西方公共行政管理理论l
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西方公共行政管理理论l
Public administration is a field of study that focuses on the management of public policies
and programs. It is a discipline that incorporates theories from various fields such as
political science, management, sociology, and economics. The Western public
administration management theory has evolved over time and has been influenced by
various scholars and practitioners. In this paper, we will explore the key theories in
Western public administration management, their evolution, and their impact on the field.
Classical Public Administration Theory
The classical public administration theory emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
and was heavily influenced by the thinking of Max Weber, Frederick Taylor, and Henri Fayol.
Weber’s bureaucratic model emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure, division of
labor, and clear rules and procedures. Taylor’s scientific management theory focused on
maximizing efficiency and productivity through standardization of work processes. Fayol’s
administrative management theory highlighted the importance of coordination, planning,
and control in organizations.
These early theories laid the foundation for modern public administration and still have a
significant influence on the field today. However, they have been criticized for their focus on
hierarchical structures and bureaucratic processes, which are seen as rigid and inflexible in
today's dynamic and fast-changing environment.
Behavioral Public Administration Theory
The behavioral public administration theory emerged as a response to the limitations of the
classical theory. This theory focused on the human side of organizations and emphasized
the importance of understanding human behavior in the workplace. Scholars such as
Chester Barnard, Herbert Simon, and Mary Parker Follett contributed to the development of
this theory.
Barnard’s theory of cooperation emphasized the importance of informal organizations and
the role of communication and leadership in achieving organizational goals. Simon’s
decision-making theory focused on the limitations of human rationality and the need for
administrative decision-making to be flexible and adaptive. Follett’s theories on conflict
resolution and power dynamics laid the groundwork for modern organizational behavior
and human resource management.
The behavioral public administration theory introduced concepts such as motivation,
communication, leadership, and organizational culture into the field of public
administration. It shifted the focus from the formal structures and processes to the people
within the organizations and their interactions. This theory has had a lasting impact on the
field and is still relevant in contemporary public administration practices.
New Public Management Theory The new public management (NPM) theory emerged in the 1980s as a response to the
perceived inefficiencies and bureaucratic nature of traditional public administration. This
theory, heavily influenced by the thinking of scholars such as David Osborne, Ted Gaebler,
and Christopher Hood, emphasized the need for a results-oriented, market-driven approach
to public administration.
NPM introduced management practices from the private sector into the public sector, such
as performance measurement, competition, outsourcing, and customer orientation. It also
emphasized the use of market mechanisms, such as contracts and incentives, to improve
efficiency and effectiveness in public service delivery.
NPM has had a significant impact on public administration around the world, leading to
widespread reforms in public sector organizations. However, it has also been criticized for
its focus on efficiency at the expense of equity, its reliance on market mechanisms in public
services, and its de-emphasis of public interest and accountability.
Postmodern Public Administration Theory
The postmodern public administration theory emerged as a response to the limitations of
traditional public administration theories in addressing the complex and diverse challenges
of contemporary society. This theory, influenced by scholars such as Camilla Stivers, Hugh
Miller, and John De Lascio, emphasized the need for a more inclusive, participatory, and
reflexive approach to public administration.
Postmodern public administration challenged the notion of objective and neutral
administration and highlighted the importance of understanding power, diversity, and
social justice in public policy and management. It also emphasized the need for
collaborative and networked governance models that involve multiple stakeholders in