2013年职称英语考试综合类新增文章

第一篇 A Life with Birds 有鸟陪伴的生活For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of London's yeoman warders, _ better（更…）known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top（顶部）of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. "From（从）our bedroom we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, " says David.The Tower of London is famous for（以..而著名）its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was _ offered(提供)__ the post of Raven Master eight years ago he had no _ hesitation（犹豫）_ in accepting it. "The birds have now become my life and I'm always _ aware（意识到）of the fact that I am _ maintaining （保持）_ a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and it's my job to _ make（确保）sure this doesn't happen!"David devotes（献身于）about four hours a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the _ fact（事实）that he lives right next to them is ideal. "I can keep（关注） a close eye on them all the time, and not just when I'm working." At first（起初）, David's wife Mo was not _keen（对..感兴趣）on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave when he retires next year. "When we look out of our windows, we see history all（所有）around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories."第二篇 A Lucky Break 幸运的骨折Actor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when he's doing(做) sport. In the film Play It to the Bone he plays（扮演一个…）the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During（过程中）the making of the film Harrelson kept（连续）complaining that the fight scenes（场面）weren't very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasn't keen（对…热衷）on the idea at first, but he was eventually（最终）persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his opponent（对手）was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so（太…以至于..）hard in the face that he actually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing "silly macho games". "She was right," confesses Banderas, "and I was a fool to take（冒险） a risk like that in the middle of a movie."He was reminded（提醒）of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his native Malaga. He had always dreamed（梦想）of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. "That's when I decided to take up（开始）acting; I saw it as another（另外）way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football pitch（场）was, you might say, my first lucky break."第三篇Global Warming 全球变暖Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the world's climate. Many scientists put （把…归咎于）the blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in（在）the world's temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever(任何时候) before, the Earth is at risk(危险) from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. According(据说) to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such(例如) as hurricanes and droughts, even more severe(严重) and causing sea levels all around the world to rise(上升) .Environmental groups are putting pressure(压力) on governments to take action to reduce the amount(数量) of carbon dioxide which is given off(排放) by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in favour(赞成) of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations(装置) .Some scientists, however(然而) believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait several(几) hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay.第四篇 A Success Story 一个成功的故事At 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one of a growing number of teenagers who have made(制造) their fortune through the Internet. What(这) makes Ben's story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was told(告知) by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly(正确地) . "I wanted to prove them wrong(错了) ", says Ben, creator and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls.When he was eight, his local authorities provided(提供) him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unable(不能) to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged(鼓励) by his father, he soon began charging(收费)people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set(创建) up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote(精力) all his time to business."By this time the company had grown and I needed to take on a couple(一些) of employees to help me", says Ben. "That enabled me to start doing(做) business with bigger companies.” It was. his ability to consistently overcome(克服)difficult challenges that led him to win the Y oung Entrepreneur of the Y ear award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, and he has recently signed a deal worth(价值)$25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.第五篇T raffic in Our Cities我们的城市交通The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays, and the greater risk of（..的风险）accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade(说服) people to change their habits and leave their cars at home.One possible approach(方法)is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing(增加) charges for parking and bringing(收益) in tougher fines for anyone who breaks(打破) the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known(为所熟知) as "road pricing", is already being introduced in a number(一些)of cities, using a special electronic card fixed(固定在..