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经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1.经济学原理22.像经济学家一样思考23.相互依存性与贸易的好处34.供给与需求的市场力量35.弹性及其应用46.供给需求与政策47.消费者、生产者与市场效率48.赋税的应用49.国际贸易510.外部性511.公共物品和公共资源512.税制设计513.生产成本614.竞争市场上的企业715.垄断716.垄断竞争717.寡头718.生产要素市场819.收入与歧视820.收入不平等与贫困821.消费者选择理论922.微观经济学前沿923.一国收入的衡量1024.生活费用的衡量1025.生产与增长1026.储蓄、投资和金融体系1127.金融学的基本工具1128.失业1229.货币制度1230.货币增长与通货膨胀1331.开放经济的宏观经济学1432.开放经济的宏观经济理论1433.总需求与总供给1434.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响1535.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍151.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunitycost)理性人:(rationalpeople)边际变动:(marginalchange)边际收益:(marginalbenefit)边际成本:(marginalcost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(marketeconomy)产权:(propertyrights)市场失灵:(marketfailure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(marketpower)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(businesscycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flowdiagram)生产可能性边界:(productionpossibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positivestatements)规范表述:(normativestatements) 有序数对:(orderedpair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absoluteadvantage)机会成本:(apportunitycost)比较优势:(comparativeadvantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitivemarket)需求量:(quantitydemand)需求定理:(lawofdemand)需求表:(demandschedule)需求曲线:(demandcurve)正常物品:(normalgood)低档物品:(inferiorgood)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantitysupplied)供给定理:(lawofsupply)供给表:(supplyschedule)供给曲线:(supplycurve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibriumprice)均衡数量:(equilibriumquantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(lawofsupplyanddemand)5,弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(priceelasticityofdemand)总收益:(totalrevenue)需求收入弹性:(incomeelasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性：(crosspriceelasticity)供给价格弹性:(priceelasticityofsupply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(priceceiling)价格下限:(pricefloor)税收归宿:(taxincidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfareeconomics)支付意愿:(willingnesstopay)消费者乘U余:(consumersurplus)成本:(cost)生产者乘U余:(producersurplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8,赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweightloss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(worldprice)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化;(internalizingtheexternality)矫正税:(correctivetaxes)科斯定理:(coasetheorem)交易成本:(transactioncost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalryinconsumption)私人物品:(privategoods)公共物品:(publicgoods)公共资源:(commonresources)俱乐部物品:(clubgoods)搭便车者:(freerider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefitanalysis)公地悲居1J:(tragedyofcommons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(taxlianility)预算赤字:(budgetdefict)预算盈余:(budgetsurplus)平均税率:(averagetaxrate)边际税率:(marginaltaxrate)定额税:(lump-sumtax)受益原:(benefitsprinciple)支付能力原贝U:(ability-to-payprinciple)纵向平等:(verticalequity)横向平等:(horizontalequity)比例税:(proportionaltax)累退税:(regressivetax)累进税:(progressivetax)13.生产成本总收益:(totalrevenue)总成本:(totalcost)禾ij润:(profit)显性成本:(explicitcosts)隐性成本:(implicitcosts)经济利润:(economicprofit)会计禾1J润:(countingprofit)生产函数:(productionfunction)边际产量:(marginalproduct)边际产量递减:(diminishingmarginalproduct) 固定成本:(fixedcosts)可变成本:(variablecosts)平均总成本:(averagetotalcost)平均固定成本:(averagefixedcosts)平均可变成本:(averagevariablecosts)边际成本:(marginalcost)有效规模:(efficientscale)规模经济:(economiesofscale)规模不经济:(diseconomiesofscale)规模收益不变:(constantreturnstoscale)14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitivemarket)平均收益:(averagerevenue)边际收益:(marginalrevenue)沉没成本:(sunkrevenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(naturalmonopoly)价格歧视:(pricediscrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolisticcompetition)17.寡头博弈论:(gametheory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡：(Nashequilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners'dilemma)占优策略:(dominantstrategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factorsofproduction)生产函数:(productionfunction)劳动的边际产量:(marginalproductoflabor)边际产量递减:(diminishingmarginalproduct)边际产量值:(valueofthemarginalproduct)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差另^:(compensatingdifferential)人力资本:(humancapital) 工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资：(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(povertyrate)贫困率:(povertyline)实物转移支付:(in-kindtransfers)生命周期:(lifecycle)持久收入:(permanentincome)功利主义：(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximincriterion)负所得税:(negativeincometax)福禾ij:(welfare)社会保险:(socialinsurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线：(budgetconstraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernncecurve)边际替代率:(marginalrateofsubtitution)完全替代品:(perfectsubstitudes)完全互补品:(perfectcomplements)正常物品:(normalgood)低档物品:(inferiorgood)收入效应:(incomeeffect)替代效应:(substitutioneffect)吉芬物品:(Giffengood)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moralhazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverseselection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(politicaleconomy)康多塞悖论:(condorcetparadox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow'simpossibility)中值选民定理:(medianvatertheorem)行为经济学:(behavioraleconomics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(grossdomesticproduct,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(governmentpurchase)净出口:(netexport)名义GDP:(nominalGDP)真实GDP:(realGDP)GDP平减指数:(GDPdeflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumerpriceindex,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflationrate)生产物价指数:(produerpriceindex,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴：(cost-of-livingallowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominalinterestrate) 25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本：(physicalcapital)人力资本:(humancapital)自然资源:(naturalresources)技术知识:(technologicalknoeledge)收益递减:(diminishingreturns)追赶效应:(catch-upeffect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financialsystem)金融市场:(financialmarkets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financialintermediaries)共同基金:(mutualfund)国民储蓄:(nationalsaving)私人储蓄:(privatesaving)公共储蓄:(publicsaving)预算盈余:(budgetsurplus)预算赤字:(budgetdeficit)可贷资金市场:(marketforloanablefunds)挤出:(crowdingout)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(presentvalue)终值：(futurevalue)复利J[(compounding)风险厌恶：(riskaversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specificrisk)市场风险:(marketrisk)基本面风险:(fundamentalanalysis)有效市场假说:(efficientmarketsbypothesis)信息有效:(informationalefficiency)随机游走:(randomwalk) 