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我院硕士研究生论文英文摘要常见问题分析李燕，王晓燕，唐小平，唐利，卞铁蓉，杨向东，史小玲，陈庄〔泸州医学院附属医院医学实验中心，四川泸州，646000〕摘要英文摘要作为科技论文的一个重要组成局部，是学术论文进入流通和引用的窗口。
本文对随机选取的我院25篇研究生学位论文英文摘要进行分析，通过举例说明英文摘要常见问题及书写标准。
为提高作者撰写高质量的英文摘要提供一些建议。
关键词医学论文；英文摘要；书写标准学位论文中的英文摘要是对外学术交流的重要局部[1]。
一篇论文英文摘要的好坏直接关系着评审论文时是否能得以通过，也是院校科研学术水平的重要表达。
因此，能写好一篇科研论文的英文摘要越来越重要。
选取我院25篇研究生学位论文英文摘要，包括根底，临床医学各专业，按照Ei Compendex收录期刊标准[2]对英文摘要的各组成局部的撰写要求逐一进行分析，以利于我院研究生撰写出高质量的英文摘要。
1 题名〔title〕1.1 题名的书写要求题名的根本原那么是准确，简练，清晰，信息丰富，便于索引。
题名通常不用陈述句形式，而是由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语和〔或〕后置定语构成，其中冠词可用可不用时均不用[3]。
题名一般可在10个单词左右，最好不超过15个单词。
必要时较长题名可采用副题名，中间用冒号隔开。
题目的书写形式大致有三种:(1)所有的单词均大写。
(2)仅首词的首字母大写。
(3)所有实词的首字母均大写，但介词字母多于4个〔含4个〕时，其首字母要大写。
目前世界上各大检索机构在题名上各有自己特有的要求，因机构不同而有所差异。
1.2题明局部中常见问题分析①表达错误。
例：Experimental Therapy of Disease A Infection with Drug 1 and Drug 2〔药物1作者介绍：李燕〔1984-〕，女，研究实习员，硕士通讯陈庄〔1954-〕，男，研究员，硕士生导师和药物2治疗疾病A的动物实验研究〕改：Experimental Therapy of Drug 1 and Drug 2 on Animal Disease A Model②指代不明，标点使用错误，值得注意的是英文中并无顿号。
论文英文摘要撰写论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及要素一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文，它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括，其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。
论文的英文摘要存在的问题有涉及结构内容方面的，有涉及句法词法方面的，也有涉及时态语态方面的。
下面我们首先对论文英文摘要的种类、功能与结构和英文摘要撰写的一般原则和基本步骤做以介绍；接下来对论文英文摘要撰写中的常见问题做出归纳并进行实例分析和提出相应解决方法。
1、摘要的种类与结构摘要一般分为两类：信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1）信息性（报道性）摘要（Informative Abstract）信息性摘要即报道性摘要，也称资料性摘要，它是原文内容要点的具体总结，主要由四个部分组成：（1）研究的目的（Objective or Purpose）；（2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Method）；（3）主要成果或发现（Results or Findings）；（4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）。
有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍（Background）。
实际上，信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要。
本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。
（信息性摘要范文请见第6-7页：第二部分；二；至1、摘要的要素）2）指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract，Descriptive Abstract）指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。
它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。
指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。
下面就是一篇题目为《英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养》论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。
摘 要之间的桥梁，在跨文化交际中起着不可或缺的重要作用。
因此，在跨语言、跨文化的翻译中常常会碰到源语和译入语之间的语言、文化等方面的差异。
处理这些差异的策略就是归化和异化。
而策略的选取受到翻译的形式、目的和意图，文本的题材等因素的制约和影响。
文学翻译主要的目的是引进差异、促进文化交流。
因此本文不仅研究了文学翻译中语言文化的差异还研究了两种翻译策略的特点。
辩证的研究语言文化差异及两种翻译策略，有利于文学翻译研究的繁荣.; 归化; 异化Abstractare in essence the exchange of cultures. Serving as a bridge connecting the two languages and cultures, literary translation plays a very important role in cross-cultural communication. And there are many linguistic and cultural differences between source language and target language in cross-language and cross-culture literary translation. The strategies for dealing with these differences are domestication and foreignization. The selection of strategies are usually limited and influenced by such factors as the translation form, purpose and intention, and the genre of text to be translated, etc. The main purpose of literary translation is to introduce differences and to promote cultural communication. So this thesis not only studies the linguistic and cultural differences, but also analyzes the features of the two translation strategies. A dialectical view of translation strategies and the linguistic and cultural differences are advantageous to theKeywords:Literary translation; Linguistic differences; Cultural differences; Domestication;。
英文摘要的时态、语态问题一、本文概述本文旨在探讨英文摘要写作中时态和语态的使用问题。
英文摘要作为学术论文的重要组成部分，其撰写质量直接关系到论文的国际传播和学术影响力。
在英文摘要中，正确的时态和语态使用能够清晰、准确地传达研究的核心内容和成果。
本文将首先简要介绍英文摘要的基本结构和功能，然后重点分析时态和语态在英文摘要中的应用，以及常见的错误和避免方法。
通过本文的阐述，读者将能够更好地掌握英文摘要写作中的时态和语态问题，提高英文摘要的撰写水平。
二、英文摘要的时态问题英文摘要的时态运用对于准确地传达研究内容和成果至关重要。
通常情况下，英文摘要主要使用一般现在时，因为摘要旨在描述研究的核心内容、方法、结果和结论，这些都是不受时间影响的客观事实。
例如，当描述研究方法时，可以使用“This study employed a quantitative approach to investigate…”（本研究采用定量方法调查…）。
在描述研究结果时，则可以使用“The results indicate that…”（结果表明…）。