上) to the windscreen of the car.Another way of dealing(处理) with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts(效区) of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the final(最后的)stage of their journey.Of course, the most important thing(..的事) is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up(放弃) the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares kept(保持) at an acceptable level.第六篇T eaching and learning 教与学Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. If a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the information（信息）__in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The idea （理想）_ student is considered to be one who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning（学习）_, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned with（带…回来）brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is responsible（对…负责）for learning the material assigned.When research is assigned（选定）_ , the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with minimum(最少的)guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain how(如何) a university library works; they expect students particularly (尤其)graduate students to exhaust the reference _ sources(资源) _in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but prefer(更喜欢) that their students should not be too(太)dependent on them. In the United Stats professors have many other duties besides(除…之外)teaching，such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is limited(有限的) . If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either _ approach(接近)_ a professor during office hours or make an appointment.*第七篇The Difference between Man and Computer 人与电脑的区别What makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet account(解译)__ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason:to learn more about _ what(那些) __ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand，don't. In fact，computers don't even (甚至) have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program（程序）_ is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".Of course ，people have several goals that do not make sense（合理）to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in （为了）order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to find （寻找） a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However ，these physiological and social goals give rise （导致）to several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find information（信息）about the name of a restaurant which serves（供应）the desired type of food ，how expensive the restaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire（获取）information or knowledge, what we are calling learning（学习）_ goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might（可能）_ "want" to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so in（以…方式）the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise（起于）out of hunger in the case of the computer，it might well arise out of the "goal" to learn more about restaurants.*第八篇Look on The Bright Sid e看光明的一面Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always expected（期望）to be successful? Having someone around who always fears（恐惧）the worst isn’t really a lot of fun（乐趣）. We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says ，"INooks like（像）rain. " But if you catch yourself thinking such things，it's important to do something about（对此）it.Y ou can change your view of life ，according（根据）to psychologists. It only takes a little effort ，and you'll find life more rewarding as a result（结果）. Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to offer（提供）. Optimists are more likely（很有可能）to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks.Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your attitude（态度）to the world. Some people are brought up to depend（依赖于）too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything goes （发生）wrong. Most optimists，on the _other（另一方面）hand, have been brought up not to regard （把..看作）failure as the end of the world—they just get on（继续）with their lives.*第九篇The First Bicycle第一辆自行车The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac delighted（使...喜悦）onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an enlarged（扩大）version of a children’s toy which had been in use（在使用中）for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferéhad a wooden frame，made in the shape（形状）of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end．To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed hard（努力）against the ground（地面）with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferéand it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much appealed（吸引）to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding（举行）races up and down the streets.Minor injuries（受伤）were common as riders attempted a final burst of speed（速度）. Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change direction（方向）was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and turn（掉转）it round while the front wheel was spinning（自旋）in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the combination（组合）of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferéwas the origin（始祖）of the modem bicycle.