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独立主格语法精讲难点形成原因：１.分不清什么是独立主格结构。
２.分不清何时用现在分词、何时用过去分词。
３.遇到时容易和其他知识点混杂。
４.练得不多、用得不熟。
解决办法：１.要先下功夫学会分词作状语现象，然后再引申出分词与句子主语既无主动又无被动关系现象，从而导出分词的独立主格结构。
２.典型例句进行精讲精炼。
用法讲解：独立主格结构与主语之间没有句法上的联系，但是与句子的意义是紧密联系在一起的。
它只能属于短语，而不可以单独成为一个句子，是一个独立于句子之外，但是又能表达一个句子意思的独特的结构。
它的位置比较灵活，可以置于句首、句中、句尾，通常与句子之间用逗号隔开。
其结构是：名词/代词+动词不定式/现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语/名词，起到逻辑主语作用的代词要用主格形式，不可以用宾格。
“with+复合宾语”实际上也是独立主格结构的一种，但是此结构中的代词用宾格形式，即“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。
独立主格结构在句中主要用来作状语，可以表示原因、方式、时间、伴随等，with+复合宾语结构除了可以作状语外，还可以用来作定语。
以下分六种情况分别介绍：11. 名词/代词+动词不定式表示动作发生在主句动词动作之后或者还没有发生，构成形式是：n/ pron.+ to do sth., 如果不定式与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，就用动词不定式的被动形式。
如：The examination to be heldtomorrow morning, I couldn’t go to surf the Interne t tonight.明早就要考试了，今晚我不能上网了。
2 名词/代词+现在分词表示动作与主句动词动作同时发生，构成形式是：n/ pron.+ doing,如果强调分词的事件发生在主句动作时间之前，通常用现在分词完成式形式来表示。
如：It being a fine day, we decided togo swimming.因为天气不错，我们决定去游泳。
高级语法（独立主格结构，虚拟语气，否定，强调）独立主格结构一、独立结构的构成：只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。
独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。
常见的独立结构有以下几种：(一)名词/代词+分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）：1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况)2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况)（二）名词/代词+形容词：1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况)2、He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况)（三）名词/代词+副词：1、He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明)2 、The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明) （四）名词/代词+介词（短语）1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况)2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)二独立结构在句子中的作用。
独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来：（一）表示时间：His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.(=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.)（二）表示原因：The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.(=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )（三）表示条件：Weather permi tting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.)（四）表示伴随情况或伴随状况：They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.（五）表示补充说明：He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.(=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)三独立变格的变化在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加”with”1、——Why are they talking all the equipment away?——The job ( ), they are packing up to leave.A it to doneB didC was didD done2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed morerapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.虚拟语气1. if 引导的虚拟语气2.倒装形式Were I you (=if I were you) , I would get up early in the morning.Had you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday(=If you had arrived…), you could have caught the train.Should it rain (=If it should rain), the crops would be saved.【2】馒头面条原理【3】固定句型It is time that ...Would rather that .....(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(4).I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that……”结构中的虚拟语气1.It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.练习1.He’ll be busy this afternoon. If he ___ free, he ___ to the cinema with you.A.were to be; might goB. am going to be; will goC.will be; might have goneD. is; will go2. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people _____ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.A. turn offB. turned offC. would turn offD. had turned off3. Had I known her name, _____.A.or does she know mine?B. and where does she live?C. I would have invited her to lunchD. she would be beautiful4. I’d rather you ______ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.A. would goB. should goC. wentD. had gone5. The victim ________ (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.would have a chance to survive （06.12翻译）6. The professor required that ________ (我们交研究报告)。
何谓独立主格结构？它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语构成的结构。
它不修饰单个的词，而修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。
它构成一个单独实体，在句中作状语，并具有如下两种功能：(1) 解释原因或情景(2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。
其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
一、非谓语动词独立主格结构在独立主格结构中，非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系。
A．不定式“独立主格结构”在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。
例如：I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year. (2005湖南)A. followsB. followedC. to followD. being followed选C。
此题考查“名词+不定式”构成独立主格结构，在句中作状语，表示动作未完成，其中the rest 与follow存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
此句可以改为：I send you 100 dollars today,and the rest is to follow in a year.B．-ing形式“独立主格结构”1．表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
（相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。
独立主格结构独立主格,首先它是一个"格",只是一个短语，而不是一个"句子",在意思上依附于整个句子。
在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。
一．概念我们称动作状态实行者为逻辑主语，称该状态为逻辑谓语，在中文翻译上与状语从句没什么区别。
"独立主格结构"是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为"独立主格结构"。
二．功能与特点"独立主格结构"在句中的功能就相当于一个带有自己主语的状语从句。
众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。
而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。
其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句。
特点：1. 独立主格结构作用相当于一个带有自己主语的状语从句，可表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式、伴随状况等，在句中通常起状语作用。
有时还可以做定语。
2. 独立主格结构可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
3. 独立主格结构主要用于书面语。
4. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句中的语法主语不同，不指同一个人或同一事物。
例如:1) 表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
the meeting being over相当于when the meeting was overHer work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