然而，如果摘要中涉及到具体的研究过程或背景信息，可能需要使用其他时态。
例如，对于过去进行的研究活动，可以使用一般过去时，如“Previous studies have shown that…”（以前的研究已经表明…）。
对于未来的研究方向或建议，可以使用将来时，如“Future research could focus on…”（未来的研究可以集中在…）。
英文摘要中还应避免使用过于复杂的语态结构，以免增加读者的理解难度。
一般来说，主动语态更为常见且更直接，能够清晰地表达研究的主体和动作。
但在某些情况下，为了强调研究的对象或突出动作的承受者，也可以使用被动语态。
英文摘要的时态运用应根据具体语境和内容来选择，既要确保准确传达研究信息，又要考虑读者的阅读体验。
在撰写英文摘要时，作者应仔细考虑时态和语态的选择，以确保摘要的准确性和可读性。
中外学者语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构对比研究王亚静(江苏师范大学外国语学院)摘要：摘要作为一篇研究论文的开头，是整篇论文的完整缩影，对论文的整体质量也起着至关重要的作用。
然而对许多学生来说，摘要是论文中相对比较困难的一个部分。
本文以Santos的五语步模型(five moves model)为理论基础，考察中外学者在实证语言学研究论文英文摘要中的语步结构特征，并为英文摘要的写作提供一些建议。
结果发现，中外论文的英文摘要在语步结构上存在着显著差异。
与中文期刊论文相比，外文期刊论文摘要的语步结构更为规范和清晰，据分析,这一结果可能是受母语迁移的影响。
这个发现对实证性语言学论文的英文摘要写作有一定启示。
关键词：语步结构;摘要;实证性研究论文;对比研究0.引言体裁是一系列有目的的交际性活动,其交际目的决定了体裁的具体结构和内容(Swales,1990)。
摘要作为一种特殊的文体，有其独特的特点(Hyland，2000)，摘要是对学术论文内容的高层次概括,也是检索或收录论文的重要依据。
专业读者总是通过阅读论文的摘要来判断论文的价值。
然而，许多中国学生在撰写英文摘要时遇到了困难，这应该引起我们的注意。
笔者通过大量的研究发现，语步结构分析可以提高论文摘要的写作水平。
巴赫金认为，言语体裁是指特定的社会交际者在特定的话语交际领域中形成的一种较为稳定的言语表达方式，在学术论文写作中，每一章节都有其规定的结构和表达顺序，被称之为“语步”。
有研究者指出%Bondi&Hyland,2006)，通过对学术论文这一体裁的分析,可以让研究者了解某学科论文的写作规范、团体价值观、文化与实践方式等。
所以，本文试图从对比的角度，以Santos的五语步模型为理论基础,考察本族语学者和中国学者所写语言学类论文英文摘要中的语步结构差异。
语料来自2015-2018年国内外学者发表在外语类核心期刊上的论文，以英文摘要为主要分析对象。
英语论文摘要
英语论文摘要通常包括以下方面的内容：
1. 研究背景：简要介绍研究领域的背景和相关研究的现状。
2. 研究目的：说明研究的目的、目标或问题。
3. 研究方法：概述研究所采用的方法、实验设计或数据收集方式。
4. 研究结果：列出主要的研究结果或发现。
5. 结论/意义：总结研究的主要结论，并指出对学术领域或实
践的重要意义。
6. 展望：提出未来研究的方向或建议。
整体上，英语论文摘要应该清晰、简明地呈现研究的核心内容，以激发读者的兴趣，并使其能够快速了解论文的主要贡献和结论。
因此，摘要的内容应该具有逻辑连贯性，并尽量避免使用过多的专业术语和复杂的句式。
关于论文的英语摘要作文标题，An Exemplary English Abstract on Academic Paper Writing。
Abstract:This essay serves as an in-depth exploration of academic paper writing, focusing on the pivotal component of the English abstract. By delving into the essential elements, structure, and strategies for crafting an effective abstract, this paper aims to equip readers with the necessary knowledge and skills to produce high-quality abstracts for their research papers. Drawing from the most downloaded samples available online, this essay provides comprehensive guidance and practical insights into the art of abstract writing in English. 。
Introduction:Academic paper writing is a fundamental aspect ofscholarly communication, enabling researchers todisseminate their findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields. Within the realm of academic writing, the abstract plays a crucial role in summarizing the key points of a research paper and attracting potential readers. Despite its brevity, an effective abstract should encapsulate the essence of the study, entice readers to delve deeper into the paper, and adhere to specific conventions of language and style. Inthis essay, we will explore the intricacies of crafting an exemplary English abstract, drawing inspiration from the most widely downloaded samples available online.Key Elements of an Abstract:The first step in writing an exceptional abstract is understanding its key elements. A well-constructed abstract typically consists of four essential components: background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions. The background provides context by outlining the research problem or question, while the objective elucidates the purpose of the study. The methods section describes themethodology employed to address the research question, followed by a concise summary of the results and their implications. Finally, the conclusions highlight the significance of the findings and their potential implications for future research or practical applications.Structural Guidelines:In addition to incorporating the key elements, a well-written abstract should adhere to certain structural guidelines to ensure clarity and coherence. The abstract should be concise, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words, and written in a single paragraph. It should be informative yet succinct, avoiding unnecessary details or jargon that may obscure the main points. Furthermore, the abstract should follow a logical flow, moving