*第十篇Working Mothers职业母亲Carefully conducted researches that have followed the children of working mothers have not been able to show any long-term problems，compared with children whose mothers stayed at home. My personal view（观点）is that mothers should be allowed to work if they wish. Whether we like it or not ，there are a number（很多）of mothers who just have to work.. There are those who have invested such a big part of their lives in establishing a career that they cannot afford（负担）see it lost. Then there are many who must work out of pure economic necessity（有必要）. Many mothers are not cut （适合于）out to be full-time parents. After a few months at home with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated.There are a number of options when it comes（涉及）to choosing childcare. These range from child minders and nannies through to Granny or the kind lady across（对面）the street. In reality（在现实状况下）, however ，many parents don't have any choice; they have to accept anything they can get. Be prepared! No matter （无论）how good the childcare may be ，some children are going to protest wildly if they are left. This is a perfectly（完全）normal stage of child development. Babies separate well in the first six months，but soon after that they start to get a crush on Mum and close family members（成员）. Make sure that in the first week you allow plenty of（大量）time to help your child settle in.All children are different. Some are independent ，while others are more attached(依恋于)to their mothers. Remember that if you want to do（做）the best for your children ，it's not the quantity of time you spend with them，it's the quality（质量）that matters.+第十一篇School Lunch学校午餐Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly（正常地）in the middle of the day. In Britain schools have to provide（提供）meals at lunchtime. Children can choose（选择）to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen.One shocking finding（发现）of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents. There are strict standards（标准）for the preparation of school meals, which have to include one portion （比例）of fruit and one of vegetables, as well as meat, a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta. Lunchboxes examined（检查）by researchers contained sweet drinks, crisps and chocolate bars. Children consume（摄取）twice as much sugar as they should at lunchtime.The research will provide a better understanding （解释）of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased（增长）in the last decade. Unfortunately, the government cannot criticise（批评）parents, but it can remind them of the nutritional（营养的）value of milk, fruit and vegetables. Small changes in their children's diet can affect（影响）their future health. Children can easily develop bad eating habits（习惯）at this age, and parents are the only ones who can prevent（阻止）it.+第十二篇 A Powerful Influence强大的影响There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference to our lives. Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet, hardly ever（几乎不）doing anything else in their spare time. Naturally, parents are curious（对…好奇）to find out why the Internet is so attractive, and they want to know if it can be harmful（伤害）to their children. Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at （盯着看成）their computers?Obviously; if children are bent over their computers for hours, absorbed（沉迷）in some game, instead of doing their homework, then something is wrong. Parents and children could decide how much use the child should make（利用）of the Internet, and the child should give his or her word（诺言）that it won’t interfere with homework. If the child is not holding（坚持）to this arrangement, the parent can take more drastic steps（采取措施）dealing with a child's use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating（协商）_ any other soft of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is seriously（严重）alarmed about a child's behaviour should make an appointment to discuss （讨论）the matter with a teacher. Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily（不一定）affect a child's performance at school. Even if a child is absolutely（完全地）crazy about using the Internet，he or she is probably just going（度过）through a phase, and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!+第十三篇The Old Gate古老之门In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them. This was partly for defensive reasons(原因)but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable, like people with c ontagious diseases(疾病). The Old City of London gates were all demolished(拆毁)by the end of the 18th century. The last of London's gates was removed a century ago, but by a stroke(极其) of luck, it was never destroyed.This gate is, in actual(实际的) fact, not called a gate at all; its name is Temple Bar, and it marked the boundary（分界线）between the Old City of London and Westminster. In 1878 the Council of London took the Bar down, numbered the stones and put the gate in storage(存储)because its design was unfashionable(老套) it was expensive to maintain(维修) and it was blocking the traffic.The Temple Bar Trust was set out(建立) in the 1970's with the intention of returning the gate home. The aim of the trust is the preservation(保存)of the nation's architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down(推倒) , stone by stone, removing and rebuilding it near St Paul's Cathedral. Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced(替换) , though there is a good chance(机会)_ that the basic structure will be sound. The hardest job(工作) of all, however, will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.