The Correspondence of English and Chinese Idioms

“论文学翻译过程”“语义翻译和交际翻译理论在英汉翻译中的运用”“英语句子成分的省略及汉译”“文学翻译中隐喻的传译”一、选题范围1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。

宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论，可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的视角切入。

阐述为什么有那样的译文？如严复的翻译，林纾的翻译，傅东华翻译《漂》时为什么使用归化的手段，鲁迅翻译的策略，翻译材料的选择等等。

微观方面，可以讨论语言文字所承载的文化内容和内涵如何在翻译中表达，如文化负载词的翻译策略等。

2、翻译与语言学理论：可以从篇章语言学，功能语言学（如喊韩礼德的系统功能理论等），对比语言学，心理语言学，交际语言学、文化语言学等方面考虑选题。

如功能语言学和篇章语言学中讨论的衔接与连贯及其翻译，也可以讨论他们在英语和汉语中的差别入手，进一步讨论他们在翻译中的处理，主位、述位的推进极其在翻译中的体现。

英语汉语对比及其翻译策略等等。

3、翻译与语文学。

主要从艺术的角度讨论文学翻译中的问题。

4、应用翻译：主要从特殊用途英语如商务英语、科技英语、旅游英语等方面讨论在这些特殊领域中涉及的翻译问题如何处理。

如旅游宣传资料的翻译等。

5、译文对比：可以是同一篇文章、同一本书，不同的译者在同以时期或不同时期进行的翻译做的对比，也可以是同一个译者对同一篇文章或书在不同时期的翻译的对比；可以是翻译技巧等微观层面的对比，也可以是宏观曾面的对比，以探索为什么在不同时期译者回采取不同的策略，有哪些社会的、文化的、政治的、意识形态的原因？6、翻译及评论：首先选择一篇长文，一般是文学作品且没有人翻译过，进行翻译，翻译完后，从上述五个方面选择一个理论视角对自己的翻译进行评论。

