托福阅读十种题型解析—句子简化题

托福阅读句子简化题的解题技巧及注意事项在托福阅读考试中，总共有10大题型，其中有一类叫做句子简化题。

考生应该如何应对这类题型呢?这类题型答题时需要注意哪些呢?下面小编从这类题型介绍、选项特点、答题方法、答题技巧及注意事项几个方面来一一为大家解答。

托福阅读句子简化题是托福阅读中针对句子考察的题型，考生在这类题型中只要认清题型、把握住方法，就不容易出错。

所以新东方在线为大家带来关于搞定托福阅读句子简化题的相关介绍。

题型简介托福阅读句子简化题针对的是托福阅读文章中有些难度的句子，题目问法常常是固定的：Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrectanswer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.考生在答题时，可以根据文章中的背景句子来马上找到句子出处。

选项特点托福阅读句子简化题的正确选项一定包含了原句的主要意思，同时在逻辑上不会有变化。

而根据题干中错误选项特征描述“change the meaning inimportant ways”、“leave out essentialinformation”，可知该题型错误选项会遗漏原句的重要信息或者是加入原句中没有的意义。

答题方法考生在解答这类题型时，一般步骤分为三步：①首先看句子的类型是简单句还是复杂句，简单句即只有主、谓、宾没有其他修饰成分的句子，复杂句则是加入了一些修饰性成分，往往不容易一眼看出重点的句子。

②根据上一步的判断，如果是复杂句，需要考生先找出句子主干，如果是简单句，则不需要，接下来则需要分析句子中有没有明显的逻辑关系，判断标准是利用句子中的逻辑关联词，比如指示因果关系的有：Therefore,due to, as, for, thus, hence,consequently以及能够表达“引起、造成”、“起源于、由…而来”意义的词，指示并列关系的标志词是：also, both…and…,either...or..., equally,similarly等。

托福阅读句子简化题型及答案托福阅读中词汇题是重要题型之一。

根据托福阅读题型不同来进行专项练习，是短期提高托福阅读能力的有效方法。

那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来一系列的托福简化题内容汇总希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

托福阅读句子简化题：Early Cinema【Paragraph 2】These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors functioned in a similar way. Edison was more interested in the sale of Kinetoscopes (for roughly $1,000 apiece) to these parlors than in the films that would be run in them (which cost approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several. (Early Cinema) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence from the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.○Edison did not want to develop projection technologybecause it limited the number of machines he could sell.○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.托福阅读句子简化题答案：3托福阅读句子简化题：Desert Formation【Paragraph 10】The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas whereconsiderable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. (Desert Formation)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless thepopulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.托福阅读句子简化题答案：1托福阅读句子简化题：The Origins of Cetaceans【Paragraph 5】An even more exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans ("the walking whale that swam") lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good portion of the hind legs.The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly functional both on land and at sea. The whale retained a tail and lacked a fluke, the major means of locomotion in modern cetaceans. The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales bymoving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. On land, where it probably bred and gave birth, Ambulocetus may have moved around very much like a modern sea lion. It was undoubtedly a whale that linked life on land with life at sea.(The Origins of Cetaceans)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structureshows that it swam like modern whales.○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up a nd down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.托福阅读句子简化题答案：3托福阅读句子简化题：highlighted sentence【Paragraph 1】Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them—clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal—it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the "applied arts." Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision,have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm.However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object's primary function.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. ( Applied Arts and Fine Arts)○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.托福阅读词汇题答案：1。

托福阅读句子简化题的解题方法
句子简化题主要考察我们的paraphrase（在此可以简单理解为用比原文简单的语言来替换原文）的能力。

因此原文句式结构往往比较复杂，词汇相对比较高级，而且需要我们有比较强的逻辑分析能力。

正确选项往往会在句子结构，语法以及词汇上做改动，比如主动变被动，复合句变成简单句，同义词改写。

但是我们也不要被它吓到，只要我们有一定词汇基础（四级就可以），并掌握其解题技巧，正确解答此题还是不难的。

句子简化题的主要解题步骤是：
1.分析原句的逻辑关系，比如：转折，让步，递进，对比，等等。

2.扫描选项是否有对应的逻辑关系，如果不一样，立即排除该选项。

3.划出原句的核心词汇及概念，这些词往往是动作的发出者：主语，动作：谓语，以及动作的接受者：宾语。

4.把剩下的选项和原文进行快速比对，作出正确选择。

例1：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while transporting domesticated plants and animals.。

托福阅读句子简化题实例解析托福阅读句子简化题实例解析, 如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题。

今天给大家带来托福阅读句子简化题实例解析,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读句子简化题实例解析如何利用逻辑解题法解决简化题?一.托福阅读句子简化题难点解析在托福阅读题型中，句子简化题可算是一种让学生颇为头疼的题型了，首先这种题型涉及句子阅读与理解，需要考生有一个比较好的句子分析基础，另外，它又同*段落结构相联系，同时答案又是选出简化后的内容，所以要求学生在确定*主题以及段落大意的情况下，通过仔细阅读来确定某些特定句子的主要意思。