+第十四篇Family History家族史In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted（吸引）to the idea of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by ìinvestigating their own family history. They can try to find（找出）out more about where their families came from and what they did, This is now a fast—growing hobby, especially in countries with a fairly（相当）short history, like Australia and the United States.It is one（一方面）thing to spend some time going（探究）through a book on family history and to take the decision（决心）to investigate your own family's past. It is quite（的确）another to carry out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and cause（引起）yourself many problems which could have been avoided（避免）with a little forward planning.If your own family stories tell you that you are connected（有关系）with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take over your research. Just treat（当作）it as aninteresting possibility. A simple system for（用）collecting and storing your information willbe adequate to start with; a more complex one may only get in your way（道路）. The mostimportant thing, though, is to get（被）started. Who knows what you might （可能）find ?+第十五篇Helen and Martin海伦和马丁With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and wa1ked back to her favourite armchair. Would （将要）her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.Over the years Helen had given up (放弃)_ waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually weakened(变淡)_ until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. curiosity(好奇心) to see what had become(发生…事) of her brother.Almost without warning(预兆) , Martin had lost, his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New Y ork as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't bothered(烦扰) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her confidence(对…有信心) in her own judgment growing. Ignoring(不顾) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway through(过程中)her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was gaining(获得) a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live on(靠)from her paintings.Of course, she took(对) no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune, but she couldn't help(忍不住)looking forward to her brother's arrival with quiet(暗暗地) satisfaction at what she had achieved.。

2013年职称英语卫生类A新增文章篇目+第三＋九篇SaunaCeremonial bathing1 has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans2 used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit3 would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “svusauna”, is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving4. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time5. The body‟s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating6 a slight fever7. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body‟s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor‟s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.词汇:sauna […saunə,‟sɔ:nə] n. (芬兰式)蒸汽浴，桑拿浴congestion [kən‟dӡest∫ən] n. 阻塞;拥塞odor […əudə] n. 气味，味道grime [ɡraim] n. 污垢;尘垢arthritis [ɑ:‟θraitis] n. 关节炎cardiovascular [͵kɑ:diəu‟væskjulə] adj. 心血管的inflammation [͵inflə‟mei∫ən] n. 炎(症) asthma […æsmə] n. 气喘diabetes [͵daiə‟bi:ti:z,-ti:s] n. 糖尿病注释：1. ceremonial bathing ：仪式性的沐浴。

阅读判断Taking Pictures of the W orldMeet Annie Griffiths Belt, a National Geographic photographer.1．Belt has never traveled to England．B．Wrong 2．Belt has never traveled to Antarctica．A．Right 3．Belt has worked for a number of magazines．C．Not mentioned4．Petra is a very old city in Jordan．A．Right 5．Belt can only connect with English．B．Wrong 6．People can connect with each other in bad weather．A．Right7．V olunteering is one way to begin a photography career．A．Right阅读判断Starting a New TraditionShantelle Davis is a nine-year-old girl in NewY ork。

1．Kwanzaa is celebrated at the end of the year．A．Right2．Kwanzaa is a holiday for African-Americans. A．Right3．Kwanzaa is a very old holiday．B．Wrong 4．People in Africa celebrate Kwanzaa．C．Not mentioned5．People spend a lot of time with their families during Kwanzaa.A．Right6．Children receive presents at the end of Kwanzaa．A．Right7．Everyone thinks Kwanzaa is an important holiday．B．Wrong概括大意US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world l．2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year．3 For instance．cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30％of the front and back of every pack3．4 The impact of the treaty could be huge．5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect．1．Paragraph l B US Signing of the FCTC 2．Paragraph 2 D How the FCTC Came into Being3．Paragraph 3 A What the FCTC Demands 4．Paragraph 4 E What the FCTC Will Bring about5．Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward B approving it6．Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to，among other things，D restrict smoking in public places7．It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths E caused by tobacco use 8．Much more countries have signed the FCTC than those that A Have ratified it概括大意How W e Form First Impressionl We all have first impression of someone we just met．2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world．3 If you see someone you know and like at school3,your brain says “familiar and safe.”4 When we stereotype people,5 However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,1．