7、译者风格。

8、翻译与美学。

二、选题方法：上述各个方面均可写出几本甚至几十本专著，因此大家从上述方面可以选出一个写作的范围。

缩小选题范围：首先是广泛浏览上述各有关方面翻译研究资料，以确定自己对哪方面感兴趣且有话可说，这是缩小范围的第一步。

1. The concept of Business EnglishBusiness means buying and selling, and English is the name of a language. Thus Business English is obviously such English as is used in mercantile transactions. The purpose of Business English is that adapt to the professional life, it involves all aspects of the business.Business English is especially related to international trade. Manynon-native English speakers study business English with the goal of doing business with English-speaking countries, or with companies located innon-native English-speaking areas which are still using English as shared second language or lingua franca.Business English means different things to different people. For some, it focuses on vocabulary and topics used in the worlds of business, trade, finance, and international relations. For others it refers to the communication skills used in the workplace, and focuses on the language and skills needed for typical business communication such as presentations, negotiations, meetings, small talk, socializing, correspondence, contract, writing, and so on.In conclusion, Business English refers to the English used in business correspondence and activities. To give it a more detailed definition, business English includes Ordinary Business English and Specialized Business English. The former covers various English books, magazines, newspapers and so on. Specialized Business English only includes documents, laws, regulations, letters, specialized theories and practice in business activities. Specialized Business English distinguishes from Ordinary Business English in some aspects.2. Features of Business EnglishBusiness English language is now widely used in the economy area. It is different from normal English language, which can be seen from lexical features, syntactic features and wording features. Based on these linguistic features, thetranslation methods of business English are different from normal ones. Here, some new translation techniques of business English will be introduced.2.1. Lexical Analysis of Business EnglishThe business English’s lexis is different from normal English’s lexis ,which can be seen from the following aspects.2.1.1. Use of AbbreviationsThe word ‘abbreviation’, strictly means a shortening or abridgment, commonly refers to a letter or a group of letters taken from a single word or phrase, and used for brevity’s sake, to represent that word or phrase.In business English, abbreviations are very often used to save space and time. This conforms to the conciseness characteristic of business English. However, when we use the abbreviations, we should know their meanings and know where they are appropriate. In business English, most abbreviations have the fixed meanings.1) International Trade TermsFOB (=free on board)CI F (=cost, insurance and freight)2) International Trade AbbreviationsF.A.Q (=fair average quality)D.W.T (=dead weight on)3) Abbreviations and Simplified Words Commonly Used in Cables and TelexesPLS (=please)ASAP (=as soon as possible)4) Country CodesCN (=China)US (=United States)Abbreviations of business English have a special system in expression different from the one of daily English. If we flout the unique characteristics of business English abbreviations to render those frequently used abbreviations, it is impossible to serve successfully for the international trade.2.1.2. Use of CompoundsMany compounds are used in business English, which can be rarely seen in other written styles.Vacuum-packedEncouragement policyThereonWhereof2.1.3. Use of Formal WordsLet’s look at the following example first."This contract can only altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties."Here, many formal words such as amend, supplement, documents, authorize, representatives are used.In business English, formal words are very often used to achieve a formal tone. Such examples are more often found in business contracts. For instance,1) The drawee is required to pay the bill a certain number of days after sight.‘Require’ is more formal than ‘need’.2) With regard to the payee, the drawer may use one of the following methods.‘With regard to’ is more formal than ‘about’.We may list more examples as follows:In the event of /ifFor the purpose of/forPrior to/beforeIn favor of/for/toSupplement/add toCertify/proveIn accordance with/by2.1.4. Use of Technique TermsBusiness English is closely related to the special field of knowledge. Therefore, there are a lot of technique terms in business English.Let’s look at a dialogue first:A: I have been reviewing the budget and a few things worry me.B: What are they?A: I think we need to reduce some of our debt.B: How do you think we should do that?A: We should liquidate some of our investments.B: Which ones?A: Well, I don’t really understand why we own part of XYZB: I have never really understand that either. We lose money each year.A: Then that’s a potential place. I don’t want to touch staff.B: I agree. We are under-staffed if anything.A: I want you to prepare a cash flow projection if we divest.B: I’ll prepare something for you ASAP….In such a short dialogue, we can see many vocabularies of economy and trading, such as budget, debt, liquidate, investment, cash flow and so on. In order to completely understand this dialogue, we should first understand those technical terms. So, to learn business English, we should also learn the related knowledge.2.1.5. Use of Shoot and Simple VerbsMany business people feel that simple words are more impressive than those pompous ones. Readers may get lost in the maze of long words and often miss the meaning. So, shoot and simple verbs are often used in business English. For example,Prefer ‘approval’ to ‘approbation’Prefer ‘improve’ to ‘ameliorate’Prefer ‘consider’ to ‘give consideration to’2.2. Syntactic Features of Business English2.2.1. Sentence LengthGenerally, long and complicated sentences are more difficult for the reader to understand than shorter, simple ones. Long sentences can make business letters clumsy and difficult to read and thus hinder clear