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英文作文summary技巧下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!First of all, when writing a summary, you should read the original text carefully and understand the main ideas. Then, pick out the key points and important details. Don't include everything, just the most essential stuff.Another thing is to be concise. Use simple and clear language to express the main content. Avoid using complicated words or long sentences that might make it confusing.Also, it's important to focus on the overall message of the text. Don't get lost in small details that aren'treally relevant to the main idea. And make sure your summary makes sense and is easy to understand.Finally, always double-check your summary to make sure it accurately represents the original text and that there are no mistakes or omissions.。
英语作文summary模板及句型英文回答：Summary Writing Template:Introduction:Begin with a hook sentence that captures the reader's attention.State the main argument or purpose of the original text.Provide a brief overview of the text's structure and organization.Body Paragraphs:For each main point in the original text, create a separate body paragraph.Start with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point.Support the topic sentence with evidence and analysis from the original text.Use specific examples, quotations, or paraphrases to demonstrate the author's arguments.Provide transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of the original text.Restate the main argument or purpose of the text.Conclude with a final thought or reflection on the significance of the original text.Phrases for Summarizing:To introduce the original text:The author argues that...The text examines...The central idea of the text is...To state main points:The first main point is...Another important point made by the author is...A key argument presented in the text is...To provide evidence:For instance, the author writes...As evidence, the text provides...The author illustrates this point with the example of...To conclude:In conclusion, the text argues that...The author's main point is...The text effectively demonstrates...中文回答：摘要写作模板：引言：以吸引读者注意力的主题句开头。
summary的写法summar y的写法 1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。
认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。
尽量简短，精炼。
段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。
有时也会变态的在当中。
3.概括主旨写出文章的t hesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。
（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给s ummar起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是t he autho r…….）。
接着写出要阐述的ma in ideas（主要观点）和s upportin g points（对主要观点的支持）。
3.词汇运用注意概述的oher ene（连贯性），运用好tran sition o rds（过渡词）,like h oever, f urthermo re, none theless,besides, theref ore et.4.删除细节只保留主要观点。
5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
“ H e as har d up for mone an d as bei ng press ed b his reditor.”可以概括为：“He as in f inanialdiffiult ies.”“H is ourag e in bat tle migh t ithout exagger ation bealled l ion-like.”可以概括为：”Heas ver b rave inbattle.”“He as h ard up f or moneand as b eing pre ssed b h is redit or.”可以概括为：“H e as infinanial diffiul ties.”6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
Summary的写作技巧和常见句型在学术写作中，Summary（摘要）是非常重要的一部分，它旨在概括全文的主要内容，帮助读者快速了解文章的核心观点和结论。
然而，要写出一个准确、简洁且有说服力的Summary，并不是一件容易的事情。
为了帮助大家更好地掌握Summary的写作技巧，本文将介绍一些常见的句型和注意事项。
首先，一个好的Summary应该具备以下几个特点：准确、简明、全面、没有冗余内容。
为了达到这些目标，作者在写Summary时应该注意以下几点：首先，明确文章的主题和主旨。
在写Summary之前，作者应该先阅读全文，确保自己对文章的主题和主旨有清晰的理解。
只有了解了文章的核心内容，才能写出一个贴切的Summary。
其次，使用简练的语言。
Summary的长度通常在100-300个词左右，因此作者需要在有限的字数内尽可能全面地概括文章的内容。
为了达到简明扼要的效果，作者可以避免使用冗长的句子和复杂的词汇，尽量用简单清晰的语言表达。
同时，避免引入新的信息。
虽然Summary的目的是总结全文内容，但并不意味着作者要在Summary中引入新的信息或观点。
作者应该把精力集中在概括文章的主要内容上，避免在Summary中涉及到全文的细节或讨论。
此外，注意使用一些常见的句型来连接句子，使Summary更加连贯和流畅。
以下是一些常用的句型：1. Overall, the article/book/paper gives a detailed analysis of...2. In conclusion, the author argues that...3. The study provides valuable insights into...4. From the findings/results, it can be inferred that...5. The research sheds light on the importance of...6. In summary, the main idea of the article is...总之，写Summary并不是难事，关键在于把握好文章的主题和主要内容，使用简练清晰的语言进行概括。
我只找到这些了，你最好还是去学校的图书馆找本写作书书看看吧，里面应该有很多简短的summary范文。
字数最好不要太多，150~200个单词就行了，大概占原文篇幅的1/4。
Summary 常用句式1.This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about……2.This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/……3.In this passage (about ……), the author ……4.In this passage about ……, the author ……5.The author began the essay/ passage by telling/ presenting……6.First/Firstly/ In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)……7.Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on with……8.Finally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/ stresses that……9.Finally, the author summarizes that ……二、常见句型1）This paper deals with..2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc).3）This essay presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ..8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes..17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23)This article explores...24)This paper expresses views on...25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...26)This paper explains the procedures for...¬27)This paper develops the theory of ..28)This article reviews the techniques used in...29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30)This article is about...31)This essay is related to ...32)This paper concerns...33)This paper gives an account of ...34)This article tells of...35)This paper tries to describe...36)This paper provides an analysis of ...37)This paper reports the latest information on ..38)The author of this article reviews..39)The writer of this paper discusses...40)The writer of this essay tries to explore...41)The aim of this paper is to determine..42)The purpose of this article is to review...43)The objective of this paper is to explore...破题用语，一般有：①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something……②This article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)something…….③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….④The purpose of this article is to determine something…….