。

消费者可以通过信用卡或电子钱包实现无缝支付，这大大促进了电子商务的发展。

二、电子商务繁荣发展的黄金时代进入21世纪后，特别是2000年之后，电子商务迎来了快速发展的黄金时代。

一方面，技术进步推动着电商平台不断创新；另一方面，消费者的购物习惯也逐渐向网络倾斜。

技术的发展互联网基础设施的完善为电子商务提供了强有力的支持。

宽带网络逐渐普及，使得消费者能够更流畅地浏览商品。

在移动互联网兴起后，智能手机成为主要购物工具，移动电商迅速崛起。

此外，大数据、云计算和人工智能等新技术，使企业能够更加精准地进行市场定位和用户分析。

市场需求增加随着生活水平提高和消费观念转变，人们对便捷购物方式的需求不断增加。

尤其是在城市中，上班族时间紧张，网购成为一种主流消费方式。

电子商务帝国的崛起
随着B2B业务在阿里巴巴的上市及稳固，整个社会已经认识到电子商务对中国互联网和经济的促进作用。

但是仅凭借一家企业的努力，很难开展电子商务活动。

目前来看我国电子商务已经走到了一个急需构建产业链和生态链的发展阶段。

马云曾表示，生态化将作为阿里巴巴集团的核心战略，协同各行各业和社会力量，共同努力来构建和完善电子商务的基础设施，共同培育一个繁荣昌盛的电子商务生态系统。

据了解，从创始至今，阿里巴巴集团的目标就是构建网络诚信体系。

2002年3月，在市场份额低及环境不成熟的情况下，阿里巴巴全面开展“诚信通”服务，这标志着其迈出了构建网络诚信体系的第一步。

2003年10月电子商务正受困于网上信用，阿里巴巴集团推出支付宝，创造性地解决了诚信支付问题。

2007年，在全国范围内，阿里巴巴首创网络诚信贷款，推动银行业创新。

业内人士认为，除了上述电子商务生态系统的构建，到目前为止，阿里巴巴集团凭借占据国内80%B2B市场的阿里巴巴和70%以上C2C市场的淘宝网，如果再加上雅虎的搜索军团，一个大一统的电子商务模式正在浮出水面。

种种迹象表明，电子商务在我国已经根深蒂固，开展电子商务势在必行，鲁泰物矿网必将是又一个电子商务帝国的崛起。

阿里巴巴经济奇迹(阿里巴巴经济奇迹是哪一年)阿里巴巴经济奇迹是哪一年？这个问题可以追溯到2004年。

当时，阿里巴巴在纽约证券交易所上市，成为全球最大的电子商务公司之一。

从那时起，阿里巴巴开始了其在中国和全球范围内的经济奇迹。

阿里巴巴的创始人马云，是一个普通的英语教师。

然而，他对互联网的兴趣和他对中国经济的看法，让他决定创办阿里巴巴。

阿里巴巴成立于1999年，最初是一个B2B电子商务平台，旨在帮助中国小企业将其产品推向全球市场。

阿里巴巴在中国的成功，部分归功于其创新的商业模式。

它为小企业提供了一个低成本、高效率的市场，使得小企业可以更容易地接触到全球市场。

阿里巴巴的商业模式还包括支付宝，这是一个电子支付平台，使得交易更加便捷和安全。

在阿里巴巴的带领下，中国的电子商务产业迅速成长。

阿里巴巴贡献了大量的就业机会，尤其是在中国的较贫穷地区。

它也为中国的小企业提供了一个更好的机会，使得他们可以更好地参与到全球市场中。

阿里巴巴的成功也激发了中国其他公司的创新和进步。

阿里巴巴经济奇迹是哪一年？答案是没有一个确定的答案。

阿里巴巴的成功是一个长期的过程，而不是一个短暂的事件。

阿里巴巴的成功是由其创始人和员工的辛勤工作和智慧所带来的。

阿里巴巴的成功也是由中国政府的创业、创新和开放政策所支持的。

阿里巴巴的成功也有其局限性。

它仍然存在一些问题，如假货和侵权问题。

阿里巴巴也面临着来自其他电子商务公司的激烈竞争。

然而，阿里巴巴的成功已经证明了中国的创业精神和创新能力。

它也为其他国家和地区提供了一个模板，使得他们可以在电子商务领域中取得更大的成功。

总之，阿里巴巴经济奇迹是一个长期的过程，而不是一个短暂的事件。

它是由马云和阿里巴巴员工的智慧和辛勤工作所带来的。

它也是由中国政府的创业、创新和开放政策所支持的。

阿里巴巴的成功已经证明了中国的创业精神和创新能力，也为其他国家和地区提供了一个模板。

电子商务与网络经济的发展一、电子商务的定义随着互联网技术的不断发展，电子商务成为了一种新型商业模式，其中最重要的是指通过互联网等电子通讯技术进行商品和服务的交易往来的商业行为。

