实验室实验流程英文

临床检测实验室流程## In English.### Clinical Laboratory Workflow.The clinical laboratory workflow is a complex process that involves multiple steps, from the initial collection of the specimen to the final reporting of results. The workflow must be efficient and accurate to ensure that patients receive the correct results in a timely manner.The following are the key steps in the clinical laboratory workflow:1. Specimen Collection: The first step in the clinical laboratory workflow is the collection of the specimen. This can be done by a variety of methods, depending on the type of test being performed. For example, blood specimens are typically collected by venipuncture, while urine specimens are collected by midstream collection.2. Specimen Transport: Once the specimen has been collected, it must be transported to the laboratory. This must be done in a way that preserves the integrity of the specimen. For example, blood specimens must be transported in a refrigerated container.3. Specimen Processing: Once the specimen has arrived at the laboratory, it must be processed. This may involve a variety of steps, such as centrifugation, aliquotting, and dilution.4. Test Selection: The next step is to select the appropriate test or tests to be performed on the specimen. This decision is typically made by a pathologist or laboratory director.5. Test Performance: The selected tests are then performed on the specimen. This may involve a variety of techniques, such as microscopy, culture, and molecular diagnostics.6. Result Interpretation: Once the tests have been performed, the results must be interpreted. This istypically done by a pathologist or laboratory director.7. Result Reporting: The final step in the clinical laboratory workflow is the reporting of results. This canbe done in a variety of ways, such as by mail, fax, or electronic transmission.The clinical laboratory workflow is a critical part of the healthcare system. By following a standardized workflow, laboratories can ensure that patients receive the correct results in a timely manner.## In Chinese.### 临床检测实验室流程。

荧光原位杂交实验流程英文Alright, here's a casual and conversational description of the Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) experiment process in English:First up, let's start with preparing the slides. You'll need to fix the cells on the slides and make sure they're ready for hybridization. Think of it like setting the stage for a big show!Once the slides are ready, it's time to denature the DNA. This is a bit like unlocking the secrets within the cells' nuclei. You'll use chemicals to loosen up the DNA strands, making them accessible for the next step.Now, let's get to the hybridization part. This is where you add the fluorescent probes that will bind to specific sequences in the DNA. Imagine these probes as keys that fit into specific locks on the DNA strands.After hybridization, you'll need to wash off any unbound probes. This step is crucial to make sure you only see the signal from the probes that have actually bound to the target DNA. Think of it as clearing away the distractions.And finally, we get to the exciting part visualization! You'll use a microscope to see the fluorescent signals.It's like exploring a galaxy of colors within the cells. Each color represents a different sequence, allowing you to map out the genome in a whole new way.So there you have it, a casual walkthrough of the FISH experiment process.。

一、ChIP实验步骤第一天：（一）、细胞的甲醛交联与超声破碎。

1、取出1平皿细胞（10cm平皿），加入243ul 37％甲醛，使得甲醛的终浓度为1％。

（培养基共有9ml）2、37摄氏度孵育10min。

3、终止交联：加甘氨酸至终浓度为0.125M。

450ul 2.5M甘氨酸于平皿中。

混匀后，在室温下放置5min即可。

4、吸尽培养基，用冰冷的PBS清洗细胞2次。

5、细胞刮刀收集细胞于15ml离心管中（PBS依次为5ml，3ml和3ml）。

预冷后2000rpm 5min 收集细胞。

6、倒去上清。

按照细胞量，加入SDS Lysis Buffer。

使得细胞终浓度为每200ul 含2×106个细胞。

这样每100ul溶液含1×106个细胞。

再加入蛋白酶抑制剂复合物。

假设MCF7长满板为5×106个细胞。

本次细胞长得约为80％。

即为4×106个细胞。

因此每管加入400ul SDS Lysis Buffer。

将2管混在一起，共800ul。

7、超声破碎：VCX750，25％功率，4.5S冲击，9S间隙。

共14次。

（二）、除杂及抗体哺育。

8、超声破碎结束后，10，000g 4度离心10min。

去除不溶物质。

留取300ul做实验，其余保存于－80度。

300ul中，100ul加抗体做为实验组；100ul不加抗体做为对照组；100ul加入4ul 5M NaCl （NaCl 终浓度为0.2M），65度处理3h解交联，跑电泳，检测超声破碎的效果。