communication. While short ones are easy to organize and are comparatively casual and colloquial. Short sentences are often used in daily and unofficial business correspondence. For example,1）On what terms do you supply spare parts?2) We are ready to offer you 5% discount according to usual practice.However, it is different in legal business documents such as contracts. The official legal documents emphasize the logic line. We need to express clearlynot only the key meaning but also the exceptions or less vital issues. Thus it is unavoidable for those documents to use long and complex sentences. For example,"By irrevocable, transferable, and divisible banker’s acceptance letter of credit to cover the total value of each monthly (or lot of) shipment as stipulated above, to be available by drafts, at…days sight, to reach the sellers…days before the respective time of shipment stipulated above (or within …days after receipt of the seller’s advice) and to remain valid for negotiation in China until the 15th day after the relative time of shipment."A translator should bear in mind the stylistic requirements of different styles and choose the most proper expression.2.2.2. Use of Programmed Sentence StructureLet’s look at some examples first."Ordinary v ersion: Because of both parties’ good cooperation, the above parties are very satisfied. We welcome your requirement to continue the cooperation.Professional version: Owing to the fact that through our close cooperation, the above-mentioned contract has been executed smoothly to the satisfaction of both parties, we welcome your offer to continue the cooperation."The context and communication function of business English compel people to use programmed sentence structure, which differs greatly from the Chinese logic and the common way in daily English translation. Thus the ordinary translation logic can not meet the needs of professional business English translation in this aspect.2.2.3. Use of Strong Opening SentencesIn many business letters, we can see the sentences are always written strongly, going straight to the point and expressing the subject of the letter, instead of making some long-winded references to the correspondence received.Let’s compare the following examples.Version 1: Long and WeakTo give you a general idea of our products, we enclose a complete set of leaflets showing various products being handled by this corporation with detailed specifications and means of packing.Version 2: Concise and StrongWe enclose a complete set of leaflets for you to have a general idea of our products.From the above examples, we may notice that strong opening sentences are more straightforward and concise. Americans business people maintain that the spoken style used in business letters produces a friendlier atmosphere. Just like examples of version 2, the strong opening sentence bears colloquial characteristics, which are direct, short, and clear. This kind of opening sentences enables the readers to grasp the main purport of a letter within a short time.2.3. Wording Features of Business English2.3.1. Use of the Present TenseBusiness English often uses the present tense to emphasize an actual, principled and effective mode. Other tenses are used as necessary complementarities. For example,"If you have children, do make a point to buy a bottle for them. A bottle of 300 tablets will last a month, and it pays in every way to make an investment in health and body building. If you feel as we do that this is a fair and advantageous proposition, please simply fill out the enclosed order card and mail it in the postage-paid envelope provided."2.3.2. More Uses of the Active VoiceIn business English, the active voice is more often used than the passive voice. As the active voice emphasizes either ‘party’ involved in a business activity. For example,Although we are appreciative your trial order for 100dozen V ocuum Flasks, we regret that we are unable to consider your request for payment under D/A terms, the reason being that we generally ask for payment by letter of credit.2.3.3. More Uses of the Direct Way to Express MeaningLet’s compare two examples first.Version 1: Record your check-in and check-out times at the office.Version 2: Your check-in and check-out times are to be recorded at the office.From the above two sentences, we can see that version 1 is more direct than version 2 but have the same effect to express the meaning.2.3.4. Use of Courteous ToneI’ve pointed in the prior part that one of the most important functions of business English is communication. As for communication, people should pay attention to the politeness. Especially, in business letters’ writing, courteous tone is always adopted. Following examples will prove it well."We are very much pleased to advise you that we have dispatched by s.s “Brisbane” to Accra the goods under the captioned S/C, and trust that the shipment will prove to be satisfactory to you."It is a part of a business letter. We can see many verbs and phrases show the courteous tone, such as advice, appreciate, sincerely hope, and be pleased to and so on.3. Translation Techniques of Business English3.1. Definition of TranslationTranslation is a means by which communication is possible between nations using different languages. Communication among different nations is increasing day by day and the role of it is becoming even more important. Let’s look at two definitions of translation:Catford: “Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).”Nida: “Translation consists in the reproduction in the receptor language of the message of the source language understood the original message.Translation is defined from different angles. Some focuses on nature, while others may focus on equivalence or something else. At least, translation involves two languages and requires a wide range of knowledge. Translation is the faithful representation in one language of the thought content, feeling and style relating to another language. This situation requires a large number of translators to improve their professional skills so as to have better versions and to meet the needs of increasing communication.3.2. Business Translation at PresentWith