科技汉语常用动词的英译法

科技英语中专业术语的翻译1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和它完全对等的名词就叫意译。

对单个词语来说，意译也就是直译。

意译法是最常用的翻译方法，它能使读者直接了解术语的含义。

例子如下：①firewall．．．．．．．．：防火墙②data mining．．．．．．．．．．：数据挖掘③automatic program control．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．：自动程序控制2.形译：英语中有些科技术语的前半部分是表示该术语形象的字母或单词，翻译成汉语时可把这一部分翻译成表示具体形象的词，或保留原来的字母，这就叫形译。

例子如下：I．-．bar．．．X光；α．-．brass．．．．．麻花钻；X．-．Ray．．．．．α黄铜[1]．．．．环形圈；twist．．．工字钢、工字条；O．-．ring．．．．．-．drill3.音译：根据英语发音翻译成汉语里相应的词。

科技英语中某些有专业名词构成的术语、单位名称、新型材料的名称等，在翻译时都可采用音译法。

例子如下：●gene．．．．．．．奔腾．．．．基因；quark．．．．．夸克；Pentium●celluloid．．．．．尼龙．．．．．．．．．赛璐璐；nylon●Hertz．．．．．流明（光通量单位）．．．．．（Hz）赫兹（频率单位）；lumen4.缩写词：英语首字母缩写词在科技新词中占很大比重，这类词如果译成汉语，就显得拖沓冗长，因此很多情况下干脆不翻译。

例子如下：☺CPU．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．(中央处理器)．．．：．C．entral Processing Unit☺ASCII．．． I．nformation．．．．．．．．．． (美国信息交换标准码)．．． for．．．．．．．．．． I．nterchange．．．．．．． C．ode．．．．．：．American S．．．．．．．．．tandard☺ATM．．．．．．． M．ode．．．(异步传输方式)．．．：．A．synchronous．．．．．．．．．．． T．ransfer一些国际组织的缩写也常采用这种办法。

科技类常用词汇和短语集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）科技类常用词汇和短语名词和名词短语：Technological advancement \ development 科技进步; Technological innovations 科技创新High-tech facilities \ products 高科技设施\产品; Modern technology 现代科技;Communication technology 通讯科技 (如：mass media; mobile phones; the internet)The fast rhythm of life 快节奏的生活方式; Information age 信息时代;Home working \ telecommuting work 在家办公; Distance education 远程教育The widespread use of the internet 网络的广泛使用;Electric appliances 家电; automation 自动化; mass manufacture 大量生产动词短语：Give easy access to ….(主语为事物) = Acquire…. (主语为人) 获得… (知识, 信息等)Adapt to + 名词适应… ; Get (be) used to +名词习惯…; Benefit from…从…中受益; Benefit…使…受益Be beneficial to + 名词对…有益; Enhance study efficiency提高学习效率;Broaden one’s horizons开阔某人眼界; Enrich one’s knowledge (experience) 丰富某人的知识 (阅历); Remove the barrier for…为…消除障碍; Assist sb to do…协助某人做某事;Equip sb with sth 用…武装某人; Put sb into contact with sth 让某人接触某事Be confronted with…面对…; Put sb at an advantage in terms of…使某人在某方面处于优势Make use of …. 充分利用; Be available to… = be accessible to 供….使用Keep up with 跟上…的步伐; Stay in close contact with…. 保持和….的密切接触Enhance efficiency (work efficiency; study efficiency; productivity) 提高效率; Accelerate.. 加速典型考题：1. Some people believe the range of technology available to individuals today is increasing the gap between poor people and rich people. Others think it is having an opposite effect. What is your opinion2. Some people think people have benefited from modern communication technology, other people think some people have not benefited at all, to what extend do you agree or disagree现代科技的一些正面影响：效率… assist people to enhance working efficiencyWith the help of fax, e-mail or other automated and communication devices, people are able to perform dailyroutines in a more efficient way, reducing manual work greatly 方便The outside world has become more accessible to people and one can perform many tasks at home, such as shopping, banking and business transactions, thus helping them cut costs of bus fare and fuel娱乐People are able to spend much less time on daily routines and household chores,With the emergence of various IT products, people are leading a more colorful life with more flexibility and leisure time.情感…. expands people’s social circle. In the past, social relationships were limited by physical factors such asgeographical distance. But nowadays, Because of technological advances, such as the railroad, the automobile, the telephone and the internet, one can travel further and get acquainted with more people.就业… triggers emergence and great progress of various fronts, thereby creating numerous job opportunities知识… enables any person in present-day society to become enlightened and empowered. Modern technology gives infinite and flexible access to information and knowledge. By gathering information from a variety of sources, such as the Internet, mobile phones, E-libraries, online training courses, people can have a broader view of life and equip themselves with various skills and abilities现代科技的一些负面影响：压力Employees are actually working longer, primarily because fax,e-mail or other communication devices have made them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work, partly depriving workers of their leisure time娱乐a).People’s leisure time (social activities) has beenshrinking as a result of various Internet-based activities. Specifically, web-surfing, on-line shopping has taken up a larger part of people’s after-work life情感…alters their social behaviors and habits. For example, for many people, spending part of the day on the internet is quite normal. Because most internet users are deeply addicted to Internet, they will become socially isolated. Most of them have poor social life and feelings of loneliness.健康a). people have become more and more accustomed to living in a world that appreciates convenience and inactivity. As a result, people are very likely to lose patience and physical vigorb).Too much time spent on the Internet leads to the result that people suffer serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. It is likely that many people end up struggling with poor health。