9、在100ul的超声破碎产物中，加入900ul ChIP Dilution Buffer和20ul的50×PIC。

再各加入60ul Protein A Agarose/Salmon Sperm DNA。

4度颠转混匀1h。

10、1h后，在4度静置10min 沉淀，700rpm离心1min。

11、取上清。

各留取20ul做为input。

实验室教学服务流程英文回答：Laboratory Teaching Service Process.1. Pre-Laboratory Preparation.Review the laboratory manual and materials.Prepare any necessary reagents and equipment.Set up the laboratory space.2. Laboratory Session.Introduce the experiment and its objectives.Demonstrate the necessary procedures.Supervise students as they conduct the experiment.Answer questions and provide guidance.3. Post-Laboratory Activities.Collect student data and observations.Review and discuss the results.Assign follow-up assignments or readings.4. Maintenance and Safety.Clean and maintain laboratory equipment. Ensure compliance with safety regulations. Dispose of hazardous materials properly. Chinese回答：实验室教学服务流程。

1. 课前准备。

审查实验室手册和材料。

准备必要的试剂和设备。

布置实验室空间。

2. 实验室环节。

介绍实验和目标。

演示必要的程序。

监督学生进行实验。

答疑解惑，提供指导。

3. 课后活动。

收集学生数据和观察结果。

审查和讨论结果。

布置后续作业或阅读材料。

Introduction:Experimentation is an essential part of the scientific method and a fundamental aspect of high school science education. This guide provides a detailed step-by-step procedure for a typical high school chemistry experiment. The experiment chosen for this example is the preparation of a copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate from anhydrous copper(II) sulfate. This experiment not only demonstrates the principles of crystallization but also teaches students about the importance of precision and safety in laboratory work.Materials:1. Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4)2. Distilled water3. Beaker4. Stirring rod5. Evaporating dish6. Heat source (Bunsen burner or hot plate)7. Glass funnel8. Filter paper9. Test tube10. Pipette11. Safety goggles12. Lab coat13. Gloves14. MicroscopeProcedure:1. Safety Precautions:a. Put on safety goggles and lab coat.b. Wear gloves to protect your hands from chemicals.c. Ensure the laboratory is well-ventilated.2. Weighing the Anhydrous Copper(II) Sulfate:a. Using a balance, accurately weigh 2.5 grams of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.b. Transfer the weighed substance into a beaker.3. Dissolving the Anhydrous Copper(II) Sulfate:a. Add 25 mL of distilled water to the beaker containing the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate.b. Stir the mixture using a stirring rod until the solid iscompletely dissolved in the water.c. It is important to ensure that the solution is clear and no undissolved particles remain.4. Heating the Solution:a. Place the beaker on a heat source, such as a Bunsen burner or hot plate.b. Heat the solution gently, while stirring continuously, until the temperature reaches approximately 60°C.c. Maintain the temperature at around 60°C for about 5 minutes to ensure complete dissolution.5. Evaporation:a. Remove the beaker from the heat source.b. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature.c. Once the solution has cooled, place the beaker on a heat-resistant surface.d. Evaporate the solution by gently heating it with a heat source until only a few milliliters of liquid remain in the beaker.6. Crystallization:a. Remove the beaker from the heat source and allow the remaining liquid to cool to room temperature.b. Observe the solution under a microscope to confirm the formation of crystals.c. Once crystals have formed, filter the solution using a glass funnel and filter paper.d. Collect the crystals on the filter paper and allow them to dry in a well-ventilated area.7. Analysis:a. Once the crystals are dry, weigh them using a balance.b. Compare the weight of the crystals to the initial weight of the anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to determine the purity of the product.c. If necessary, repeat the crystallization process to improve the purity of the product.8. Clean Up:a. Dispose of the remaining solution according to the school's chemical waste disposal guidelines.b. Clean the beaker, stirring rod, and any other equipment used in the experiment.c. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.Conclusion:The preparation of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate from anhydrouscopper(II) sulfate is a practical experiment that demonstrates the principles of crystallization and the importance of precision and safetyin laboratory work. By following the detailed steps outlined in this guide, students can gain a better understanding of the scientific method and the process of chemical synthesis. Remember to always prioritize safety and adhere to the guidelines provided by your instructor or laboratory supervisor.。