the deepening of globalization of the world economy, international business intercourse has been in a much more frequent trend. English has been involved in various fields in commercial activities, such as the technology transfer, foreign trade, the introduction of foreign investment, international financing, transnational tourism and international transportation, are wholly called business English. English has become an indispensable linguistic communication means in the world economic field. And it is reported in statisticsthat nearly 90% of those who use English as their first language or second language approach daily with business English.As a tool in cross-national commercial affairs exchange, business English has been encountering a conflict in translation between the supply and demand. On one hand, translators in all lines have all their hands full and busy because of the gradual expansion of international exchange and cooperation and more onerous tasks involved in C-E or E-C business translation; on the other hand, by means of some modern media, such as e-commerce and internet, used in international business relation, translators are requested to provide quickly and correctly with commercial messages of high quality, much less time to make a serious consideration of wording. Under such a condition, translators are required to improve their speed and quality of translation through conversance with commercial knowledge and proficient skills in business translation.3.3. Standards for Business English TranslationAs to the criteria of translation, what we should first mention is Yan Fu’s three-character standard, namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance, which has exercised great flounce on our translation work since it was founded 100 years ago.To some extent, Yan Fu’s standard can be neither wholly applied to business translation.As we all know, in some aspects, business translation is much more difficult than literary translation. Because, besides linguistic competence and translation techniques, the translators have to master commercial knowledge and understand the linguistic characteristics and expression styles in various fields of business English. Though Yan Fu’s translation standard is suitable for literary translation, it dose not surely meet the needs in business translation. Commercial English rendering requires translators to transfer completely the messages through the professional business English. “Faithfulness” is the perquisite instandardized business English, whereas “conciseness”, “elegance” and “accuracy” are relative to the readers. Please look at the following translation.Original text: We acknowledge receipt of your enquiry of August 2, asking us to make you a firm offer for 500 dozen Tiantan Brand men’s silk shirts in various sizes and colors, for September shipment to Odense.We can see that translators should not only understand the original language, but also should know the author’s thought and his expression features. Translators have to be good at distinguishing and representing these features, maintaining the distinct characters of the translating work.3.4. Translation Techniques of Business English3.4.1. Identifying the Basic Meaning and Extended MeaningIn business English, one kind of words will change their basic meaning to extend meaning when used in different contexts. In such a situation, translators should deal with them flexibly.In business English, the basic meaning of community is a group of people living together and/or united by interests, religion, and nationality. In above examples, the basic meanings of community do not change. But the translations of it are different. For example,"China, which posted its highest growth rate in a decade, is Asia’s new star performer."We are familiar with “star”, which means “famous or brilliant singer, performer, sportsman, etc.” Here, “star performer” extends its basic meaning to “the excellent developing country.”3.4.2. Identifying the Normal Meaning and Technical MeaningNo matter we do C-E or E-C translation, we can’t just find the word from a dictionary. We should identify its technical meaning based on business Englishfeatures. In business English, many words have their special meanings. For example,1) Our company is ready to foot the bill.2) They missed the last bus, and had to fool it.As a noun, foot means “lowest part of the leg, below the ankle”. As a verb, it means “walk”. But in business English, it means “pay somebody for something”.4. ConclusionWith the deepening of globalization of the world economy, business English has been an indispensable linguistic communication tool. Having a good knowledge of business English is real important for us. So, we should be familiar with the linguistic features of business English firstly. Then, we can use the translation techniques to do translations well.From the above parts, we can see that business English is characterized by its lexis, syntax and words. The characteristics should be fully understood and exercised to the translation of business English flexibly. It is the precondition of good translation. After managing these linguistic features, we can focus on the translation techniques. Only we manage all the above translating techniques well, can they help us to do translation a lot. Meanwhile, translators should follow the standards of translation. It is the basic requirement for a good translator. And translators also should improve themselves day by day in order to completely meet the requirements in such a changeable world.Bibliography[1] 王兴孙.《商务英语探索》.上海：上海交通大学出版社，1997.[2] 马雪松.论商务英语特点. 哈尔滨商业大学报，2005.[3] 陈苏东、陈建平.《商务英语翻译》.高等教育出版社，2005.[4] 刘白玉.《商务英语的词汇特征及其翻译》.北京第二外国语,2007.[5] 於奇.《商务英语翻译》. 郑州大学出版社，2007.[6] 刘法公.商务汉英翻译专论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004，50-60.[7] 莫再树,蔡艳萍,廖瑛,罗雪梅.国际商务英语[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2002，50-150.[8] 莫再树,廖瑛.国际商务英语语言与翻译研究[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2005，12-60.[9] 潘红.商务英语英汉翻译教程[M],北京:中国商务出版社, 2004，30-100.[10]许建忠.工商企业翻译实务[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司， 2002，65-78.[11]叶玉龙等编著.商务英语汉译教程[M].天津:南开大学出版社. 1998，88-96.。