her work done相当于when her work was done2) 表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
（一）独立主格结构（也称为独立结构）的定义“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
如何理解这句话？一个是“主格”怎么理解？一个是“独立”怎么理解？所谓“主格”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，“主格”就由此而来，逻辑主语不同于主句的主语。
有了逻辑主语，就会有逻辑谓语，它的逻辑谓语就是由“分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语（作为逻辑谓语）构成”。
这就意味着：独立结构的类型包括不定式独立结构、分词独立结构、无动词独立结构、介词独立结构等。
所谓独立，就是在形式上与主句没有关系，才称之“独立”。
跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
实质上并非真正的独立，仍然属于主句的从属短语的一种结构，在句中有多种作用。
如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用，多用于书面语描述性文字，不常用于口语。
在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。
独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
独立主格结构的句法功能独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
高中语法——独立主格结构独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式1、逻辑主语+V-ing这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。
如：(1). Such being the case, I couldn’t help but support him.(2). Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely.(3). Weather permitting, they decided to go for an outing.(4). There being no buses, we had to walk home after work yesterday.(5). The thief fell to the ground, his left foot broken and blood running down from his mouth.(6). Time permitting, we could have done it better.(7). It being noisy, she couldn’t make herself heard clearly.(8). It being too late, he couldn’t find himself any taxis.(9). It being fine, we will go climbing.(10). The Green’s has been broken into th ree times, each resulting in their great loss.(11)The thieves ran away separately, each carrying a bag.1. __________no bus, we had to walk home.A. There beingB. BeingC. Having beenD. There was2. _______no bus, we had to walk home.A. As there beingB. As there wasC. BeingD. There was3. _______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A. BeingB. There beingC. It beingD. Having been4. ______Sunday, the library doesn't open.A. As it beingB. BeingC. It isD. As it is2、逻辑主语+V-ed该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。
如：(1). His eyes still fixed on the map, he did some serious thinking.(2). The boy stood at the table, his eyes fixed on the food in the plate.(3). The job finished, we went home straight away.(4). The sum added, we will have enough money for the trip.(5). The actress looked pure and fresh, dressed in a white shirt and army trousers, her hair done up in pigtails.1. _________, the train started.A. The signal givenB. Giving the signalC. The signal being givenD. The signal giving2. __________, the train started.A. After having given the signalB. After the signal givenC. Giving the signalD. After the signal was given3. _________, the text became easier for us to learn.A. Explaining new wordsB. New words explainedC. Being explained new wordsD. Having explained new words4. ______________, the text became easier for us to learn.A. When new words were explainedB. Explaining new wordsC. New words explainingD. Being explained new words3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。
如：(1). He entered the room, his nose red with colD.(2). He sat in the front row,his mouth half open.(3). Dinner over, we decided to play bridge.(4). Father away, he played games with his friends.1. ___________, the patient can leave the hospital.A. Better conditionsB. Conditions betterC. Conditions are betterD. Being better conditions2. _________, the patient can leave the hospital.A. If better conditionsB. If conditions betterC. If conditions are betterD. Being better conditions3. ________, we’d like to go outing.A. Being SundayB. Sunday OKC. Sunday is OKD. If Sunday OK4. ___________, we’d like to go outing.A. If Sunday is OKB. Sunday being OKC. Sunday OKD. A,B and C5. _________, you can wait a while.A. The play being still onB. The play still on C Being still on the play D. A and B6. _________, so you can wait a whileA. The play is still onB. The play being still onC. As the play is still onD. The play still on4、逻辑主语+介词短语该结构相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语”结构。
如：(1). ---Can I help you?---I’d like to buy a presend for my father’s birthday, one at a proper price but of great value.(2). In half an hour Delia came, her right hand in bandage.(3). Book in hand, Mr Smith came in.(4). Gun on shoulder, the soldiers are marching on.1. The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.A. a sword in handB. a sword in his handC. being a sword in handD. sword in hand2. The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.A. with a sword in his handB. with a sword in handC. with a sword being in handD. a sword being in hand3. He left the office, __________.A. tears being in eyesB. tears in eyesC. being tears in eyesD. with tears being in eyes4. He left the office __________.A. with tears being in eyesB. with tears in his eyesC. being tears in eyesD. tears being in eyes5、逻辑主语+名词(1). A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400Cambodians, most of them ( being ) women. 独立主格结构, and most of them are women. 并列句; most of them are women. 并列句, most of whom are women. 定语从句(2). The doctor has two daughters, one a nurse, the other an engineer.二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：1、原因状语该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。
如：1). ________ no bus, we had to walk home.A. There beingB. As there wasC. There wasD. A and B2). _________Sunday, the library doesn't open.A. It beingB. As it isC. BeingD. A and B3). ____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.A. Mother being illB. Mother illC. As mother was illD. A,B and C4). ____________, we have to work late into the night.A. The exam nearB. The exam being nearC. As the exam is nearD. A,B and C2、时间状语独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。