二、电子商务的历史电子商务的历史可以追溯到20世纪60年代，随着电子技术的飞速发展，电子商务逐渐走进人们的生产和生活，经历了电子商务前期（1970年前）、电子商务中期（1980年-1995年）和电子商务后期（1996年至今）三个阶段。

1995年，美国互联网电商网站Amazon正式上线，标志着电子商务正式进入商业化运营，并逐渐成为一种全球性的商业交易方式。

三、电子商务的分类电子商务通常可以按照其交易主体和交易内容进行分类，主要分为B2B（企业对企业）、B2C（企业对消费者）、C2C（消费者对消费者）等不同类型。

除此之外，电子商务还可以按照交易方式分为实物交易和虚拟交易两类。

实物交易即通过电子渠道实现实物商品的交易；虚拟交易指通过电子渠道提供服务，如在线书店、在线旅游等业务。

四、电子商务在网络经济中的作用电子商务作为网络经济的重要组成部分，对于经济发展有着举足轻重的作用。

在全球化、信息化的背景下，电子商务已成为支撑国家文化、经济和社会的一种新桥梁和新手段。

首先，电子商务将传统商业转变为现代商业，从而推动传统产业转型升级，最终促进了经济的发展。

其次，电子商务为广大消费者提供了更多更便捷的购物选择，增加了消费者的满意度。

同时，借助电子商务平台，企业也可以更有效地推广和销售商品，扩大经营范围和规模。

此外，电子商务作为网络经济的重要组成部分，不仅一定程度上缓解了“就地取材”的短板，而且也为经济发展带来了新的活力。

五、电子商务未来的发展趋势未来电子商务的发展将会面临更多的机遇和挑战。

未来在电子商务方面，主要有以下几方面的趋势：1. 电子商务交易的普及和细分化，如移动支付、跨境贸易等。

2. 通过人工智能等技术构建大数据平台，实现电子商务与大数据领域的深度融合。

英文原版：Electronic Commerce Competitive AdvantageAnd Prospects For DevelopmentGaoJing .Electronic business world，2009（03）As the human society soon entered in the 21st century, a great swell of world information swept into human society swiftly and violently. The information technology revolution becomes the modern science technological revolution the core and the mainstream, the information resource and the energy, the material becomes the national economy and the social development three grand strategy resources, who has the information resource, who has grasped the competition and the development initiative. Emerges vigorously the informationization tide, sped up the world industrial structure adjustment and the reorganization, urges the world economics to transform from the industry economy to the information economy, has the profound influence to human society's production method and the life style, is also changing the people tradition type of trading. Today, electronic commerce, specially based on Internet electronic commerce, because was reducing the expenses, to develop the market and so on various superiority to bring to more and more person's attentions. Electronic commerce is refers to the computer and in the communication network foundation, realizes the commercial exchange and the commercial work activity entire process using the electronic tool. It has emerged since the early 90s, from services and so in-line shopping expanded to bank, securities business aspects and so on operation, becomes one kind through the networking application, fast and carries on each kind of business dealing effectively the newest method. Some people estimated that to 2000, electronic commerce will become in the Internet application a most essential part. Electronic commerce not only causes the commercial revolution, also has provided the new turning point for the information industries, to global scale's economy, cultural even politics will have the profound influence.First, electronic commerce competitive advantage Electronic commerce has provided the global trade environment for the enterprise, has established the new commercial channel, raised the commercial activity level and the grade of service greatly. On enhancement enterprise competitive power's various links, it has the incomparable function: (one) electronic commerce can enhance the commercial activity efficiency electronic commerce to cause to limit production to market ability is more easy to do, the enterprise through the network demonstrated that own product, the service and the payment terms and so on, customer according to his need, issues the order form, the enterprise Production department basis network order information prompt arrangement or the adjustment scale of production and the variety, thus realizes the small batch, the multi-varieties, zero stock, the immediate manufacture and the delivery ideal pattern. Meanwhile may also reduce the artificial negligence, avoids loss which and waste possibly occurs. (two) electronic commerce can improve the work quality, expanded market electronic commerce to increase the customer andsupplier's relation. The bilateral space's barrier already vanished, the system network causes the customer and the supplier can understand the opposite party most recent data, moreover may provide 365/7/24 pattern service, strengthens the market competition status. (three) electronic commerce may reduce the cost, is advantageous in enhances profit of enterprise to reduce the transaction cost, has saved the latent expenditure, if the email has saved the correspondence postage, the electron data exchange greatly has saved management and the personnel link's expenses. In addition, electronic commerce may optimize the enterprise to supply the chain. Reduces the supply cost. Statistics indicated that under the traditional commerce pattern, the commodity approximately composes the private costs from ordering to the selling process's in physical distribution expense 18%~20%, after the partial enterprises use the electronic commerce optimization supply chain, reduces 10%~12% this expense proportion.Second, overseas electronic commerce prospects for development In overseas Internet and the Web development's early stage, electronic commerce already appeared. For these years, along with in-ternet high speed development and relevant technology's day-by-day consummation, various countries' government took electronics trade's development in our country information infrastructural facilities the important work, intended to through the network construction and the application, won the market superiority, developed the global trade. For example: The US government continuously close attention electronics trade technology's development, and has established the US Business association in the Silicon Valley; European Union in 1995 proposed constructs Europe information society the plan; The Japanese government invested 320,000,000 US dollar impetus electronics trade in 1996 the master plan; The APEC subordinate's telecommunication work team has