1.国际商务合同翻译技巧The Translation Techniques in the International Business Contracts2.论语境在翻译中的重要性Study on the Importance of Context in Translation3.商务英语中的模糊性翻译Thesis on the Vague Translation in the Business English4.广告英语特征及其翻译技巧Thesis on the Features and Translation Techniques of Advertising English5.文化与翻译-浅析文化负载词汇的翻译方法Culture & Translation-on the Translation of Culture Bound Expressions6.从文化角度看习语翻译A Cultural Insight into the Translation of Idioms7.浅谈英语书名汉译On English Book Title Translation8.谈商务英语及其翻译中的委婉表达方式Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and Their Translation9.从西湖景点的翻译看旅游英语的翻译策略Looks at the Traveling English Translation Strategy from the West Lake Scenic Spot Translation10.论英汉翻译中汉语方言的正迁移Positive Transfer of Chinese Dialect on English-Chinese Translation11.论英汉影视翻译中不同文化意象的处理On the Disposition of Different Cultural Images in Film Translation12.论网络交际英语的特征及其翻译A Study of Internet Communication English Features and Translation13.浅谈暗喻在英语广告及翻译中的应用The Application of Metaphor in English Advertisement and its Translation14.从关联理论角度论暗含连词在英汉翻译中的处理Chinese-English Translation of Implicit Conjunctions from the Perspective of Relevance Theory15.论英汉翻译中的望文生义Misinterpreting Words Literally in English and Chinese Translation16.论翻译中信息走失与文化补偿的原则及策略On principles and Strategies of Translation Loss and Cultural Compensation17.论英汉翻译中信息转换的补偿措施The Compensation of Information Conversion in English and Chinese Translation 18.论圣经中习语的不同翻译方法Different Translation Methods for Idioms in the Bible19.外贸英语句子的特点对翻译的影响Influence of Features of Trade English Sentence on Translation20.英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法Thesis on the Cultural Connotation of English and Chinese Names and ItsTranslation Methods21.浅谈英语谚语翻译Thesis on the Translation of English Proverb22.浅析文化语境对翻译的影响Study on Influence of Cultural Context on Translation23.从庞德英译汉诗《长干行》看其意象派风格Ezra Pound's Imagist Style in Translating a Chinese Poem As Seen from The River-Merchant's Wife：A Letter24.中国高校名称的翻译The Translation of the Names of Universities in China25.语境对英汉翻译措辞的影响The Influence of contexts on the Diction of English-Chinese Translation26.从好了歌评两种不同的翻译风格Thesis on the different translation style from the A Dream of Red Mansions27.中西社会风俗差异及其翻译On the Discrepancies of Translation between Western and Chinese Social Custom 28.中文电影片名的英文翻译分析The Analysis of English Translation about Chinese Film’s Title29.从编译理论看新闻翻译中的译者主体性On the Function of Translator's Subjectivity in Translation of News from Compiler Theory30.谈汉语流行词的中英文翻译Chinese Popular Neologisms and Their Translation31.《浮生六记》中特定文化词语的翻译On Translation of Culture-Specific Concepts in Six Chapters of a Floating Life 32.汉英方位词的文化对比与翻译—从“东西南北”与“east，west，south，north”谈起Cultural Contrast and Translation of Chinese and English Location Words－with Special Reference to “Dong, Xi, Nan, Bei”and “East, West, South, North”33.中文公共标识的英语翻译On Translating Chinese Public Signs into English34.英汉商标翻译原则Brand Translation Principle in English-Chinese35.英汉口译技巧Oral Interpretation Skills from English into Chinese36.论韦利的论语英译On Waley’s Translation of the Analects37.