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英汉翻译中的“咬文嚼字”作者：翁金蔡莉娟来源：《文教资料》2015年第13期摘 ; ;要：英国哲学家培根在《论读书》中将读书划分为三层境界：可浅尝、可吞食、可咀嚼，英汉翻译也可同等分为这三层境界，“咬文嚼字”就是最后一层“咀嚼”的境界，对于语言学习起着重要的辅助作用。
那么在英语语言学习过程中，如何将英语语言文字理解的重要性体现出来，是否可以运用“咬文嚼字”这一种本属于汉语言文字的钻研手段。
本文对这两个问题进行解答，并且重点研究在英汉翻译过程中对英汉文字的个体——“字”的处理方法。
通过对英语词汇、短语的分析，从语境、语义着手，将英语语言文字通过汉语言文字（即翻译）的表达形式，让读者能对英汉翻译基本形成“咬文嚼字”的概念，培养好习惯，让英语语言学习达到第三层境界。
关键词：咬文嚼字 ; ;英汉翻译 ; ;英语语言学习 ; ;词汇学郭沫若先生的剧本《屈原》里婵娟骂宋玉说：“你是没有骨气的文人！”上演时，他自己在台下听，嫌这话不够味，想在“没有骨气的”后面加“无耻的”三个字。
一位演员提醒他把“是”改为“这”，“你这没有骨气的文人！”就够味了，他觉得这字改得很恰当。
他研究这两种语法的强弱不同，“你是什么”只是单纯的叙述语，没有更多的意义，有时或许竟会“不是”;“你这什么”便是坚决的判断，而且必须有附带语省略了。
根据这种见解，他把另一文里“你有革命家的风度”一句话改为“你这革命家的风度”（摘录于朱光潜《咬文嚼字》）。
这是经典的一段炼字的例子。
若要仔细研究这其中炼字的妙处，则不是本文的重点。
本文将要研究的是英汉翻译中的“咬文嚼字”，也就是说，先把郭沫若先生的剧本翻译成英文，再抠英文中的字眼，通过汉语把英文字眼中的内涵表达出来。
一、“咬文嚼字”与“英语词汇学”（一）“咬文嚼字”的相关概念新华字典中收录的“咬文嚼字”解释为：形容过分地斟酌字句，多指死抠字眼而不注意精神实质。
听这解释，“咬文嚼字”这个词是一个贬义词。
郭沫若母爱英文版The Boundless Love of Mother: A Tribute to Guo MoruoGuo Moruo, a renowned Chinese poet, playwright, and historian, once said, "A mother's love is the most sacred of all loves." This sentiment resonates profoundly, for a mother's love is indeed a force that transcends time and space, a bond that defies all boundaries. In the life of Guo Moruo, the unwavering love of his mother played a pivotal role in shaping the man he became.Guo Moruo's mother, Madame Sun, was a woman of remarkable strength and resilience. Born into a prominent family, she faced a life of hardship and adversity from a young age. As a child, she witnessed the upheaval of the Taiping Rebellion, a violent civil war that ravaged much of China. Forced to flee her home, she endured the harsh realities of life on the road, yet her spirit remained unbroken.In the face of such challenges, Madame Sun's dedication to her family only grew stronger. She instilled in her children the values of perseverance, humility, and a deep appreciation for education. Guo Moruo, the youngest of her four children, was the recipient of herunwavering love and guidance.From a tender age, Guo Moruo was captivated by his mother's unwavering commitment to the family. He observed her tireless efforts to provide for her children, working tirelessly to ensure they had the resources they needed to thrive. Whether it was mending their clothes, preparing nourishing meals, or encouraging their academic pursuits, Madame Sun's devotion knew no bounds.As Guo Moruo grew older, he came to understand the true depth of his mother's love. In times of hardship and uncertainty, she was a pillar of strength, offering solace and comfort with her warm embrace and soothing words. Her unwavering faith in her children's abilities inspired them to reach for their dreams, propelling them towards a future filled with endless possibilities.Guo Moruo's own accomplishments, which spanned a wide range of disciplines, can be seen as a testament to the transformative power of his mother's love. Her unwavering