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2021版ATA/AACE?甲亢和其他病因甲状腺毒症诊治指南?解读A、背景2021年6月美国甲状腺学会〔ATA)和临床内分泌学会(AACE)在?Thyroid?上联合发表有关甲亢和其他原因甲状腺毒症诊治指南，共形成100条建议。
同时，配发了来自欧洲、日本、韩国等国家和地区的专家述评。
两个机构此前一次诊治指南如下：n Singer PA, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients withhyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Standards of Care Committee,American Thyroid Association. JAMA. 1995; 273:808–12.n Baskin HJ, et al. American Association of ClinicalEndocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for theevaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002; 8:457–69.B、病因学诊断和对症处理n 对非GD甲状腺毒症患者应行碘-131摄取试验。
对结节性甲状腺病患者应加行甲状腺显像。
以下甲状腺毒症患者应给予β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂：a.有病症的老年患者b.静息状态下心率大于90次/分c.合并心血管疾病n 对于所有有病症的甲状腺毒症患者均可考虑使用β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂。
作用：减慢心率，降低收缩压，缓解肌肉乏力、震颤、精神过度兴奋、情绪不稳、运动耐力下降等C、显性GD的治疗显性GD的治疗方式可选择碘-131治疗、ATD治疗和甲状腺切除治疗中的任何一种。
选择时应充分考虑上述方法的适应症、禁忌症及相关影响因素、碘-131治疗优先n a.方案4-6月后妊娠的女性患者n b.存在增加手术风险的合并症n c.有手术或颈部外照射史n d.缺乏高通量甲状腺外科医生n e.存在ATD使用禁忌症ATD治疗优先n a.缓解可能性大者〔女性、病情轻度、甲状腺轻度肿大、TRAB阴性或滴度低〕n b.老年、存在增加手术风险的合并症或生存期有限n c.无法遵守辐射平安规定的护理人员n d.有手术或颈部外照射史n e.缺乏高通量甲状腺外科医生n f.中、重度活动性GO手术治疗优先n a.有压迫病症或巨大甲状腺肿〔≥80 g〕n b.摄碘率相对较低〔＜40%〕n c.疑心或已确诊甲状腺恶性肿瘤n d.无功能结节n e.伴发需要手术治疗的甲旁亢n f.方案在4-6月内妊娠者〔尤其是TRAB显著升高者〕n g.中、重度活动性GO禁忌症n 碘-131：妊娠、泌乳、伴发甲状腺癌、不能遵守辐射平安规定、方案在4-6月内妊娠n ATD：主要副作用n 手术：严重伴发疾病〔心功能减退、晚期癌症、衰竭〕；妊娠的第一、三阶段影响因素n 碘-131：注重根治甲亢、防止手术和ATD的潜在副作用；轻视终生甲状腺素替代、立即解除甲亢、GO 的发生和加重的潜在可能n ATD：注重缓解的可能和防止终生甲状腺素替代、手术和辐射；轻视ATD的潜在副作用、持续监测和复发可能n 手术：注重立即根治甲亢、防止辐射和ATD的潜在副作用；轻视手术风险和终生甲状腺素替代D、碘-131治疗GD治疗前准备n 对于由于甲亢加重〔病症突出或游离T4大于正常值上限2-3倍〕导致并发症发生风险增加者，应在碘-131治疗前给予β-肾上腺素能阻滞剂。
中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南——甲状腺结节中华医学会内分泌学分会《中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南》编写组一、概述甲状腺结节是指各种原因导致甲状腺内出现一个或多个组织结构异常的团块。
甲状腺结节在不同检查方法中的表现不同，如触诊发现的甲状腺结节为甲状腺区域内扪及的肿块；甲状腺超声检查发现的甲状腺结节为局灶性回声异常的区域。
两种检查方法的结果有时不一致，如体检时扪及到了甲状腺肿块，但甲状腺超声检查没有发现结节，或体检时没有触及甲状腺结节，而甲状腺超卢检查发现甲状腺结节存在。
甲状腺结节十分常见。
触诊发现一般人群甲状腺结节的患病率为３％一７％；而高清晰超声检查发现甲状腺结节的患病率达２０％一７０％。
甲状腺结节多为良性，恶性结节仅占甲状腺结节的５％左右。
甲状腺结节诊治的关键是鉴别良、恶性。
二、分类及病因１．增生性结节性甲状腺肿：碘摄入量过高或过低、食用致甲状腺肿的物质、服用致甲状腺肿药物或甲状腺激素合成酶缺陷等。
２。
肿瘤性结节：甲状腺良性腺瘤、甲状腺乳头状癌、滤泡细胞癌、Ｈｔｔｒｔｈｌｅ细胞癌、甲状腺髓样癌、未分化癌、淋巴瘤等甲状腺滤泡细胞和非滤泡细胞恶性肿瘤以及转移癌。
３．囊肿：结节性甲状腺肿、腺瘤退行性变和陈旧性出血伴囊性变、甲状腺癌囊性变、先天的甲状舌骨囊肿和第四鳃裂残余导致的囊肿。
４．炎症性结节：急性化脓性甲状腺炎、亚急性甲状腺炎、慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎均可以结节形式出现。
极少数情况下甲状腺结节为结核或梅毒所致。
三、临床表现绝大多数甲状腺结节患者没有临床症状，常常是通过体检或自身触摸或影像学检查发现。
当结节压迫周围组织时，可出现相应的临床表现，如声音嘶哑、憋气、吞咽困难等。
合并甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）时，可出现甲亢相应的临床表现，如心悸，多汗，手抖等。
详细的病史采集和伞面的体格检查对于评估甲状腺结节性质很重要。
病史采集的要点是患者的年龄、性别、有无头颈部放射线检查和治疗史、结节的大小及变化和增长的速度、有无局部症状、有无甲亢、甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）的症状，有无甲状腺肿瘤、甲状腺髓样癌或多发性内分泌腺瘤病２型（ＭＥＮ２型）、家族性多发性息肉病、Ｃｏｗｄｅｎ病和Ｇａｒｄｎｅｒ综合征等家族性疾病史等。
甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊疗指南甲状腺结节是一种临床常见病。
流行病学研究显示，生活在非缺碘地区的人群中，有5%的女性和1%的男性有可触及的甲状腺结节。
1996年，美国甲状腺学会(ATA)发布了甲状腺结节和甲状腺癌治疗指南，在过去的十年间，又有很多有关诊断和治疗甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的最新证据不断涌现。
为此,ATA 指定工作组,重新斟酌了当前这两种疾病的临床诊疗策略，并按循证医学原则制定了新版临床指南。
甲状腺结节甲状腺结节是一种可触及的甲状腺内孤立病变，超声检查可将其与周围的甲状腺组织区分开。
有些可触及病变并没有相应的影像学异常，而另一些不可触及的甲状腺结节则很容易在超声或其他可显示解剖结构的影像学分析中被发现。
不可触及的结节与相同大小的可触及结节的恶性概率相同。
通常来讲,仅需对直径>1 cm的结节进行评估，因为这些结节可能恶变。
当超声检查结果可疑，或患者有头颈部放射线照射史，或有甲状腺癌阳性家族史时，也应对直径<1 cm的结节进行评估。
发现患者有甲状腺结节后,应收集其完整病史并对甲状腺及邻近的颈部淋巴结做详细检查(图 1)。
一些相关病史，如因骨髓移植接受头颈部或全身放射线照射史、一级亲属甲状腺癌家族史、肿块快速生长和声嘶等病史均预示结节为恶性。
声带麻痹、结节同侧颈部淋巴结肿大并与周围组织相对固定等检查结果也提示结节可能为恶性。
当甲状腺结节的直径>1 cm时，应检查血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平。
如TSH 低下，则应行放射线核素甲状腺扫描，以确定结节为功能性结节、等功能结节(“温结节”)或无功能结节。
功能性结节极少为恶性，因此，无需对这类结节作细胞学评估。
如血清TSH未被抑制，应行诊断性甲状腺超声检查，该检查有助于明确：是否确实存在与可触及病变相吻合的结节，结节的囊性部分是否>50%，结节是否位于甲状腺后侧等问题。
后两种情况会降低细针抽吸活检(FNA)的精确度。
即便TSH升高，也建议行FNA，因为正常甲状腺组织与桥本甲状腺炎累及组织中结节的恶变率相似。
网络出版时间：２０１８－９－２５１０：１１ 网络出版地址：ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｋｎｓ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｎｅｔ／ｋｃｍｓ／ｄｅｔａｉｌ／３４．１０７３．Ｒ．２０１８０９２５．１０１１．０１１．ｈｔｍｌ超声引导下细针穿刺活检对甲状腺结节的诊断价值杜丹丹１，陈婷婷２，官伟宁１摘要：目的 探讨超声引导下细针穿刺活检（ｕｌｔｒａｓｏｕｎｄ ｇｕｉｄｅｄｆｉｎｅｎｅｅｄｌｅａｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎｂｉｏｐｓｙ，ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ）对甲状腺结节的诊断价值。
方法 回顾性分析２０１７年４月７日～２０１８年６月７日安徽医科大学第一附属医院行甲状腺结节手术的病例９１１例，术前行ＦＮＡＢ者２４８例（超声引导下１８１例，触摸法６７例），术后病理良性者８０例（超声引导下６９例，触摸法１１例），恶性者１６８例（超声引导下１１２例，触摸法５６例）。
以术后病理结果为标准，分析术前行ＦＮＡＢ的诊断符合率，比较ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ与触摸法ＦＮＡＢ分别对甲状腺结节的诊断符合率，进一步比较ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ对甲状腺结节直径＜１０ｍｍ组和≥１０ｍｍ组的诊断价值。
结果 术前行ＦＮＡＢ２４８例，与病理诊断结果符合１９０例，诊断符合率为７６ ６１％。
ＦＮＡＢ２４８例中，ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ１８１例，与病理诊断结果符合１６４例，诊断符合率９０ ６１％；触摸法ＦＮＡＢ６７例，与病理诊断结果符合２６例，诊断符合率３８ ８１％。
ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ对甲状腺结节的诊断符合率明显高于触摸法ＦＮＡＢ（Ｐ＜０ ００１）。
ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ对甲状腺结节的诊断敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为９１ ９６％、８８ ４１％、９２ ７９％、８７ １４％；ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ对于甲状腺结节直径＜１０ｍｍ组和≥１０ｍｍ组，上述指标差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ均＞０ ０５）。
结论 ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ是诊断甲状腺结节的一种高效方法，其诊断准确性明显高于触摸法ＦＮＡＢ。
ＵＳ ＦＮＡＢ对不同直径大小的甲状腺结节均有较好的诊断价值。
关键词：超声检查；活组织检查，细针；甲状腺结节；诊断中图分类号：Ｒ４４５ １；Ｒ５８１ ９ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１００１－７３９９（２０１８）０９－０９９３－０４ｄｏｉ：１０．１３３１５／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｃｊｃｅｐ．２０１８．０９．０１１接受日期：２０１８－０８－２９作者单位：１安徽医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤内科细胞室，合肥 ２３００２２２嘉兴学院第一附属医院内分泌科，嘉兴 ３１４０００作者简介：杜丹丹，女，主治医师。
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