西方公共行政管理理论l

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西方公共行政管理理论l

Public administration is a field of study that focuses on the management of public policies

and programs. It is a discipline that incorporates theories from various fields such as

political science, management, sociology, and economics. The Western public

administration management theory has evolved over time and has been influenced by

various scholars and practitioners. In this paper, we will explore the key theories in

Western public administration management, their evolution, and their impact on the field.

Classical Public Administration Theory

The classical public administration theory emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

and was heavily influenced by the thinking of Max Weber, Frederick Taylor, and Henri Fayol.

Weber’s bureaucratic model emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure, division of

labor, and clear rules and procedures. Taylor’s scientific management theory focused on

maximizing efficiency and productivity through standardization of work processes. Fayol’s

administrative management theory highlighted the importance of coordination, planning,

and control in organizations.

These early theories laid the foundation for modern public administration and still have a

significant influence on the field today. However, they have been criticized for their focus on

hierarchical structures and bureaucratic processes, which are seen as rigid and inflexible in

today's dynamic and fast-changing environment.

Behavioral Public Administration Theory

The behavioral public administration theory emerged as a response to the limitations of the

classical theory. This theory focused on the human side of organizations and emphasized

the importance of understanding human behavior in the workplace. Scholars such as

Chester Barnard, Herbert Simon, and Mary Parker Follett contributed to the development of

this theory.

Barnard’s theory of cooperation emphasized the importance of informal organizations and

the role of communication and leadership in achieving organizational goals. Simon’s

decision-making theory focused on the limitations of human rationality and the need for

administrative decision-making to be flexible and adaptive. Follett’s theories on conflict

resolution and power dynamics laid the groundwork for modern organizational behavior

and human resource management.

The behavioral public administration theory introduced concepts such as motivation,

communication, leadership, and organizational culture into the field of public

administration. It shifted the focus from the formal structures and processes to the people

within the organizations and their interactions. This theory has had a lasting impact on the

field and is still relevant in contemporary public administration practices.

New Public Management Theory The new public management (NPM) theory emerged in the 1980s as a response to the

perceived inefficiencies and bureaucratic nature of traditional public administration. This

theory, heavily influenced by the thinking of scholars such as David Osborne, Ted Gaebler,

and Christopher Hood, emphasized the need for a results-oriented, market-driven approach

to public administration.

NPM introduced management practices from the private sector into the public sector, such

as performance measurement, competition, outsourcing, and customer orientation. It also

emphasized the use of market mechanisms, such as contracts and incentives, to improve

efficiency and effectiveness in public service delivery.

NPM has had a significant impact on public administration around the world, leading to

widespread reforms in public sector organizations. However, it has also been criticized for

its focus on efficiency at the expense of equity, its reliance on market mechanisms in public

services, and its de-emphasis of public interest and accountability.

Postmodern Public Administration Theory

The postmodern public administration theory emerged as a response to the limitations of

traditional public administration theories in addressing the complex and diverse challenges

of contemporary society. This theory, influenced by scholars such as Camilla Stivers, Hugh

Miller, and John De Lascio, emphasized the need for a more inclusive, participatory, and

reflexive approach to public administration.

Postmodern public administration challenged the notion of objective and neutral

administration and highlighted the importance of understanding power, diversity, and

social justice in public policy and management. It also emphasized the need for

collaborative and networked governance models that involve multiple stakeholders in