中英文化差异对翻译的影响Effects of Cultural Differences on Translation38.影视字幕翻译刍议On Translation of Subtitles of English-Language Films39.On Formal Correspondence of C/E Translation in Terms of Hypotaxis &.Parataxis从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应40.How to Decode and Translate the Ambiguous Structures歧义结构的解码与翻译41.Pragmatics and Advertisement Translation, with Special Emphasis on E/CCultural Differences英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译42.Context and Business Discourse in English and Chinese43.On the Peculiar ways of Expression in Dicken’s Novels试论狄更斯小说独特的艺术手法44.Female Images in the Sun Also Rises 论《太阳又升起了》小说中女性形象45.Standarization of English: The Necessity and Feasility in an Age of Globaliztion全球化时代英语标准化的必要性和可能性46.On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese 再谈汉英公示语翻译----以2010年亚运会主办城市广州为例47.Brief Appreciation on “Venice Merchant”48.The Mannered Language of English49.On the Properties of Idiomatic Expressions in English50.The Differences and Samilarities Between Structural Ambiguity in English andChinese51.Time Conception in Different Cultures52.On American Religion53.On Title Translation of English Film and Disc54.The Characteristics and the Rhetorical Roles of English ReduplicativesNeiterativesparisons of Multiplicity in Chinese and English and Its Translation56.A Study of Hmorous Utterances Form the Perspective57.The Current State and Prospects for English Teaching58.The usage of “And”59.A Survey on Culture and Social Life in USA60.Inheretance and Development of National Language and Culture61.Implicitness and Explicitness in Translation62.谈英语谚语的翻译63.谈英语幽默的翻译64.地方名胜古迹汉译英65.翻译中常见错误分析66.中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响67.会话含义的推导与翻译68.词汇的文化内涵与翻译69.语境在翻译中的作用70.商标词翻译71.广告语言的翻译72.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题73.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响74.英汉谚语的理解和翻译75.浅谈颜色词在英语中的翻译76.中西文化差异与翻译障碍77.英语比喻性词语中文化内涵及翻译78.英语意义否定表现法及其汉译79.浅谈新闻标题的翻译80.从历届韩素音青年翻译奖竞赛看翻译人员所应具备的素质81.论品牌名称翻译的原则和方法82.影视作品字幕翻译的技巧83.归化与异化——《飘》不同译本的比较研究84.旅游景点翻译存在的问题与处理方法85.英语新闻的特点与翻译技巧86.中国特色时事词汇及其英译87.中国饮食文化翻译存在的问题与策略88.英汉委婉语的比较研究与翻译策略89.英汉产品说明书的特点与翻译技巧90.浅谈如何融翻译教学于英语教学91.《傲慢与偏见》不同译本比较研究初探92.文学作品中文化负载词的翻译技巧93.口译技巧、言外知识与语言基本技能三位一体的口译学习法94.论笔记中符号与缩略词对连续传译质量的作用95.论交替传译中笔记对“达”的影响96.论笔译教学与口译教学的结合97.网络英语的特点和翻译方法98.城市标识用语英译错误及翻译策略99.论商务文本的特点和翻译策略100.The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice101.On Translation Methods of Numeral in Chinese and English102.The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms and their Tranlations103.Cultural Equivalence in Translation104.On the Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure in E/C Translationparative Study of Two Basic Translation Methods—Literal Translation and Free Translation106.Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation107.On Translating the Passive V oice in English for Science and Technology 108. A Comparative Study of Two English Version of The XXX109.Review on the Translation of Movie Titles110.Remarks on the Translation of Chinese Set-phrase111.Application of Contrastive Analysis in Long Sentences。