seamlessly from the background to the objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. By adhering to these structural guidelines, writers can ensure that their abstracts effectively communicate the essence of their research to readers.Strategies for Effective Abstract Writing:Crafting an effective abstract requires careful attention to language, style, and presentation. To engage readers and convey the significance of the research,writers can employ various strategies, including the use of clear and concise language, active voice, and strategic placement of keywords. Additionally, writers should tailor the abstract to the intended audience, ensuring that it is accessible to both specialists and non-specialists in the field. By highlighting the novelty and significance of the findings, writers can capture the interest of readers and compel them to explore the full paper. Moreover, proofreading and editing are essential to ensure accuracy, coherence, and adherence to formatting guidelines.Conclusion:In conclusion, the English abstract is a vital component of academic paper writing, serving as a concise summary of the research and a gateway to the full paper. By incorporating the key elements, adhering to structural guidelines, and employing effective writing strategies,researchers can craft abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of their work and attract readers' attention. Drawing inspiration from the most downloaded samples available online, this essay has provided comprehensive guidance and practical insights into the art of abstract writing in English. By mastering the skills outlined in this essay, researchers can enhance the impact and visibility of their research in the academic community.This essay offers a comprehensive guide to writing an exemplary English abstract for academic papers, drawing inspiration from the most downloaded samples available online. It covers key elements, structural guidelines, and effective writing strategies, providing readers with the necessary knowledge and skills to craft high-quality abstracts for their research papers. Through careful attention to language, style, and presentation, researchers can create abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of their work and attract readers' attention. By mastering the art of abstract writing, researchers can enhance the impact and visibility of their research in the academic community.。
Absract AnalysisAnalysis•Structurebackground methods result conclusion •Transitional words •Grammatical features and voice •Useful wordsInterfacial damping characteristics ofcarbon nanotube-based composites •This paper is published on Composites Science and Technology,2004.•The author is from Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity.•This paper is related to Developments in carbon nanotube and nanofibre reinforced polymersIntroduction of the thesisMy major is composites. Carbon nanotube is a kind of new material ,for its special properties that can be used in aerospace. So I choose this paper which is about the development in carbon nanotube.Background 1-5:Introduction and purpose1-4:Introduction(1)Because of their ultraarea to mass ratio(specificextremely large.⑵Thereforestructure,it is anticipated highadvantage of the interfacialand the polymer resin.⑶modulus features allowin strain between the constituents,energy dissipation ability.damping properties of CNT-basedBackground•Transitional words:Because of ; Therefore; In addition; Despite •Grammatical features and voice:present tense; present perfect; passive voice•Useful words:achieve; allow for ; enhance; it is anticipated that; take advantage of•Comment: This passage pays attention to the background and questions.Background5: Purpose⑸The purpose of this paper is to investigate the structural damping characteristics of polymeric composites containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), with a focus on analyzing the interfacial interaction between the CNT and the resin materials.