Paragraph 2 D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against2．Paragraph 3 C Illustration of First Impression3．Paragraph 4 B Comment on First Impression 4．Paragraph 5 A W ays of Departure from Immature and Simplistic5．Sensory information is one that is perceived through ．E the sights and sounds of the world6．Y ou interpret by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain．D the meaning of incoming sensory information 7．The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking，which is similar to . C the meaning form of thinking of a very young child8.We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to . B the most complex areas of our cortex阅读理解Shark Attack! Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard，scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving．1．After Craig Rogers fell into the water，the shark . C)swam away2．It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites . A)often let humans escape 3．Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 0f paragraph 4? B)are．4．The word their in line 2 0f paragraph 4 means . B)great whites’5．What is the main idea of the forth paragraph?C)W e now know great whites don’t mistake humans for other animals．阅读理解第五篇The Travels of lbn BattutaI left Tangier，my birthplace，the l3th of June l325 with the intention of making the pilgrimage。

2013职称英语全部新增文章(含阅读完型新增)word版(卫生类)阅读理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‟s not much fun —and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‟t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‟s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won‟t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler‟s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There‟s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn‟t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‟re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it‟s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: …I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon won‟t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager adj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1. hang on to ：继续保留。

2013年职称英语教材新增文章2013年职称英语综合类、理工类和卫生类教材新增文章：综合类：第四部分阅读理解第3篇:Shark Attack!第5篇: The Travel of Ibn Battuta第六部分完形填空综合完形填空无新增文章;注:综合类阅读判断的第1篇和第12篇, 概括大意与完成句子的第5篇不同于2012年教材理工类：第四部分阅读理解第11篇:When Ours Eyes Serve Our Stomach（详细内容）第19篇: Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience（详细内容）第48篇: Research Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright（详细内容）第六部分完形填空第3篇: Giant Structures（详细内容）第8篇: Why India Needs its Dying Vulture（详细内容）第13篇: Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light（详细内容）卫生类第四部分阅读理解第16篇: Eat to Live;第29篇: "Don’t Drink Alone" Gets New Meaning第39篇: Sauna第六部分完形填空第2篇: A Biological Clock第9篇: The Case of Disappearing Finerprints第14篇: Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ scores2013年职称英语新教材在阅读理解、完形填空文章有所变化，选择的题材更具有时代感、专业性，并加大了社会关注度，这在某种程度上来看，增加了考试的难度，说明随着职称教材文章选材的不断提高与丰富，需要学员在备考过程中，不但需要掌握和了解教材中除本类别外的更多文章内容，同时掌握更多的解题技巧，才能“以不变应万变”。

2013年职称英语教材变化解析（综合类）1. 词汇选项、补全短文和完形填空没有变化2. 阅读判断新增2篇：第一篇：T aking Pictures of the World（C级）第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition（B级）3. 概括大意与完成句子C级新增1篇，A级和B级没变：第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty（C级）（原2012年卫生C级的第一篇）4. 阅读理解C级新增2篇，A级和B级没有变动第三篇：Shark Attack!（C级）第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta（C级）2013年职称英语教材变化解析（理工类）1. 词汇选项、阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、补全短文这四个题型都没有变化2. 阅读理解新增3篇：C级2篇，A级1篇，B级没有变化第十一篇：When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach（C级）第十九篇：Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience（C级）第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright（A级）3. 完形填空新增3篇：C级2篇，A级1篇，B级没有变化第三篇：Giant Structures（C级）第八篇：Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures（C级）第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light（A级）2013年职称英语教材变化解析（卫生类）1. 词汇选项、阅读判断、概括大意和完成句子、补全短文这四个题型都没有变化2. 阅读理解新增3篇，A、B和C级各新增一篇：第十六篇：Eat to Live（C级）（原2012年理工C级的第二十五篇）第二十九篇：“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning（B级）（原2012年理工B级的第三十七篇）第三十九篇：Sauna（A级）（原2012年综合A级的四十二篇）3. 完形填空新增3篇，A、B和C级各新增一篇：第二篇：A Biological Clock（C级）（原2012年理工C级的第八篇）第九篇：The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints（B级）第十四篇：Young Adults Who Exercise Get HigherIQ Scores（A级）另附教材电子版以及新增文章下载[大家网首发]2013年全国职称英语考试教材--理工类电子版下载/thread-3126950-1-1.html[大家网首发]2013年全国职称英语考试教材--卫生类电子版下载/thread-3126974-1-1.html[大家网首发]2013年全国职称英语考试教材--综合类电子版下载/thread-3126989-1-1.html2013年理工类教材新增文章汇总/thread-3128936-1-1.html2013年卫生类教材新增文章汇总/thread-3128940-1-1.html2013年综合类教材新增文章汇总/thread-3128944-1-1.html。