belief in him fueled his passion for learning and drove him to push the boundaries of his own potential. Whether he was immersed in the world of poetry, delving into the intricacies of history, or exploring the realms of philosophy, Guo Moruo carried with him the indelible imprint of his mother's love.One of the most poignant expressions of Guo Moruo's gratitude towards his mother can be found in his poem "Mother." In this heartfelt tribute, he writes, "Mother you are the source of all life / Your love is the light that guides my way." These powerful words encapsulate the depth of his reverence and the profound impact Madame Sun had on his life.Throughout his illustrious career, Guo Moruo remained ever mindful of the sacrifices his mother had made for him and his siblings. He understood that her love was not merely a sentiment, but a transformative force that had shaped the very fabric of his being. It was this understanding that drove him to honor his mother's memory, to live a life that would make her proud.In the twilight of his life, Guo Moruo reflected on the enduring legacy of his mother's love. He realized that her influence had transcended the boundaries of their family, touching the lives of countless others who had been inspired by his own achievements. In a sense, Madame Sun's love had become a beacon, guiding not just her own children, but generations of individuals who aspired to follow in Guo Moruo's footsteps.The story of Guo Moruo and his mother's love is a testament to the power of the maternal bond. It is a reminder that even in the face of immense challenges, the love of a mother can be a transformativeforce, shaping the lives of those it touches and leaving an indelible mark on the world. As we honor the memory of Guo Moruo, let us also pay tribute to the countless mothers whose unwavering love has the power to inspire, to heal, and to pave the way for a better tomorrow.。
郭沫若Guo Moruo《杜鹃》The cuckoo| 译文摘自张培基《英译中国散文选二》杜鹃，敝同乡的魂，在文学上所占的地位，恐怕任何鸟都比不上。
我们一提起杜鹃，心头眼底便好像有说不尽的诗意。
The cuckoo, the spirit of my native place Sichuan, is probably holding a higher place in Chinese literature than any other bird. The mere mention of this bird will arouse in our hearts a great deal of poetic feeling.要点：1，“敝同乡的魂”中的“敝”意为“我的”，是一种谦称，“敝同乡的魂”意即“我们同乡的魂”，但这样容易造成误解（同乡的魂，想想就好可怕），因此按“故乡四川的魂”理解，译为the spirit of my native place Sichuan.2，“……都比不上”译为比较级+than any other.3，“我们一提起杜鹃，心头眼底便好像有说不尽的诗意”译为The mere mention of this bird will arouse in our hearts a great deal of poetic feeling. 此处又出现了“the + 抽象名词+of”来代替动词，便于下文衔接。
综述：注意第三点，将动词译为抽象名词结构多是为了串句子的需要，这种情况在《背影》一文中出现多次。
它本身不用说，已经是望帝的化身了。
有时又被认为薄命的佳人，忧国的志士；声是满腹乡思，血是遍山踯躅；可怜，哀惋，纯洁，至诚……在人们的心目中成为了爱的象征。
这爱的象征似乎已经成为了民族的感情。