•Useful words: The purpose of ; investigate;focus on •Comment: This passage is to tell us about the reason or intention of this paper.Methods(6)The system is modeled using a four-phase composite, composed of a resin, voids, and bonded and debonded nanotubes. ⑺A micromechanical model is proposed to describe interfacial debonding evolution.⑻To characterize the overall behavior, Weibull’s statistical function is employed to describe the varying probability of nanotube debonding under uniaxial loading. ⑼To address damping effects , the concept of interfacial ‘‘stick-slip’’ frictional motion between the nanotubes and the resin is proposed.⑽The developed method is extended to analyze composites with randomly oriented nanotubes.Methods•Grammatical features and voice: present tense; passive voice•Useful words:is proposed to ; characterize; is employed to; address; is extended to•Comment : From this passage ,it can be seen that this paper is more objective since passive tense is used a lot.⑾The analytical results weight ratio and structure damping characteristic.trends predicted by the analysis. specimens,the study showsfillers into polymeric composites could achieve other types(differentResults•Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voice•Useful words:show that ; be performed to ; It is also observed that; compare with ;•Comment:This passage is related to the experiment results.And we can use some verbs to describe results such as show, perform,observe,and so on.Conclusion(15)These results confirm the possible advantage of using CNTs fordamping enhancement.Useful words:confirm,possible,advantage Comments:In the end,the author made a prediction according to results.Failure Mechanics of Thermal BarrierCoatings•The thesis was published on Surface &Coating Technology,2003•Presented by Daniel Stephen Balint,to the division of Engineering and Applied Sciences in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosopy in the subject of Engineering Scinences•Harvard University CambridgeIntroduction of the thesisMy major is material science and enginering,and I’m mainly engaged in thermal barrier coatings research. Thermal barrier coatings is a kind of coatings that protects the materials from high temperature. So I choose this thesis which is about how the coatings fail.BackgroundProtective coatings effectively make the underlying component more tolerant of harsh conditions without compromising structural integrity. Thermal barrier coatings are deposited on superalloy turbine blades to protect them from engine temperatures in excess of 1000°C.Failure of these coatings is known to involve undulations that develop in the oxide layer, between the ceramic top-coat and the metallic bond coat. The equi-biaxial stress in the readily creeping bond coat, that results from thermal mismatch with the superalloy substrate and a reversible phase transformation, dramatically reduces its ability to resist transverse deformation at elevated temperatures. The nonlinear interaction between the equi-biaxial stresses in the bond coat, and, to a lesser extent, the ceramic top-coat, with the tractions applied on both creeping layers by the compressed oxide film allows an increment of growth to occur each cycle before the equi-biaxial stress decays by creep. The thermal barrier layer, although creeping, constrains growth significantly, resulting in large tensile stresses above the undulations and normal to the interface with the oxide layer.Background•Transitional words: and•Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voice •Useful words:protect them from; that results from;dramatically reduces; resulting in•Comment:Gave an outline of thermal barrier coatings.Define the scope of this study. The study is mainly about the failure mechanics of thermal barrier coatings.MethodsA model providing an analytical approximation of undulation growth in a four-layer thermal barrier system, incorporating nearly all details, presented for a realistic cyclic thermal history.is used to elucidate the mechanics of undulation