第二部分·阅读判断*第十一篇Computer Mouse1. Most computer users want to know how the computer mouse works.(B Wrong)2. According to the author，general computer users need not to know how the computer mouse was invented.(C Not mentioned)3. The computer mouse derives its name from the cable that goes out its body，which looks like the tail of a mouse.(A Right)4. The key components of a computer mouse are the two LEDs.(A Right)5. When an ordinary computer mouse gefs dirty，it has to be replaced with a new one.( B)6. The most durable computer mice on sale are the IBM ones.(C)7. The optical mouse is superior to the basic one in that the former has no moving parts.(A) 第三部分、概括大意与完成句子第十一篇：Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing In today's knowledge economy，------ domestic service and in nursing and care homes1.Paragraph2(E Gift of talking)2. Paragraph3(C Strength of the Creative Economy)3. Paragraph4(D Weakness of the Creative Economy)4.Paragraph5(B “Servant”Economy)5.Every country has its own way．C .to feed its people．6.The British government doesn't seem_ F to worry about the British economy _．7.The creative industries find it difficult_ E .to make a profit _．8.Many graduates are employed_B .to do low-skill lobs _．第十二篇：Intelligence: a Changed ViewIntelligence was believed to bea fixed entity,1. Paragraph 2 C. Effect of Environment on Intelligence2. Paragraph 4 ___ A. Main Results of Recent Researches3. Paragraph 5 _ F. A Changed View of Intelligence4. Paragraph 6 _ E. Impact on School Education5.It was once believed D. that intelligence was something a baby was born with , and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence.6.More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited F. and partly has to do with a child’s living environment.7.It can be inferred from the passage that a child will B. have a better chance to develop his intelligence if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language.8.Children were not just A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligent , but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.四、阅读理解*第十九篇 The Family-----Thestructure of a family takesdifferent forms around the worldand even in the same society.1. Another good title for thispassage would be__A) What Makesa Family?2. A nuclear family is definedas__A) a married couple withtheir minor children3. The information in thispassage would most likely befound in__A) an anthropologytextbook4. The information in the firstparagraph is presented mainlythrough _C) pointing outsimilarities5. The word mobility means__B)readiness to move*第二十篇 Tales of the TerriblePastIt is not the job of fictionwriters to analyze and interprethistory.1. This passage is mostlyabout__D) two novels that dealwith slavery2. Beloved is set__C) in Ohioafter the Civil War3. The writer seems to feelthat__B) the books areworthwhile but challenging4. The writer emphasizes that thetwo books are similar in their__D)portrayal of violence5. The word appalling means__A)terrible*第二十六篇Seeing theWorld Centuries AgoIf you enjoy looking throughtravel books by such familiarauthors as Arthur Frommer orEugene1. This passage is mostlyabout__C) where three earlytravel writers went and wroteabout2.Ibn Battutah traveled__C)throughout the Muslim word3. The books bf the three writerswere popular because__B) theytold of strange and exoticlocales4. The overall organization ofthis passage is through__A)chronological order5. In this passage attest meansto__D) give proof of*第三十篇“Lucky” Lord Lucan----- Alive or DeadOn 8th November 1974 LordLucan，a British aristocrat，1. The public are stillinterested in the investigationbecause__C) Lord Lucan has neverbeen found2. It is thought that Lucankilled the nanny because__C) itwas dark and he thought she wasLady Lucan3. Aspinall thought Lucan killedhimself by_D) sinking his boat4. Lucan could have been killedbecause people __B) thought hemight talk to the police aboutthem if he was caught5. Ex-detective MacLaughlinclaimed that Mr Barry Haplin __C)was really Lord Lucan in disguise第五部分、补全短文*第十一篇 Virtual DriverDriving involves sharp eyesand keen ears，analyzing with abrain，and coordination betweenhands，feet and brain. A man hassharp eyes and keen ears，analyzes through his brain，andmaintains coordination betweenhis hands and brains. He cancontrol a fast-moving car withdifferent parts of his body. (1)D．But how does an intelligent carcontrol itself?_Apparentlythere isn't anyone in thedriver's cab，but there is in facta virtual driver1. This virtualdriver has eyes，brains，hands andfeet too. The minicameras on eachside of the car are its eyes andare responsible for observingthe road conditions ahead of itas well as the traffic to its leftand right. If you open the boot，you can see the most importantpart of the automatic drivingsystem: a built-in computer. (2)C．This is the brain of thecar.The brain of the car isresponsible for calculating thespeeds objects surrounding thecar are moving at2, analyzingtheir position on the road,choosing the right path, andgiving orders to the wheel andthe control system.In comparison with the humanbrain, the virtual driver's bestadvantage is that it reactsquickly. (3) E. It completes theprocessing of the images sent bythe cameras within 100milliseconds. However, it takesthe world's best racecar driverat least one second to react, andthis doesn't include the time heneeds to take action.With its rapid reaction andaccurate control，the virtualdriver can reduce the accidentrate on expressways considerably.In this case, is it possible forus to let it have the wheel3 atany time and in any place? _4.A．Experts say that we cannot dothat just yet.· With its limitedability to recognize things, thecar can now only travel onexpressways.The intelligent cardetermines its direction by theclear lines that mark the lanesclearly and recognizes vehiclesaccording to their regularshapes. _5 F．