Unit 2DictionHighlights of the Unit 单元要点概述Practical Translation Training 实用翻译训练I. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level 英汉词字层次上的对等关系II. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word英语词义辨析法III. Techniques of Translating a Given English Word 英语词语翻译技巧IV. Diction in Chinese-English Translation 汉译英的选词用字Reflections and Practice 思考与练习BACK单元要点概述实用翻译创班练英译汉：The Most Important Speech of the Century实用翻译创训练汉译英：我们的历史伟业I. 英汉词字层次上的对等关系II. 英语词义辨析法III. 英语词语翻译技巧IV. 汉译英的选词用字本单元阐述了翻译中的遣词用字问题，首先用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1. 词字对等，2. 多词同义，3. 一词多义，4. 词义交织，5. 无对等词语。

接着从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即1. 根据构词法辨别词义；2. 根据指代关系辨别词义；3. 根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4. 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。

在词义辨析的基础上，本单元归纳了英语翻译的八种常用技巧：1. 推演法，2. 移植法，3. 引申法，4. 替代法，5. 释义法，6. 合并法，7. 图形法和8. 音译法。

汉译英的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。

英译汉时我们输出的是自己所熟悉的汉语词汇、语法结构，而汉译英则需我们对大量的不那么熟悉的词汇做出取舍，然后再去套用语法规则，因此往往会显得力不从心—这就是为什么初学者普遍会认为，汉译英的难度大超过英译汉。

Chapter4Chapter4英汉对比与翻译（二）Chapter 4 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese (Part II) Teaching aims: to learn about the linguistic differences of Chinese and English so as to translate them accurately.Main Language points:Comparative studies of syntactic structure in Chinese and EnglishDifficult teaching points: hypotactic & paratactic; subject-prominent & topic prominent; static & dynamic.Teaching references:1. 方梦之. 翻译新论与实践[M]. 青岛出版社，20022. 孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程[M]. 上外教出版社；彭长江. 英汉－汉英翻译教程[M]. 湖南师大出版社；3. 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2004Teaching methods: Analysis and Practice1. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic (形合与意合)As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so fa r as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives;Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them;Examples:1. That is our policy and that is our declaration.—— W. Churchill这就是我们的国策。