growth,cases,replicate trendsfor PtNiAl bond-coats without theexplained, including that oxide undulation growth does not occur on unconstrained bulk PtNiAl, that far more undulation growth occurs when the system is thermally cycledtemperature for the same total time, and that larger amplitudes observed for systems thatthan for a 1 hour period for the same total time at high temperature.Methods•Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voice•Useful words:A set of model problems; in somecases; including that•Comment:The study is baced on a model incorporating nearly allconsiderable details, to provide an analytical pproximation of undulation growth in a four-layer thermal barriersystem.ResultsComplete simulations are performed, and selected results are compared with a finite element program written expressly for this purpose.Grammatical features and voice:present tense; passive voiceConclusionLarge undulation amplitudes are possible, and the tensile stresses predicted by this model are sufficient to initiate cracking in the top-coat parallel to the interface with the oxide layer.•Grammatical features and voice: present tense; •Useful words:are sufficient toThermoplastic Coating ofCarbon Fibers•The thesis was presented by D. D. Edie and G. C.Lickfield,who worked in Center for Advanced Engineering Fibers,in Clemson University.Introduction of the thesis•My major is material science and enginering,and I’m mainly studing on composite material research.•Composite materials are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or microscopic scale within the finished structure.BackgroundThermoplastic polymers are under extensive evaluation for use as matrix materials for composites. The major obstacle to the use of these promising polymers is that their high viscosity makes liquid impregnation of the carbon fiber tows difficult.One alternative is to coat the fibers with the thermoplastic in a dry, finely-ground powder form.Background•Grammatical features and voice: present tense；active voice •Useful words: are under extensive evaluation;One alternative is;The major obstacle to •Comment:Introduce thermoplastic polymers and explain the importance. Propose the major obstacle to the use of thermoplastic polymers in composite materials and describe a new technique of using it.Using a continuous powder coating process, more than 1500 meters of T300/LaRC-TPI prepregdifferent types of heating sections in the coating line,resistance and convection heating,used to fabricate unidirectional composites. During composite fabrication the cure time of the consolidationwere produced with and without vacuum.Using these specimens,of the variation of the consolidation parameters on mechanicalproperties and void content were investigated.composites were determined fromMechanical propertiesshear testing and dynamic mechanical analysis.Methods•Transitional words: and•Grammatical features and voice: past tense;passive voice •Useful words: are under extensive evaluation;One alternative is;The major obstacle to •Comment:Introduce what the paper studies on.Firstly, produce composites samples.Secondly, mechanical properties and void content of these samples were investigated.ResultsThe results of this investigation showed that composites formed using LaRC-TPI powder-coated prepreg contained very few voids when heated rapidly during consolidation. Only moderate tensile strengths were obtained, but short beam shear test and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated a good interfacial bonding between the matrix and the carbon fibers.Results•Grammatical features and voice: past tense;passive voice •Useful words: a good interfacial bonding between•Comment: Show the results of the study.Effect of surface treatment on thebioactivity of nickel-titanium•The thesis was presented by Wojciech Chrzanowski, Ensanya Ali Abou Neel,David Andrew Armitage, Jonathan Campbell Knowles, to the division of Biomaterials andtissue Engineering,UCL Eastman Dental Institute , DeMontfort University ,Leicester School of Pharmacy , The Silesian University of Technology ,Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,ul.