However, it cannotrecognize moving people andbicycles on ordinary roads thathave no clear markings on them .This being the case4, peoplestill have high hopes aboutdriverless cars， and thinkhighly intelligent cars are whatthe cars of the future should belike5.六、完形填空第六篇 Teaching and learningMany teachers believe thatthe responsibilities forlearning lie with the student. Ifa long reading assignment isgiven, instructors expectstudents to be familiar with the(1) D) information in the readingeven if they do not discuss it inclass or take an examination. The(2) B) ideal student isconsidered to be one who ismotivated to learn for the sakeof(3) C) learning , not the oneinterested only in getting highgrades. Sometimes homework is returned(4) D) with brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the studentis(5) C) responsible for learning the material assigned. When research is(6) C) assigned, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with(7) B) minimum guidance. It is the student's responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain(8) D) how a university library works; they expect students(9) A) particularly graduate students to exhaust the reference(10) C) sources in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but(11) D)prefe that their students should not be (12) A) too_ dependent on them. In the UnitedStats professors have many other duties (13) D) besides_ teaching，such as administrative or research work. Therefore, the time that a professorcan spend with astudent outside of class is (14) B) limited . If a student has problems with classroom work , the student should either (15) C) approach a professor during office hours or make an appointment.*第七篇 The Difference between Man and ComputerWhat makes people different from computer programs? What is the missing element that our theories don’t yet (1) C) account for? The answer issimple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about (2) C) what they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand， don't. In fact，computers don't (3) B) how have interests; there is nothing in particular that they are trying to find out when they read. Ifa computer (4) A) program_is to be a model of story understanding ，it should also read for a "purpose".Of course ，people have several goals thatdo not make (5）B) sens) to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide (6) C) inorder to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) A) find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However ，these physiological and social goalsgive (8) C) riseto several intellectual or cognitive goals. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9)D)information about the name of a restaurant which (10) D) serve the desired type of food ，how expensive therestaurant is，the location of the restaurant, etc. These aregoals to (11) A)acquire information orknowledge, what we are calling(12) B) learning goals. Thesegoals can be held by computerstoo; a computer (13) B) might"want" to find out the locationof a restaurant ，and read a guidein order to do so (14) D) in thesame way as a person might.While such a goal would not (15)A) arise out of hunger in thecase of the computer，it might well ariseout of the "goal" tolearn more about restaurants.*第九篇 The First BicycleThe history of the bicyclegoes back more than 200 years. In1791，Count de Sivrac (1) A)delighted _onlookers in a park inParis as he showed off histwo-wheeled invention ，amachine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) D)enlarged version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) A) usefor many years. Sivrac's"celeriferé had a wooden frame，made in the (4) B) shape _of ahorse ，which was mounted on awheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，justlike a modem bicycle ，and pushed(5) D) hard against the (6) B)ground with your legs—therewere no pedals. It wasimpossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes，butdespite these problems theinvention very much (7B)appeale)to the fashionable youngmen of Paris. Soon they were (8)C) holding races up and down thestreets.Minor (9) C) injurieswere common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 ) D)speed . Controlling the machinewas difficult ，as the only wayto change (11) A) directio was topull up the front of the"celeriferé" and (12) C) turn_it round while the front wheelwas (13) D) spinning in the air."Celeriferés" were not popularfor long ，however ，as the (14)C) combination of no springs ，no steering and rough roads maderiding them veryuncomfortable. Even so，thewooden celeriferé was the (15) A)origin of the modem bicycle.