⑤The problem of something is discussed …….结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….②This article shows that…….③It is suggested that…….④The author's suggestion (or:conclusion )is that ……⑤The author finds it necessary to …….Useful Transitions and Transitional Phrases Introduction to a Topic as for, concerning, with regard to, with respect to, in terms ofTo Summarize in all, in a word, in brief, briefly, in other words, in short, in summary, that is, finally, generally, in conclusion, on the whole, therefore, to sum up, to conclude, and so, this shows, thus we seeTo Compare by comparison, here again, in the same way, in a similar manner, likewise, similarly, so too, as, also, equally, accordingly, moreover, as well, andTo Contrast conversely, however, instead (of), in spite of that, anyhow, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, still, yet, nevertheless, in contrast, notwithstanding, in spite of this, although, but, despite, even thoughTo Show Cause and Effect accordingly, as a consequence, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, it follows that, so/so that, then, therefore, thus, thereuponTo Explain actually, admittedly, because, certainly, for example, in fact, indeed, really of course, since, that is, for instance, namely, specifically, such as, to illustrate, in particular, in this manner, thusTo Show Conviction after all, at least, at the same time, apparently, even so, evidently, certainly, conceivably, conclusively, doubtless, no doubt, perhaps, possibly, presumably, probably, surely, undoubtedlyTo Show Various Conditions in this event, in these circumstances, this (that) being so, provided that,in spite of, none/nevertheless, at the same time, even if, if, unless, otherwise, although, even though, though, despiteTo Add Information add to this, again, also, besides, equally, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, once more, then too, too, yet again, yet another, and, as well, beyond that, even, next, similarlyTo Show Chronological Order after that, afterwards, later, shortly, subsequently, concurrently, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, now, simultaneously, when/while/was, first, second, etc., formerly, earlier, previously, before that, then, already, at last, at length, by that time, finally, during, immediately, next, soon, still, in the interim, presently, at the same time, in the end, temporarily, thereafterTo Show Concession admittedly, after all, all the same, at any rate, granted, however, in any case, in spite of, it is true that, nevertheless, obviously, of course, still, to be sureLocation above, below, beyond, farther, further, here, nearby, opposite, there, to t。
英文作文的summary下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I really like this movie. It has a great story and amazing special effects. The characters are so real and you can feel their emotions. The action scenes are really exciting. It's one of the best movies I've seen.This book is so interesting. It makes you think about things in a different way. The writing is beautiful and it really draws you in. You can't put it down once you start reading. It's a must-read for everyone.That concert was amazing. The music was so powerful and it filled the whole arena. The band was really talented and they put on a great show. Everyone was dancing and having a great time. It was an unforgettable night.。
Original：My neighbor’s children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper.One afternoon， they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie， had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away。
Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked。
Soon realizing what he had done， he became frightened and started crying。
Meanwhile， Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother’s cries。
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==summary范例篇一：英文summary写作范例ArticleChildren Must be Taught to Tell Right from WrongWilliam KilpatrickMany of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “chara cter education. (品格教育)” Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that studentswill arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in tee(来自:WwW. : summary范例 )n drug use and sexual activity in the first place.Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄)out dated “feel-good” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murderis not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) o f “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.SampleSummary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”In his essay “,” fervently that the approach to the moral education of American youth, which replaced “character education” 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordancewith the traditional moral principles that are fundamental toAmerican society.subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even about what should be clearlyright or wrong.are the unexpected outcomes of that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating . that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.emphasizing practice instead of discussion.篇二：Summary范例Source 1Title: Global Catastrophes: A very short IntroductionAuthor: Bill McGuireSource: Oxford University Press, 201XPage: 125Global warming is about much more than hotter summers, winter floods, and farting cows. There is absolutely no question that the earth is warming up fast, and few climate scientists would argue with this.The dispute lies in whether or not the warming we are nowexperiencing simply reflects a natural turnabout in the recent global temperature trend or results from the polluting impact of human activities since the industrial revolution really began to take hold.Source 2Title: Global Warming & Its EffectsAuthor: Nicolas DallevaSource: [accessed March 28, 201X]A combination of various actions and, in some cases, not enoughaction causes global warming in the world today. The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, along with the other greenhouse gases of methane, nitrous oxide, and。
SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念，然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面。
关键看你要写多少字，概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括。
最后就是总结了。
有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样，但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候，读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details.main idea说明文章的主旨,作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。
如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”，而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字.而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字—500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨.语言上要求尽量简炼.摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写.科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容.书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词.摘要分陈述性的(Deｓｃｒｉｐｔive）和资料性的(Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容. 它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考.二、常见句型1）This paper deals with.。
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==如何写summary范例篇一：summary怎么写它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有： 1）This paper deals with... 2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc)... 3）This eassy presents knowledge that... 4）This thesis discusses... 5）This thesis analyzes... 6）This paper provides an overview of... 7)This paper elaborates on ... 8）This article gives an overview of... 9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning... 11)This paper presents up to date information on... 12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including... 14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes... 16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests... 18)This paper considers... 19)This paper provides a method of ... 20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze..21)This paper offers the latest information regarding... 22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of... 23)This article explores... 24)This paper expresses views on... 25)This paperreflects the state of the art in... 26)This paper explains the procedures for... 27)This paper develops the theory of ...篇二：英文读写summary范文The su mmary of “Nice Guys (AndGirls) Finish Together”In Nicholas D.Kristof’s “Nice Guys (And Girls) Finish Together”, which first appeared in the New York Times Magazine in 1997, he asserts that it is commendable that Japanese still value theircivility, but in face of globalization, they should abandon the obsession with egalitarianism. Giving the game “musical chair”,once played by Japanese and American children as an example, he revealsan evidence of the cultural differences between Japanese and American. The former lays more emphasis on the balance of people’srelationship rather than on individual performance, while the latter tends to struggle for winning, even in some impolite manners.Kristof describes a harmonious social environment in Japan. Formality and politeness can be seen everywhere in Japan. Kristof do not deny the wide existence of competitions in Japanese society, but hereveals that, from the perspectives of Japanese,the results of competitions aretrivial. Japanese actually are egalitarians. Theyhope that everyonecan play an equal part rather than become a superstar. They don’t recognize individual excellence but compromise to dull performance.On the contrary, the team spirit and group consciousness, cultivated from the birth of Japanese, are given great value.The depression of the economy in Japan is associated with Japanese’s negative and conservative attitudes. Japanese are too much scared of making trouble. Even in business, Japanese subjectively ignore the existence of differences and concerned too much about others’ criticism. This cause some loss of profit. Also, the obsession of egalitarianism leads to a situation where only positive voice can be heard.Kristof connects this phenomenon to the fact that Japan is too populated. He asserts that in such situations, no one can survive if not take enough account for others.Theauthor indicates the present situation of Japanese society. Japanese is making attempt to eliminate the obsessionwith harmony. Workers, companies are driven to struggle for their benefits and concern for their future. All these attempts are leading japan to a more prosperous country. On the other hand, the young Japaneseare getting more aggressive and ambitious. They become more eager for winning. Despite of some loss of civility, the author still holds a positive attitude towards this change and he owes it to the influence of globalization.篇三：怎么写SUMMARY怎么写ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ概要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
它用最简洁的语言概括了摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
）32）写作；（写摘要主要包括三个步骤：原文的主题。
（1）阅读；（修改成文。
第一步：阅读．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅A 读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或B 主题句往往出也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
短句子作为标题。
现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重C 要部分的主要观点进行概括。
主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要．简要地记下主要观点——D 重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原A. 文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
B.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
C.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需D. 翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
/ 119写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：E.删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
1)个或更多的例子，你只需52) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括从中筛选一至二个例子。
把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某3) 事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
可能会重复论证说明。
为了强调某个主题，避免重复。
在原文中，4) 但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：5)like.”“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-”He was very brave in battle.”可以概括为：“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”“He was in financial difficulties.”可以概括为：你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