28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemploymentrate)劳动力参与率:(labor-forceparticipationrate)自然失业率:(naturalrateofunemployment)周期性失业:(cyclicalunemployment)失去信心的工人：(discouragedworkers)摩擦性失业:(frictionalunemployment)结构性失业:(structuralunemployment)寻找工作:(jobsearch)失业保险:(unemploymentinsurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collectivebargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciencywages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(mediumofexchange)计价单位:(unitofaccount)价值储藏手段:(storeofvalue)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commoditymoney)法定货币:(fiatmoney)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demanddeposits)联邦储备局:(FederalReserve)中央银行:(centralbank)货币供给:(moneysupply)货币政策:(monetarypolicy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金车艮行:(fractional-reservebanking)准备金率:(reserveratio)货币乘数:(moneymultiplier)银行资本:(bankcapital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverageratio)资本需要量:(capitalrequirement)公开市场操作:(open-marketoperations)贴现率:(discountrate)法定准备金:(reserverequirements)补充金融计戈U:(supplementaryfinancingprogram)联邦基金利率:(federalfundsrate) 30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whipInflationNow)货币数量论:(quantitytheoryofmoney)名义变量:(nominalvariables)真实变量:(realvariables)古典二分法:(classiacldichotomy)货币中性:(monetaryneutrality)货币流通速度:(velocityofmoney)数量方程式:(quantityequation)通货膨胀税:(inflationtax)费雪效应:(Fishereffect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleathercost)菜单成本:(menucosts)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closedeconomy)开放经济:(openeconomy)出口:(exports)净出口:(netexports)贸易余额:(tradebalance)贸易盈余:(tradesurplus)贸易平衡:(balancedtrade)贸易赤字:(tradedeficit)资本净流出:(netcapitaloutflow)名义汇率:(nominalexchangerate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(realexchangerate)购买力平价:(purchasing-powerparity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(tradepolicy)资本外逃:(capitalflight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(modelofaggregatedemandandaggregatesupply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demandcurve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supplycurve)自然产出水平:(naturallevelofoutput)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theoryofliquidity)财政政策:(fisicalpolicy)乘数效应:(multipliereffect)挤出效应：(crowding-outeffect)自动稳定器:(automaticstabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillipscurve)自然率假说:(natural-ratehypothesis)供给冲击:(supplyshock)牺牲率:(sacrificeratio)理性预期:(rationalexpectations)。
奥地利历史之工业革命时期的变革The Transformation of Austrian History During theIndustrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution marked a pivotal era in Austrian history, bringing about profound changes that reshaped the country's economic, social, and cultural landscape. This period saw Austria embark on an exciting journey of industrialization, ushering in new technologies, innovations, and societal shifts that left lasting impacts on its future development.在奥地利历史上，工业革命是一个至关重要的时代，它带来了深远的变化，重塑了国家的经济、社会和文化面貌。
这一时期见证了奥地利踏上了令人激动的工业化征程，引入了新技术和创新，产生了重大的社会变迁，对其未来发展产生了深远的影响。
During this transformational phase, Austria witnessed significant advancements in various industries. Factories sprang up across the landscape, employing thousands of workers to produce goods using machines rather than manual labor. Textile manufacturing, ironworks, mining, and other sectors flourished as technological advancements increased efficiency and production capacity. These developments not only propelled economic growth but also transformed Austria into a major exporter, playing a crucial role in global trade networks.在这一转变时期，奥地利见证了在各行各业中取得的重大进展。
生产力的演变过程作文英文回答：The Evolution of Productivity.Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of production. It is typically measured as the ratio of output to input. In the context of economics, productivity is often used to compare the performance of different countries or industries.There have been a number of important developments in the evolution of productivity over the past few centuries. One of the most significant developments was the Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century. The Industrial Revolution led to the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine and the cotton gin, which greatly increased the productivity of labor.Another important development in the evolution ofproductivity was the rise of the service sector. In the early 19th century, most people worked in agriculture. However, as the economy grew, more and more people began to work in service industries, such as retail, finance, and healthcare. This shift to the service sector led to a further increase in productivity, as service industries are typically more productive than agriculture.In recent decades, there have been a number of new developments in the evolution of productivity. One of the most important developments has been the rise of the information economy. The information economy is based on the production and distribution of information and knowledge. This has led to a new wave of productivity growth, as information and knowledge can be used to create new products and services that are more efficient and productive.Another important development in the evolution of productivity has been the rise of global competition. In the past, businesses were primarily focused on competing with other businesses in their local market. However, withthe rise of global competition, businesses are now competing with businesses from all over the world. This has forced businesses to become more efficient and productivein order to stay competitive.The evolution of productivity has had a profound impact on the global economy. Productivity growth has led to higher living standards, as well as to a more sustainable environment. Productivity growth is likely to continue to be a key factor in the future development of the global economy.中文回答：生产力的演变过程。