begun at present also to carry out every year two time electronic commerce impetus deliberation plan. The report which according to April, 1998 US Department of commercial affairs announced - - "Rose Digital Economy" the statistics, at the end of 1997 US and the Canadian on-line shopping population increased a half year ago 470,000 people to 1,000,000 people, the electronic commerce transaction income by every 100 day of 1 time of speed growth, to 2002, the US and Canada electronic commerce transaction income will achieve 3 100,000,000 US dollars; According to the IDC (IDC) forecast that to 2001, the Western Europe on-line transaction's profit might increase from last year's 100,000,000 US dollars to 3,000,000,000 US dollars. The electronic commerce broad prospects for development also cause each big computer manufacturer to step in this domain in abundance, like Microsoft, Sun, HP and so on one after another have promoted the safe electronic commerce solution. in June, 1997, two big credit cards organized Visa and the MasterCard unit exploitation security electron transaction (SET) the agreement promoted the electronic commerce development. Simultaneously many famous software companies already invested into the electronic commerce related support SET agreement software development. electronic commerce technology although now is also at the start stage, but Internet on-line already had many success application example, perhaps most influential is known as the world biggest bookstore's on-line hypothesized bookstore supermarket -- Amazon Bookstore (忽略此处). Besides more convenient, accesses the net this bookstore supermarket person not to be able to feel that it with has differently what to genuine bookstore purchase books. Moreover, but also has the Electronic bank, the electron to go, the electronic authentication, the electronic information consultation and so on.Third, China electronic commerce prospects for development Electronic commerce is application domain union and so on enterprise informationization and financial informationization inevitable products. The developing country must speed up the construction electronic commerce the speed, specially looked like China like this already to advance into the world trade 10 strong developing countries, if did not speed up the electronic commerce advancement, will not participate in the electronic commerce rule the formulation, the national benefit will suffer injury. At present, Chinese society various domains and so on professions economy, trade, finance already realized particularly to the informationization advancement's urgency, starts to take the measure, enlarges the manpower financial resource the investment, has created the good market condition for electronic commerce's development. However, must note is not very also high in the Chinese various trades and occupations informationization degree, in the information infrastructural facilities also quite weak foundation, the barrier which electronic commerce's development must overcome mainly has: (does 1) regarding the electronic commerce activity, how formulate one to conform to the network characteristic and the prospects for development reasonable tax revenue system. Very obvious, the present tax revenue system does not conform to the electronic commerce and the online retail trade's new characteristic, but if continues to carry out the old tax revenue system, then emerging electronic commerce will be unable to withstand the load inevitably. The US once passed Inter-net in October 21, 1998 to force 3 year tax holiday bill for this reason, simultaneously stipulated that will assign a just related network tax revenue by a related electronic commerce's Advisory commission in 18 months the plan. (2), if each country according to own trading mode operation electronic commerce, will be only able to carry on the domestic trade, but is impossible to realize the global electronic commerce. Therefore, must have a global standard and the rule, guarantees the electronic commerce the smooth implementation. (3) did business can avoid having the dispute, when had the dispute, how to solve? At present did not have one maturely, the unification law to carry on the arbitration. (4) intellectual property rights question in electronic commerce activity especially important. How to prevent the right infringement commodity or counterfeit the commodity the sale, also how attacks the abuse of authority is powerfully all quarters must consider. (5) electronic commerce involves economic society's many aspects, various departments, how should various links coordinate to correspondingly solve. (6) entire society to electronic commerce understanding question. Only then solves these problems, can in the Chinese smoothly promotion and popular electronic commerce. Electronic commerce in the development initial period, already had demonstrated the very strong vitality. China must comply with this tendency, takes seriously take the electronics trade as the characteristic type of trading transformation, enlarges the government to supportdynamics, formulates China's electronics trade development strategy promptly, realizes China take the information technology industry as the forerunner, leads professions and so on commodity production, circulation, capital, technology, service to achieve a quicker development. At present, the Control section, the bank, the business, the customer to reach the mutual recognition and the tacit understanding to the electronic commerce, along with the Chinese network construction in the coverage and the quality unceasing enhancement, surfer expense's unceasing reduction, related policies and regulations' formulation releasing one after another, China electronic commerce will have a bigger development.中文翻译：电子商务的竞争优势及发展前景在人类社会即将进入21世纪之时，一场席卷全球的信息浪潮迅猛而来。