请看下面的例子：6) “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages,holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train andbus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”/ 219”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a 可以概括为：few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：7)“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.””She brought home a lot of books to read during the 可以概括为：vocation.”，使用最短的连接词。
比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though）8 at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the 不能使用等较长的连接词。
通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词other hand的效果。
文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把9) 大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use too much salt on your food, it's not good for you!”Paul put down his knife and—Paulfrowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn't have salt on your food it would just imagine bread without taste awful…like eating cardboard or sand…salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!”Kate was patient. She didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said/ 319firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do harm to Paul's health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。
首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。
其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。
第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。
最后，保持语言简单明了。
经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。
ArticleChildren Must be Taught to Tell Right from WrongWilliam KilpatrickMany of today's young people have a difficult time seeing any) to their actions. There are a number of道德层面moral dimension ( / 4 19reasons why that's true, but none more prominent than a failedsystem of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,”was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. (品格教育)”Character education didn't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.5 / 19For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- toninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged byvalues-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can't do anything bad.Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from thenon-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的),as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two andone-half decades. Many of today's drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.6 / 19Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated “feel-good”approaches, New York, Washington, and LosAngeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of “decision-making”and “non-judgmentalism”to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.SampleSummary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”In his essay “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong,”William Kilpatrick argues fervently that the “decision-making”approach to the moral education of American youth, which7 / 19replaced “character education”25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with thetraditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society.According to Kilpatrick, decision-making methods instill in studentsa wrong belief that all norms of morality are subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even questioned. This belief deprives them of the chance to secure solid moral standards and induces misconceptions about what should be clearly right or wrong.In parallel with this inadequacy of the “decision-making”approachare the unexpected outcomes of those values-education programs focusing on students' self-esteem that subscribe to the“non-judgmental”mindset dominating “decision-making”curriculums. Their mistaken assumption that feeling good warrantsmorality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.8 / 19Basing his conclusion on his analysis of the fundamental flaws ofthe decision-making approach, Kilpatrick finally proposes animmediate shift back to character education which he believes teaches morality more effectively by emphasizing practice instead of discussion.常用句式Summary……1.This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about ……2. This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/ ……In this passage (about ……), the author 3.……, the author 4.In this passage about ……telling/ passage by began The author the essay/ 5. presenting……author the first beginning/In the part, 6.First/Firstly/ In the……argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)the part/ In next Further on/ Then/ In the 7.Secondly/ Next/ main part, the author goes on with……adds/ concludes/ the author conclusion/, 8.Finally/ As astresses that…………9.Finally, the author summarizes that / 9 19二、常见句型1）This paper deals with..2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc).3）This essay presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ..8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...10 / 1915)This paper strongly emphasizes..17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...23)This article explores...24)This paper expresses views on...25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...26)This paper explains the procedures for...?27)This paper develops the theory of ..28)This article reviews the techniques used in...29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...30)This article is about...31)This essay is related to ...11 / 1932)This paper concerns...33)This paper gives an account of ...34)This article tells of...35)This paper tries to describe...36)This paper provides an analysis of ...37)This paper reports the latest information on ..38)The author of this article reviews..39)The writer of this paper discusses...40)The writer of this essay tries to explore...41)The aim of this paper is to determine..42)The purpose of this article is to review...43)The objective of this paper is to explore...破题用语，一般有：①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something……②This article reviews (or:reports,tells of,isabout,concerns)something…….12 / 19③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….④The purpose of this article is to determine something…….⑤The problem of something is discussed …….