以《The Importance of Learning English》为题的英语范文五篇【篇一】“The Importance of Learning English: A Global Imperative”In today’s globalized world, proficiency in English is crucial. It serves as the lingua franca of international communication, connecting people from diverse cultures and backgrounds. Whether in business, academia, or diplomacy, English proficiency opens doors to countless opportunities and facilitates global collaboration. Embracing English not only enhances one’s communication skills but also fos ters cultural understanding and mutual respect on a worldwide scale.【篇二】“The Importance of Learning English: A Key to Global Success”In our increasingly interconnected world, mastering the English language is paramount. English serves as the universal language of communication across borders and cultures. Proficiency in English opens doors to a plethora of opportunities in various fields such as business, academia,science, and diplomacy.Firstly, English proficiency enhances one’s employability and career prospects. In multinational companies, English is often the primary language of communication, and employees who are fluent in English have a distinct advantage. Moreover, many international conferences, seminars, and workshops are conducted in English, providing opportunities for networking and professional growth.Secondly, English is indispensable in academic pursuits. The majority of scholarly publications, research papers, and academic journals are written in English. For students and researchers, proficiency in English facilitates access to a wealth of knowledge and enables collaboration with peers and experts from around the globe.Furthermore, English proficiency fosters cultural exchange and understanding. By learning English, individuals gain insights into different cultures, traditions, and perspectives. This promotes tolerance, empathy, and mutual respect among people from diverse backgrounds.In addition, English is the language of technology andinnovation. Most software programs, coding languages, and technical manuals are available in English. By mastering English, individuals can stay abreast of technological advancements and contribute to the global discourse on innovation.In conclusion, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated. It is a gateway to personal, academic, and professional success in today’s globalized world. By investing in English education, individuals equip themselves with the skills and knowledge needed to thrive in a multicultural and interconnected society.【篇三】“The Importance of Learning English: A Bridge to Global Opportunities”In our contemporary world, the significance of learning English cannot be emphasized enough. English has evolved into the universal language of communication, serving as a vitaltool for connecting people worldwide. Proficiency in English opens doors to a myriad of opportunities across various domains, including business, education, science, and diplomacy.Firstly, English proficiency enhances employability in an increasingly globalized job market. Many multinational corporations and international organizations use English as their primary language for correspondence and meetings. Thus, individuals fluent in English have a competitive edge in securing employment and advancing their careers.Secondly, English is essential for academic pursuits and research. A substantial portion of scholarly resources, academic journals, and research publications are in English. Mastering the language enables students and scholars to access a wealth of knowledge and collaborate with peers on an international level.Moreover, English proficiency fosters cultural exchange and understanding. By learning English, individuals gain insights into different cultures, customs, and perspectives, promoting cross-cultural empathy and respect.Furthermore, English is the language of innovation and technology. Many technological advancements, software programs, and technical documents are predominantly in English. Proficiency in English empowers individuals to stay informedabout the latest developments and contribute to the global discourse on innovation.In conclusion, learning English is not merely about acquiring language skills; it is about unlocking a world of opportunities and enhancing global connectivity. Embracing English opens up avenues for personal growth, professional success, and meaningful cultural exchange in our interconnected society. Therefore, investing in English education is essential for individuals aspiring to thrive in today’s diverse and interconnected world.【篇四】“The Importance of Learning English: Enabling Global Communication”In today’s interconnected world, the ability to communicate effectively in English is essential. English has become the primary language of international communication, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries. Proficiency in English opens doors to countless opportunities in various fields, including business, academia, and diplomacy.Firstly, English proficiency enhances career prospects inthe global job market. Many multinational companies require employees to be proficient in English, as it facilitates smooth communication among teams from different countries and cultures. Moreover, English fluency is often a prerequisite for advancement in international organizations and diplomatic missions.Secondly, English is the language of higher education and research. A vast amount of academic literature, journals, and research papers are published in English. Students and researchers who are proficient in English have access to a wealth of knowledge and can collaborate with peers and experts from around the world.Furthermore, English proficiency fosters cultural exchange and understanding. By learning English, individuals gain insights into different cultures and perspectives, promoting tolerance and empathy in a multicultural world.Additionally, English is the language of innovation and technology. Most scientific and technical advancements are documented and communicated in English. Proficiency in English enables individuals to stay updated on the latest developmentsin their field and participate in global discussions on innovation.In conclusion, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated. It is the key to unlocking opportunities for personal, academic, and professional growth in our increasingly interconnected world. By investing in English education, individuals equip themselves with the skills and knowledge needed to thrive in a globalized society.【篇五】“The Importance of Learning English: A Gateway to Global Communication”In our contemporary world, learning English holds paramount importance as it serves as a universal medium for communication across borders and cultures. Proficiency in English opens up a plethora of opportunities in various spheres, including education, employment, and cultural exchange.To begin with, English proficiency is instrumental in enhancing career prospects in today’s globalized job market. Many multinational corporations and international organizations conduct their business operations in English, making itindispensable for employees to communicate effectively in this language. Moreover, fluency in English often translates to better job opportunities and career advancement, as it enables individuals to collaborate seamlessly with colleagues and clients from diverse linguistic backgrounds.Furthermore, English is the lingua franca of academia and research. A vast majority of scholarly articles, research papers, and academic conferences are conducted in English, making it imperative for students and researchers to have a strong command of the language. By mastering English, individuals can access a wealth of knowledge and scholarly resources, thereby enriching their academic pursuits and contributing to the global discourse in their respective fields.In addition to its practical utility, learning English facilitates cultural exchange and understanding on a global scale. Through the study of English, individuals gain insights into different cultures, traditions, and perspectives, fostering cross-cultural empathy and appreciation. This intercultural competence not only promotes diversity andinclusivity but also fosters a sense of global citizenship and interconnectedness.Moreover, English proficiency is essential for leveraging opportunities in the fields of innovation and technology. In an era of rapid technological advancements and digitalization, English serves as the primary language of communication for scientific research, technical documentation, and innovation. By being proficient in English, individuals can stay abreast of the latest developments in technology and contribute to global innovation efforts.In conclusion, the importance of learning English cannot be overstated in our increasingly interconnected world. It serves as a gateway to global communication, offering individuals the tools and opportunities to succeed in an ever-evolving global landscape. By investing in English education, individuals empower themselves to navigate cross-cultural interactions, pursue academic and professional endeavors, and contribute meaningfully to the global community.。