科技术语的译法科技术语的译法科技术语的译法随着社会的进步和科技的发展，新的发明创造不断涌现，随之也就出现了描述这些事物的新术语。

在科技英语翻译中，我们常常碰到如何把这类术语译成适当的汉语的问题。

通常，有以下约定俗成的方法。

1. 意译：意译就是对原词所表达的具体事物和概念进行仔细推敲，以准确译出该词的科学概念。

这种译法最为普遍，在可能的情况下，科技术语应采用意译法。

例如：holography 全息摄影术astrionics 宇航电子学guided missile 导弹aircraft carrier 航空母舰videophone 可视电话walkie-talkie 步话机power roller 健腹轮e-mail 电子邮件一般说来，有三类科技新词语采用此译法：1.1.合成词：由两个或两个以上旧词构成的复合词skylab 太空实验室moonwalk 月球漫步friction factor 摩擦系数1.2.多义词：旧词转义，即通过赋予旧词以新义而构成新术语drone 雄蜂无人驾驶飞机bug 臭虫窃听器computer 计算者计算机1.3.派生词：在原有的词根上加前缀或后缀构成新术语例如：thermocouple 热电偶voltmeter 电压表2. 音译：音译就是根据英语单词的发音译成读音与原词大致相同的汉字。

采用音译的科技术语主要有两类：2.1.计量单位的词：hertz 赫兹（频率单位）bit 比特（度量信息的单位，二进制位）lux 勒克司（照明单位）joule 焦耳（功或能的单位）2.2. 某些新发明的材料或产品的名称（尤其在起初时）：celluloid 赛璐珞（硝纤象牙）nylon 尼龙（酰胺纤维）sonar 声纳（声波导航和测距设备）vaseline 凡士林（石油冻）morphine 吗啡一般地说，音译比意译容易，但不如意译能够明确地表达新术语的涵义。

因此，有些音译词经过一段时间后又被意译词所取代，或者同时使用。

科技英语翻译基本方法和技巧1.词义的引申2.词类转换2.1转换成汉语动词2.2转换成汉语名词2.3转换成汉语形容词2.4转换成汉语副词3.增词3.1增加表示名词复数概念的词语3.2增加表示时态的词语3.3增加表示句子主语的词语3.4增加原文中省略的词语3.5增加具体化、明确化的词语3.6增加起语气连贯作用的词语1.词义的引申英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在词典中找不到适当的词义,如果生搬硬套词典中的释义,译文则不能确切地表达原文的意思,甚至造成误译。

这时就应结合上下文和逻辑关系,根据汉语的表达习惯,引申词义。

所谓词义引申,就是指对某些英语词汇的含义加以扩展和变通,使其更准确地表达原文词汇所表达的特定意思。

词义的引申主要包括三个方面的内容。

1.1专业化引申英语科技文章所使用的词汇有些借自日常生活用语,但在科技语境中已赋有了不同于日常语境的专业化语义。

因此,翻译时应基于其基本意义,根据所涉及专业引申出其专业化语义。

例如:(1)His mother died of difficult labor.他母亲死于难产。

(不译作“困难的劳动”)(2)The major problem in manufacturing is the control of contamination and foreign material.制造时的一个主要问题是控制污染和杂质。

(不译作“外界物质”)(3)The running of such automated establishments remains only a matter of reading various meters mounted on panels.管理这种自动化工厂只不过要求查看一下控制台上的各种仪表而已。

(不译作“阅读”)(4)More weight must be placed on the past history of patients.必须更加重视患者的病史。