To begin with, she is the incarnation of the legendary king of ancient Sichuan named Wang Di. She has come to be known sometimes as an ill-fated beauty and sometimes as a patriot concerned over the fate of the nation. Her call is full of longings for home; she loiters about the mountains crying and spitting up blood. She pathetic, sad, pure and sincere … She is in the eyes of all a symbol of love, which seems to have become a national feeling.要点：1，“望帝”是我国古代传说中的蜀国国王，故译为the legendary king of ancient Sichuan named Wang Di.属于释义性翻译。
大师经典英汉互译 15 句1相聚有时，后会无期Sometimes ever，sometimes never.2 In me the tiger sniffs the rose.余光中先生译：心有猛虎，细嗅蔷薇。
3 Let life be beautiful like summer flowersand death like autumn leaves.郑振铎译为“使生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美”。
4 金岳霖有次碰到一句成语“吃一堑，长一智”，不知怎么翻译是好，便请教钱钟书。
钟书几乎不假思索地脱口而出道：A fall into pit，A gain in your wit.5 千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。
——《江雪》From hill to hill no bird in flight,from path to path no men in sight.(许渊冲译)6昔我往矣，杨柳依依。
今我来思，雨雪霏霏。
行道迟迟，载饥载渴。
我心伤悲，莫知我哀!When I left here,Willows shed tear.I come back now,Snow bends the bough.Long, long the way,Hard, hard the day,My grief o'erflows.Who knows? Who knows?7Firenze翡冷翠(徐志摩译)比通用译名“佛罗伦萨”简洁、有韵味得多而且完全符合意大利语发音Fontainebleau枫丹白露(朱自清译)巴黎南边的一个并不出名的小镇，在中国却人气很高，朱先生的译名功不可没。
其他有异曲同工之妙的例子还有香榭丽舍—les Champs-Élysées苏黎世—Zurich丹纳丽芙—Tenerife梨花古逊—Leverkusen天鹅海—Swansea琉森—Luzern满山秋色—Massachusetts都灵—Torino8shiseido—资生堂中文译名取自《易经》“至哉坤元，万物资生。
近现代十大著名翻译家！帮中国开眼看世界，助世界正眼识中国！“不是每个知道如何写作的人都能成为作家，不是每个懂两种语言的人都可以成为翻译家。
”南京大学外语学院副院长许钧曾说过，“十六七岁可以出来一个写作天才，但一个人不到五六十岁是成不了翻译家的。
”名翻译家和其作品是需要时间筛选的。
*来源：pic.sogou而且，“文学翻译是一个文化积累的过程，它处于不断淘汰的过程中，比如鲁迅当年翻译的很多作品，现在就被淘汰了。
”鲁迅的译作尚且难逃“被淘汰”的命运，想要成为翻译“大家”，太难太难。
近现代中比较著名的翻译家有哪些呢？许渊冲崭露头角1921年，许渊冲出生于江西南昌。
17岁考入国立西南联合大学外文系。
*来源：pic.sogou在为当时来华援助抗日的美国空军担任翻译时，他将“三民主义”翻译成“of the people,by the people,for the people（民有，民治、民享）”，展露出过人的语言天赋。
书销中外百余本到上世纪末，许渊冲已经出版了译著近60本。
现在他的作品数已破百本大关，涵盖了汉英、英汉、汉法、法汉四种类型。
英译《楚辞》、《诗经》、《西厢记》、《唐诗三百首》、《宋词三百首》、《元曲三百首》、《中国不朽诗三百首》几乎一气呵成。
诗译英法唯一人许渊冲从事文学翻译长达六十余年，译作涵盖中、英、法等语种。
他的翻译集中在中国古诗英译，形成韵体译诗的方法与理论，被誉为“诗译英法唯一人”。
*来源：pic.sogou2014年荣获国际翻译界最高奖项——“北极光”杰出文学翻译奖。
他是首位获此殊荣的亚洲翻译家，也是中国在国际翻译界获得最高荣誉的翻译家。
许渊冲将自己的人生总结为：“二十世纪五十年代教英法，八十年代译唐宋，九十年代传风骚，二十一世纪攀顶峰”。
严复近代翻译理论和实践的第一人严复是中国近代翻译史上学贯中西、划时代意义的翻译家。
他是我国首创完整翻译标准的先驱者。
1898年，严复翻译的第一部西方资产阶级学术名著《天演论》正式出版。
英汉互译过程中文化空缺现象的翻译策略探究作者：杨超颖来源：《校园英语·月末》2021年第05期【摘要】在英汉互译中，两种语言文化差异不容忽视，抛开文化背景开展翻译工作，必然无法实现英汉翻译的有效对接。
翻译学家王佐良先生也曾经指出：“翻译里最大的困难是什么？就是两种文化的不同。
”这就需要全面优化英汉互译过程中文化空缺现象的翻译策略，正确采用直译、音译、意译和加注释的方法实现两种语言文化的对接。
【关键词】英汉互译;文化空缺现象;翻译策略【作者简介】杨超颖，黑龙江外国语学院。
【基金项目】本文系教育部“十三五”教育科研规划全国重点课题“教学改革创新与研究”子课题“有效教学目标下英语翻译课程有效性提升探究”（项目编号：JKY3006）的阶段性研究成果。
在汉语和英语这两种语言发展过程中，不同的文化背景导致两者在表述方式和反映客观世界的角度与方法上存在很大的差异，有时同一现象或者事物中两种文化所引起的情感意义和联想意义也不尽相同。
本文将简单列举英汉互译过程中文化空缺现象，并综合探讨英汉互译过程中文化空缺现象的翻译策略。
一、英汉互译过程中文化空缺现象汉语和英语产生于不同的国家，文化背景、意识形态、风俗习惯、伦理道德、宗教信仰不尽相同，语言表述方式及其所体现的文化情感、意义也各具差异。
举例而言，汉语习惯将American Dream直接翻译成“美国梦”，而在英语文化意识中，这个词汇还反映了美国所标榜的一种立国精神，体现了人人机会均等思想和对自由的追求，直接翻译成“美国梦”很简洁，却难以充分体现其所蕴含的文化意识。
又如在英语中，First Lady是指总统夫人或者州长夫人，在中国，很多英语初学者会将其译作“第一女性”或者“原配夫人”。
汉语通常会将intellectual翻译成“知识分子，有学识的人”，这样所指范围比较广泛，大学教师、中小学教师、大学生、医生、作家、工程师等都可以被称作“知识分子”，而在英语中，intellectual包含的范围有限，仅指代大学教授或者在学术上有成就的人，不包括大学生。