结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….②This article shows that…….③It is suggested that…….④The author's suggestion (or:conclusion )is that ……⑤The author finds it necessary to …….Useful Transitions and Transitional Phrases Introduction as for, concerning, with regard to, with respect to a Topic to, in terms ofin all, in a word, in brief, briefly, in other words,Toin short, in summary, that is, finally, generally, in Summarize conclusion, on the whole, therefore, to sum up,to conclude, and so, this shows, thus we see13 / 19by comparison, here again, in the same way, in a similar manner, likewise, similarly, so too, as,To Comparealso, equally, accordingly, moreover, as well, and conversely, however, instead (of), in spite ofthat, anyhow, on the contrary, on the otherhand, otherwise, rather than, still, yet,To Contrastnevertheless, in contrast, notwithstanding, inspite of this, although, but, despite, even though accordingly, as a consequence, as a result,To Show consequently, for this reason, hence, it followsCause andEffect that, so/so that, then, therefore, thus, thereupon actually, admittedly, because, certainly, forexample, in fact, indeed, really of course, since,To Explain that is, for instance, namely, specifically, such as,to illustrate, in particular, in this manner, thusafter all, at least, at the same time, apparently,To Showeven so, evidently, certainly, conceivably,Conviction conclusively, doubtless, no doubt, perhaps,/ 14 19possibly, presumably, probably, surely, undoubtedlyin this event, in these circumstances, this (that)being so, provided that, in spite of,To Shownone/nevertheless, at the same time, even if, if,Variousunless, otherwise, although, even though,Conditionsthough, despiteadd to this, again, also, besides, equally, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, once more,To Addthen too, too, yet again, yet another, and, asInformationwell, beyond that, even, next, similarlyafter that, afterwards, later, shortly,subsequently, concurrently, in the meantime, inthe meanwhile, now, simultaneously,To Showwhen/while/was, first, second, etc., formerly,Chronologiearlier, previously, before that, then, already, at al Orderlast, at length, by that time, finally, during,immediately, next, soon, still, in the interim,presently, at the same time, in the end,/ 15 19temporarily, thereafteradmittedly, after all, all the same, at any rate,granted, however, in any case, in spite of, it isTo Showtrue that, nevertheless, obviously, of course, still, Concessionto be sureabove, below, beyond, farther, further, here,Location nearby, opposite, there, to tIn the distant past, many people thought bats had magical powers, but times have changed. Today, many people believe that bats are rodents, that they cannot see, and that they are more likely than other animals to carry rabies. All of these beliefs are mistaken. Bats are not rodents, are not blind, and are no more likely than dogs and cats to transmit rabies. Bats, in fact, are among the least understood and least appreciated of animals.Bats are not rodents with wings, contrary to popular belief. Like all rodents, bats are mammals, but they have a skeleton similar to the human skeleton. The bones in bat wings are much likethose in arms and the human hand, with a thumb and four/ 16 19fingers. In bats, the bones of the arms and the four fingers of the hands are very long. This bone structure helps support the web of skin that stretches from the body to the ends of the fingers to form wings.Although bats cannot see colors, they have good vision in both dim and bright light. Since most bats stay in darkness during the day and do their feeding at night, they do not use their vision to maneuver in the dark but use a process called echolocation. This process enables bats to emit sounds from their mouths that bounce off objects and allow them to avoid the objects when flying. They use this system to locate flying insects to feed on as well. Typically, insect-eating bats emerge at dusk and fly to streams or ponds where they feed.They catch the insects on their wingtip or tail membrane and fling them into their mouths while flying.There are about 1,000 species of bat, ranging in size from the bumblebee bat, which is about an inch long, to the flying fox, which is sixteen inches long and has a wingspan of five feet. Each type of bat has a specialized diet. For seventy percent of bats, the diet is insects. Other types of bats feed on flowers, 17 / 19pollen, nectar, and fruit or on small animals such as birds, mice, lizards, and frogs.One species of bat feeds on the blood of large mammals. This is the common vampire bat, which lives only in Latin America and is probably best known for feeding on the blood of cattle. Unfortunately, in an attempt to control vampire bat populations, farmers have unintentionally killed thousands of beneficial fruit-and insect-eating bats as well.Bats, in fact, perform a number of valuable functions. Their greatest economic value is in eliminating insect pests. Insect-eating bats can catch six hundred mosquitoes in an hour and eat half their body weight in insects every night. In many tropical rain forests, fruiteating bats are the main means of spreading the seeds of tropical fruits. Nectar-feeding bats pollinate a number of tropical plants. If it were not for bats, we might not have peaches, bananas, mangoes, guavas, figs, or dates.Today, the survival of many bat species is uncertain. Sixty percent of bats do not survive past infancy. Some are killed by predators such as owls, hawks, snakes and other meat-eating 18 / 19creatures, but most are victims of pesticides and other human intrusions. InCarlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, where there were once eight million bats, there are now a quarter million.At Eagle Creek, Arizona, the bat population dropped from thirty million to thirty thousand in six years.Bats often have been burdened with a bad reputation, perhaps because they are not the warm, cuddly sort of animal. we love to love. However, their unusual physical features should not lead us to overestimate their harm or to underestimate their value.19 / 19。