*第十篇 Working MothersCarefully conductedresearches that have followedthe children of working mothershave not been able to show anylong-term problems，comparedwith children whose mothersstayed at home. My personal (1)A) view is that mothers should beallowed to work if theywish. Whether we like it ornot ，there are a (2 C) number)of mothers who just have to work..There are those who have investedsuch a big part of their lives inestablishing a career that theycannot (3) A) afford see it lost.Then there are many who must workout of pure economic (4) C)necessity . Many mothers are not(5) B) cut out to be full-timeparents. After a few months athome with a much loved infant ，they feel trapped and isolated.There are a number of optionswhen it (6) D) comes to choosingchildcare. These range fromchild mindersand nannies through to Grannyor the kind lady (7) C)across the street. (8) C) Inreality _, however ，manyparents don't have anychoice; they have to acceptanything they can get. Beprepared! No (9) B) matter howgood the childcare may be ，some children are going toprotest wildly if they are left.This is a (10) A) perfectlynormal stage of childdevelopment. Babies separatewell in the first six months，but soon after that they start toget a crush on Mum and closefamily (11) C) members . Makesure that in the first week youallow (12) D) plenty of _ time tohelp your child settle in.All children are different.Some are independent ，while others are more (13) B)attached to theirmothers. Remember that if youwant to(14) D) do the best foryour children ，it's not thequantity of time you spend withthem，it's the (15) A) qualitythat matters.。

2013年职称英语综合类新增文章及译文阅读理解第三篇Shark Attack!Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his boa rd. “I could have touched its eye with my elbow,” says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn’t heard a thing.In his horror and confusion，he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark’s teeth. He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers，the five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below.Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the last century. But great white sharks can reach six meters in length and weigh 2,200 kilograms or more. With frightening jaws that can hold up to 3,000 teeth arranged in several rows，they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water. Why is it, then, that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten.The most common explanation is that great whites don’t see well. It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet. There is reason to doubt this，however. Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well. Also，when attacking seals, great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force. When approaching humans, however, they most often move in slowly and bite less hard. They soon discover that humans are not a high —fat meal. “They spit us out because we’re too bony,” says Aidan Martin，director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research.Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things. It’s possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat, but also to gatherinformation. Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers, when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people，they are likely just trying to learn what they are.第三篇小心鲨鱼!克雷格•罗杰斯正坐在他的冲浪板上估算着下一波浪离他还有多远，就在这时冲浪板不动了。

第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses aren‟t just delivering 汪strict view of what‟s going on in the world；they‟re affected by what‟s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who‟ve just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what‟s going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain‟s high-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they‟d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says.“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.词汇：threshold n.起点，开端；门槛disposal n.处理,处置;配置neutral adj.中性的；中立的motive n.动机，目的strive v.努力，力求;斗争注释：1. Our senses aren‟ t just delivering a strict view of ... in our heads:这个句子的大概意思是:我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界;五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。

药圈，药学人员的圈子阅读理解第十六篇Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life,but it’s not much fun—and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse,but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives,and fed another three on half-rations3.Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3for a month when they were34months old—equivalent to about70human years.The researchers checked the activity of11,000genes from the mouse livers,and found that46changed with age in the normally fed mice.The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health.In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27of those46genes continued to behave like young genes.But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from70per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,”says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice,but Spindler is hopeful.“There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,”he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver.As we get older,our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs,for example.A brief period of time of dieting,says Spindler,could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it.“The mice get less disease,they live longer,but they’re hungry,”he says.“Even seeing what a diet does,it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say:‘I can only eat half of that,.”Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all.His company,Lifespan Genetics in California,is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager adj.不足的youthful adj.有青春活力的vigor n.精力，活力metabolize vt.使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程genetic adj.基因的rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1.hang on to：继续保留。