做一个实验的具体流程Before conducting an experiment, it is important to first identify the specific question or problem the experiment aims to address. 在进行实验之前，首先要确定实验的具体问题或目标。

Once the problem has been clearly defined, the next step is to design the experiment and develop a clear and detailed procedure. 一旦问题明确定义，下一步是设计实验并制定一个清晰详细的程序。

This procedure should include a step-by-step outline of the materials and equipment needed, as well as the specific steps that will be taken to carry out the experiment. 这个程序应该包括需要的材料和设备的逐步概要，以及实施实验所需的具体步骤。

Next, it is important to consider the ethical implications of the experiment and ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner. 接下来，重要的是考虑实验的伦理意义，并确保研究以负责任和尊重的方式进行。

This means obtaining the necessary permissions and approvals, and taking measures to minimize any potential harm or discomfort to any subjects or participants involved in the experiment. 这意味着获得必要的许可和批准，并采取措施尽量减少实验中任何受试者或参与者可能遭受的任何潜在伤害或不适。

Laboratory RegulationsTo ensure the lab safety and the well organization of experiments, all students are required to follow carefully the procedure and rules given in the instructions below.1. Pre-work(i) Pick up an experiment subject.(ii) Make a experiment scheme and get approvals from related lecturers.(iii) Hand in the final experiment plan to Simon Yao Zhu three days ahead of time.2.During the laboratory work.(i) Be on time.(ii) Snacks, drinks, source ignition and other articles not required during practical work must not be brought into laboratories.(iii) Laboratory coasts and safety equipments are to be worn in the laboratories at all times(iv) You are not allowed to carry out any operations without the lecturer’s permission. Unauthorized work of any kind in the laboratories is strictly forbidden.(v) Do not rush and play pranks in the laboratory. It is expressly forbidden to remove any chemicals or apparatus without the lecturer’s permission. If you need to, obtain your lecture’s permission first.(vi) Do not leave a laboratory experiment unattended without first consulting your lecturer. If you have to, turn off the water, and electricity whenever you leave your work. For some experiments that can not be interrupted , be sure that there is someone to take over your work. It is expressly stressed that for some experiments which involve long time span, like bio experiments, you need to mark and protect your apparatus and experiment object.（vii）Take related records during the experiment. Any falsifications of data are strictly forbidden.3. After Work(i) Students are responsible for the cleanliness of their work benches, which should be left clean, dry at the end of the practical period. All experiment waste should be disposed off per the guideline given by the lecturer or lab supervisor. You can not leave the laboratory without the lecturer’s permission.(ii) Study your experiment results and make a research report.4. Others(i) Notify the instructor immediately in case of an accident.(ii) If you find any equipment failures or damages, or break an equipment, report it immediately to your lecturer or lab supervisor. Never try to fix the problem yourself or to cover the problem.(iii) Keep the laboratory ventilated unless it affects your experiment.(iv) Try not to change your fixed experiment scheme if it’s not necessary. Special occasions should be discussed first. You are not encouraged to change your experiment subject halfway.。