•It came from 2008 Acta Materialia and was published by Elsevier Ltd.Introduction of the thesisMy major is material science and enginering, and I’m mainly engaged in biomedical materials research. As biomedical materials should be implanted into human’s body ,there are high requirements of their properties, such as bioactivity,mechanical properties ,corrossion resistance and so on. So I choose this thesis which is about bioactivity of nickel-titanium.BackgroundTitanium and its alloys have been important materials in the production of hard tissues for several years. This is as results of their mechanical properties (which are more favorable than those of stainless steel),very good tissue response and enhanced osseointegration .It is also possible to make the implant inert ,which is demonstrated to be important for retrieving the implant and reducing the adherence of soft tissues that could alter their functions. However,there is a considerable difference between the elastic properties of the metal compared to bone, and this difference plays a very important role during fracture healing for many types of fixations. It must be highlighted that it is not the mechanical properties of the material that are the most important but rather the properties of the entire construct which bears the load.Among the titanium alloys, one has exceptional mechanical ptoperties including superelastic properties and shape memory effects;this is the nominally equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy,and these properties may improve the performance of some devices.Background•Transitional words•Grammatical features and voice: present tense; present perfect; passive voice•Useful words:It is also possibledifference; plays a very important roleThe biological properties of Ni-Ti alloydifferent surface treatments.In this paper, the bioactive properties of Ni-Ti alloy after different surface treatmentsdifferent media (Hanks’ balanced salt solution, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and osteogenic). Evaluation performed on the basis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy studies after immersing samples for up to 24 h in the relevant media. Thiskinetics of Ca2+and Pmedia with surfaces.measured and the influence of heat treatment on phase transformation temperature and rate of nickel and titanium ion release was investigated.•Transitional words•Grammatical features and voice: past tense; passive voiceResultsThe most favorable bioactive properties were observed for simply ground Ni-Ti samples when evaluated in HBSS ,which showed similar properties to reference positive samples(Bioactive Ti). On the other hand, samples heat-treat at 600℃showed very low levels of precipitation of Ca and P. Most interestingly,evaluation in the media containing organic components(protein, vitamins, antibiotics and drugs) revealed that bioactivity for all the samples was at the sane lever(except for the reference negative)irrespective of the surface preparationmethod.(Results)•Transitional words•Grammatical features and voice: past tense; passive voiceConclusionsIt demonstrated thatrapidly ,forming a thin protein layer, and thisproperties of the samples, making them bioactive .No significant difference in kinetics of the CaNevertheless, further ion release and chemical composition evaluation revealed that alkali treatment and spark oxidationuseful for biomedical application due to very high levels of Ni in the top layer (alkali-treated) and high rate of Ni release(spark-oxidized and alkali-treated).•Grammatical features and voice: past tense; passive voice •Useful words:It demonstrated thatAdvantages & Disadvantages:•This abstract’s most parts use passive voice , which makes it more scientific and authentic. It is good for writing scientific literature because your researchbecomes convincing.•I think that the conclusion of the abstract isn’t clearly organized and isn’t concise.。