2. “完成”、“达到”、“实现”等的表示法常用的动词有:accomplish 完成achieve 完成；达到finish 结束, 完成attain 达到；完成fulfil(l) 履行；执行；完成carry out 执行；进行；实现perform 执行, 完成complete 完成；结束reach 达到do 实行；完成realize 实现effect 实现；达到proceed 进行常用名词有:accomplishment 完成achievement 完成, 达到fulfil(1)ment 实现, 完成；达到attainment 达到, 完成performance 执行, 完成completion 完成, 结束realization 实现4. “优点”、“好处”、“益处”等的表示法常用词语有:advantage 优点, 好处benefit 好处；利益excellent/good/outstandingmerit 优点；长处features 优点；优异的特点profit 益处；得益virtue 优点, 长处goodness 优良, 优势good qualities 优点superiority 优越性strong points 优点5. “一致”、“符合”的表示法accord 符合, 一致be in agreement with …agree 符合, 一致be in accord with …coincide 一致, 相符be in conformity with …conform (使)一致, （使）符合be consistent with …correspond to …符合于…bring … into correspondence with …使…与…一致起来- 3 -常用的名词有: 常用的形容词有:accord 一致, 符合consistent 一致的, 符合的agreement 符合, 一致accordant 一致的coincidence 符合, 一致conformable 一致的, 符合的correspondence 符合, 一致corresponding 一致的, 符合的6. “让步”的表示法常用词语有:although／whereas／while／whilst 虽然in spite of／despite尽管, 虽然in spite of the fact that …虽然irrespective of／regardless of …不论, 不管no matter+疑问词(how, what, when, where等)无论…whatever 无论什么, 不论什么whichever 无论哪个whenever 无论何时wherever 无论在哪里whether … or …不管…还是…even if／even though 即使however + adj./ adv. 无论怎样adj./ adv.+ as 尽管，虽然in any case 无论如何常用词语结构有:appear / seem + to V 看来, 似乎appear / look / seem + like + NP 看来像…, 看来是…的样子look + as if / though …看来好像…It appears / looks／seems + as if/though. . . 看来好像(仿佛)…It appears / seems + that …看来…10. “大约”、“近似”的表示法常用副词或词组有:about 近于, 大约around 大约approximately 大约, 近似near 差不多, 几乎nearly 差不多, 几乎or so …左右, 大约in／of the order of …约为, 大约常用动词有:approximate 接近approach 接近, 靠近come near 接近, 将近range from ...to... 从…到…左右, 在…范围内不等vary from ...to... 在…范围内变化12. “平衡”、“抵消”、“补偿”等的表示方法常用的动词及词组有:balance 平compensate for 补偿counterbalance （使）平衡, 抵equalize 使均衡（均等）, （使）平衡, 补偿make up for 弥补；补偿常用名词有:balance 平衡13. “建造”、“制造”等的表示法常用动词有: 常用名词有:build 建造；建筑building 建造, 建筑construct 建造；建筑construction 建造；构筑fabricate 制造；装配fabrication 制作；装配generate 产生；发生;发（电）generation 产生；发生；发（电）manufacture （大量）制造, 加工manufacture （大量）制造, 加工prepare 制备, 配制, 调制preparation 制备, 配制, 调制produce 制造, 生产production 制造, 生产14. “能力”的表示法常用词语有:be able / unable to + V 能(够)／不能be capable / incapable of + -ing 能够／不能be in a position + to V 能够can / cannot +V 能／不能will / will be + V 能／不能enable … + to V 使…能…have the ability / capability / capacity / power + to V 用…的能力, 能够…15. “引起”、“导致”、“产生”等的表示法常用词语有:be due to …是由……所引起的, 是由于……bring about / on …引起lead to …导致…produce 产生, 引起cause 引起, 产生；发展provoke 激起, 引用, 诱发develop 引起；激起raise 引起, 唤起generate 产生；引起result in …导致；产生give rise to …引起set off/up …引起,16. “肯定”、“一定”、“相信”等的表示法常用词语结构有:be certain / sure / confident of + NP 确信, 深信be certain / sure / confident + that …确信, 深信……be certain / sure / + to V 一定（必会）会……be convinced of + NP / that …相信……believe + that …相信, 认为……have / there is no doubt + that …毫无疑问……know for a certainty + that …确实知道……it can be said with certainty + that 可以断言……it is clear / certain + that …显然……/可以肯定……it is sb.’s belief / opinion + that …某人认为/某人的看法是……。

科技汉译英谓语动词的转换翻译方洪民;王磊【摘要】It is a common necessity that verb sentences be transferred to copula or delexical verb construction in C-E translation of scientific writings, with predicate verb transformed or changed to subject complement, subject or object. These transformations normally lead to formal and heightened register, in addition to serving different pragmatic purposes：subject complement transformation serves for a general statement in perspective of language rather than parole, subject transformation for an appropriate theme statement or for sentence cohesion / reference, and object noun transformation for delexical verb construction, which provides free syntactic structure for modifiers.%科技汉语动词句英译时，常需要转化为系动词或虚义动词谓语结构句，动词谓语转译为译句的补语、主语或宾语。

谓语动词的转换翻译一般使译句正式庄重，语域提高，且适应不同的语用要求：转译为系动词谓语结构补语，是从语言而非言语角度，对语义内容作概括表述；转译为主语，是为恰当表述论述主题，或便于上下文的衔接和照应；转译为宾语名词，虚义动词结构为修饰语提供了自由的句法框架。