简单的小实验流程英文流程English:For a simple experimental procedure, begin by clearly defining the objective or hypothesis you aim to test. Next, gather all necessary materials and equipment, ensuring they are properly calibrated and ready for use. Prepare a detailed step-by-step protocol outlining each action required to execute the experiment, including measurements, observations, and any specific procedures. Prioritize safety by identifying potential hazards and implementing appropriate precautions, such as wearing protective gear or working in a controlled environment. Once the protocol is established, conduct a trial run to familiarize yourself with the procedure and identify any potential issues or areas for improvement. Adjust the protocol as needed based on the trial run results. When ready, proceed with the actual experiment, carefully following the established protocol and recording all data accurately. After completing the experiment, analyze the results to draw conclusions and evaluate whether they support or refute the initial hypothesis. Finally, document the entire process, including any modifications made during the experiment, for future reference and replication.Translated content:对于一个简单的实验流程，首先要明确定义您想要测试的目标或假设。

DNA测序实验室工作流程指南英文版DNA Sequencing Laboratory Workflow GuideWelcome to the DNA sequencing laboratory! This guide will outline the step-by-step process of how we conduct our sequencing experiments.Sample Preparation1. Collect the DNA samples from the designated storage area.2. Quantify the DNA concentration using a spectrophotometer.3. Dilute the DNA samples to the required concentration for sequencing.Library Preparation1. Fragment the DNA samples using sonication or enzymatic digestion.2. End repair and A-tailing of the DNA fragments.3. Adapter ligation to the DNA fragments.4. PCR amplification of the DNA library.Quality Control1. Check the size distribution of the DNA fragments using a bioanalyzer.2. Quantify the DNA library concentration.3. Verify the quality of the library through sequencing a small portion of the samples.Sequencing1. Load the DNA library onto the sequencing platform according to the manufacturer's instructions.2. Start the sequencing run and monitor the progress.3. Retrieve the raw sequencing data for further analysis.Data Analysis1. Trim and filter the raw sequencing data to remove low-quality reads.2. Align the reads to a reference genome or assemble them de novo.3. Identify genetic variants, mutations, or other relevant information in the sequenced DNA.Results Interpretation1. Analyze the generated data to draw conclusions about the genetic information present in the DNA samples.2. Compare the results with existing databases or literature to validate findings.3. Prepare a report summarizing the findings and implications of the sequencing experiment.ConclusionBy following this workflow guide, you will be able to efficiently conduct DNA sequencing experiments in the laboratory. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out to the laboratory supervisor or designated personnel. Happy sequencing!。

检验科pcr实验室检验流程英文回答：PCR Laboratory Testing Process in Clinical Laboratory.Pre-Analytical Phase.Specimen collection: Collect respiratory specimens (nasopharyngeal swab, oropharyngeal swab, sputum, etc.) and non-respiratory specimens (blood, urine, stool, etc.) according to the laboratory's protocols and guidelines.Specimen transport: Transport specimens to the laboratory within the recommended time frame and temperature requirements.Specimen accessioning: Log the specimen in the laboratory information system (LIS) and assign a unique identifier.Specimen processing: Prepare the specimen for PCR testing, which may involve nucleic acid extraction, purification, and concentration.Analytical Phase.PCR setup: Prepare the PCR reaction mixture containing the extracted nucleic acid, PCR primers, PCR master mix, and necessary reagents.PCR amplification: Perform PCR amplification using a thermal cycler to amplify the target nucleic acid sequence.PCR detection: Detect the amplified DNA using real-time PCR or endpoint PCR.Data analysis: Interpret the PCR results based on the amplification curves or endpoint fluorescence measurements.Post-Analytical Phase.Result reporting: Report the PCR results in the LIS,which are then reviewed and authorized by a pathologist or other qualified healthcare professional.Result interpretation: Clinicians interpret the PCR results in conjunction with other clinical information to determine the presence or absence of infection.Specimen disposal: Dispose of specimens and biohazardous materials according to laboratory protocols and regulatory guidelines.Quality Control and Assurance.Establish and maintain a comprehensive quality control program to ensure the accuracy and reliability of PCR testing.Use positive and negative controls in each PCR run to monitor performance.Participate in external quality assessment programs to compare results with other laboratories.Implement a system for corrective and preventiveactions to address any deviations in quality.中文回答：检验科PCR实验室检验流程。