TEXT 92China and Central Asia中国与中亚Go west, young Chinaman去西部吧，年轻的中国佬（陈继龙编译）Jan 4th 2007 | OSHFrom The Economist print editionChina's economic explosion is rippling out to Central Asia中国经济急剧增长的影响波及中亚THE Karasu Bazaar, just 200 metres from Kyrgyzstan's heavily patrolled frontier with Uzbekistan, is a bustling [1] warren[2] of trading stalls fashioned out of metal shipping containers stacked one on top of another. The wares on offer range from bicycles to television sets and cosmetics.卡拉苏-巴扎尔是一个拥挤的集市，距离重兵巡逻的吉尔吉斯斯坦与乌孜别克斯坦边境仅200米远。

那里人来人往，四处摆满了用金属集装箱堆积而成的货摊。

售卖的物品有自行车，有电视机，还有化妆品。

（1）The haggling[3] is done as it has been for years—in a mixture of Russian along with Kirgiz, Uzbek, Tajik and other tongues. But these days a new language can be heard in the commercial babble[4]: Chinese.讨价还价声经年不绝于耳，俄语、吉尔吉斯语、乌孜别克语、塔吉克语和其它语言此起彼伏。

(完整word版)零售业电子商务文献综述文献综述浅析零售业电子商务对杭州区域经济的影响摘要：零售业电子商务在杭州的发展历史虽然很短，但它对杭州地区经济发展的促进作用相当明显。

具体表现为，一方面加快了杭州整个信息化建设的发展，另一方面也使得杭州大多数零售企业软硬设施得到逐步的完善。

本文从目前国内外不同学者、专业人士的观点出发，对文中涉及到的零售业电子商务从经济学的角度出发，探究了其历史发展和现状.通过以杭州零售业电子商务整体的发展现状为基础,利用具有时间跨度的数据对比方式深入研究了杭州地区的零售业的电子商务发展现状,对于零售业电子商务对杭州经济规模、发展历程和具有代表性的零售电子商务价值链的分析，从中发现零售业电子商务未来的行业趋势.关键词：零售业，电子商务,杭州Analysis on the influence of electronic commerce retail onHangzhou regional economyAbstract：The history of the development of electronic commerce retail in Hangzhou, although very short, but it is the economic development of Hangzhou area to promote the effect is quite apparent。

For specific performance，on the one hand to speed up the development of the informatization construction of Hangzhou, on the other hand also makes the most of Hangzhou retail enterprise hardware facilities are gradually improving。

目录绪论 (1)一、研究背景和意义 (1)二、文献综述 (1)第一章相关概念及理论基础 (2)第一节 B2C (2)第二节供应链管理 (2)第三节长尾理论 (3)第四节规模经济 (3)第二章亚马逊的发展历程 (4)第一节起步阶段 (4)第二节发展阶段 (4)第三章亚马逊B2C经营模式的创新及其特点 (5)第一节亚马逊B2C经营模式的创新 (5)一、“订阅"式购物 (5)二、数字音乐网店 (6)三、视频流媒体 (7)第二节亚马逊经营模式的特点 (9)一、“以客户为中心”的服务理念 (9)二、“规模效益、降低成本”的理念 (10)三、高效的仓储和物流体系 (10)第四章亚马逊成功的技术优势 (12)第一节搜索系统 (12)第二节订货跟踪 (13)第三节交易的安全性 (13)第五章对中国电子商务的启示 (14)第一节需要建立强大的物流体系 (14)第二节真正做到客户至上 (14)第三节无止境的创新 (14)参考文献： (15)亚马逊的成功对中国电子商务的启示绪论一、研究背景和意义电子商务活动在20世纪70年代就开始了,随着它慢慢延伸到其他交易领域,跨组织信息系统开始广泛应用。

并且万维网开始被大量用户试用，因特网在90年代早期也开始商业化,电子商务零售业便应运而生。

因特网作为一种互动性更强、视听刺激更丰富、信息传输更快捷的传播工具,必定会被追逐利益的商业组织运用为一种营销手段。

所以,电子商务零售业便及时出现了.随着我国计算机技术的飞速发展,我国的电子商务也发展起来.但由于我国电子商务起步较晚，发展时间不长，在经营和运作过程中还存在着一些问题。

学习借鉴发达国家的先进经验，以此促进我国电子商务的发展,是提升我国电子商务发展速度和质量的捷径。

亚马逊作为时势造出来的英雄，在短短十几年间飞速发展为世界上最著名的电子商务零售商，也成为电子商务最成功最具代表性的案例。

它的成功不仅仅在于借助电子商务的力量推动公司自身的发展，还在于公司用高瞻远瞩的姿态对电子商务进行了创新.它的生意经，是值得中国电子商务根据国情合理借鉴的。

电子商务的先驱真正有远见的人如何引领线上消费时代在电子商务的发展过程中，有许多先驱真正有远见的人为我们引领了线上消费时代。

他们敏锐地捕捉到了互联网的潜力，并通过创新的商业模式和战略来推动电子商务的快速发展。

本文将介绍几位电子商务先驱的故事，探讨他们对线上消费时代的贡献。

1. 亚马逊的杰夫·贝索斯作为电子商务巨头亚马逊的创始人和首席执行官，杰夫·贝索斯是电子商务先驱中的一位领军人物。

他在1994年创办了亚马逊，最初只是一个在线书店，但他有着远见卓识的商业眼光，意识到互联网的无限潜力。

贝索斯将亚马逊发展成为一家电子商务巨头，为人们提供了一个方便、多样化的购物平台。

贝索斯对亚马逊的发展有着长远的规划和战略，他将公司的重心转向了物流和技术创新。

亚马逊引领了在线购物时代，改变了人们的购物习惯，提供了丰富多样的商品选择和高效的配送服务。

贝索斯的成功表明，真正有远见的人可以通过洞察市场需求并不断创新来引领线上消费时代。

2. 阿里巴巴的马云马云是中国电子商务巨头阿里巴巴的创始人，也是电子商务先驱中的重要代表人物。

他在1999年创建了阿里巴巴，旨在为中小型企业提供一个在线交易平台。

马云的使命是使全球贸易普惠化，他认为互联网可以为全球制造业带来更大的机会。

马云深知先进技术的重要性，他致力于发展和整合阿里巴巴的技术平台，为企业和消费者提供更便捷的交易体验。

他的愿景是让阿里巴巴成为全球最大的电子商务平台，通过技术和创新来推动线上消费时代的发展。

3. PayPal的埃隆·马斯克埃隆·马斯克是PayPal的联合创始人之一，也是电子商务先驱中的杰出代表。

PayPal是一家在线支付公司，为人们提供了一个安全、便捷的在线支付解决方案。

马斯克的贡献不仅限于在线支付领域，他还积极推动电动汽车和太空探索等领域的发展。

马斯克意识到电子商务需要一种安全可靠的支付方式，并且致力于发展创新的支付技术。

通过PayPal，人们可以方便地进行在线交易，促进了线上消费的快速增长。