那么怎样做这类题才能达到较好的复习效果呢?今天我们就一起来学习一下怎么做简化题，下面我为大家介绍一种方法，即运用逻辑解题法，希望对大家有所帮助。

二.逻辑解题法简述逻辑解题法，顾名思义就是通过对句子进行分析，在了解句子结构的基础上，分析句子的主要逻辑结构，找到句子所要表达的核心内容，然后对应答案，选出内容逻辑都符合的正确选项。

句子简化题简化的是内容，但不是逻辑，所以通过逻辑解题法我们可以快速锁定正确答案范围。

逻辑解题法主要有以下三个步骤：通读原句，分析句子结构，找到句子主干及句子所表达的主要逻辑关系查看选项，排除非主干逻辑的选项根据句子内容，对应逻辑关系的具体对象，选出正确答案。

三.托福阅读句子简化题实例解析下面我们来看一个例子：例: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.上面这句话就是一个高亮的句子，我们来看一下对应的 4 个选项：A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in variouscountries are involved in the effort. D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.按照逻辑解题法的步骤，首先我们先分析一下原句，找到主干逻辑。

新托福阅读句子简化解题方法探析朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露在托福阅读的十大题型中，句子简化题相对来说是一个比较低调的题型，它以每篇文章一道题的概率默默而坚实地存在着。

而就该题型的难度来说，处于十大题型的中间水平；就答题技巧性而言，属于十大题型中技巧性较强的题型。

该题型需要考生从四个选项中选出一个句子能够作为段落中一个阴影句子的同义句。

朗阁福州托福培训中心的托福培训专家认为，该题型主要考察两个方面：逻辑&语义。

因此，考生可以沿着这两个方向去解题。

一、逻辑所谓逻辑层面，即同义替换句与原句必须保持在逻辑关系上的一致。

常考的逻辑关系包括因果关系，转折关系，比较关系。

A. 因果关系a. 显性因果1）因：Because; for; as; since; on account of; with2）果：So; so that; therefore; thereby; as a result; hence; thus; consequently; accordinglyb. 隐性因果1）导致（因→果）Cause; lead to; give rise to; result in2）由…而来（果→因）Result from; derive from; originate from; initiate from; stem from3）反映/体现（果→因）Reflect; demonstrate; suggest4）考虑到/依赖于（因→果）Reason; considering; in view of; thanks to; rely on; depend on; according to; resort to例题：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage？Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is redu ced in the vast areas affected.解题步骤：1.观察阴影部分句子，发现表隐性因果的短语result from2.浏览选项，发现A和B选项含有因果关系3.分析原句：原句中“因”：？大量受到影响的土地vast areas of land？大量受到影响的人口tremendous numbers of people？很难去减慢或者颠覆沙漠化过程reverse or slow the process原句中“果”：沙漠化是一个严重serious的问题分析A选项：“因”：reverse process; affect large areas of land; affect great numbers of people；“果”：沙漠化是一个significant的问题。

在托福阅读的十大题型中，句子简化题也是其中尤为突显其特色的一种题目类型。

句子简化题在新托福阅读考试中通常一篇文章只有一题，虽然量不多，但是如果考生的语法很棒，这种题可谓是“送分题”。

因为这种题型的主要考查目的是：考查考生们理解文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，并不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。

因此，考生们的语法水平在解题过程中就显得尤为重要。

以OG Practice Set 4 (Aggression)中的第8题为例：The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations, and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential infor mation in the highlighted sentence­ Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.分析：题目中阴影句子的主句为“people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified – as during wartime – are likely to act aggre ssively”，其中“who believe that aggression is necessary and justified”为people的定语从句，因此该主句部分翻译为“相信攻击或者侵略是必要和公正(就如在战争时期)的人可能会有攻击性或者侵略性行为”;而“whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively”是whereas引导的表示对比、对立或者直接相反的状语从句，其中“who believe that a particular war or act of aggression isunjust, or who think that aggression is never justified,”是该从句中限定“people”的定语从句，因此该状语从句意为“然而那些认为某场战争或侵略行为是不公正的，或者相信侵略是不合理的人，有攻击性或者侵略性行为的可能性更小一些”。

新托福阅读10大题型超强解析新托福考试的10大题型是什么？该怎么去解决呢？下面小编给大家带来新托福阅读10大题型超强解析，希望大家喜欢。

新托福阅读10大题型超强解析1.托福阅读的细节题(Factual Information)解法：a. 提取题干中关键词定位原文段落中关键词所在的所有句子. 阅读定位句理解。

c. 正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。

必须在意思上和语言逻辑结构上完全符合定位句。

细节的题的错误选项主要有以下几种：a. 该选项的全部或者局部出现了该段落根本就没有涉及的信息，概念，特有名词等等。

b. 原文定位句没有出现比较级，最高级一类的语言现象，但是选项中出现了这种无端的比较。

c. 选项中出现了定位句范围以外的信息，尽管这些信息在本段落中的确被完全提及。

d. 选项中有某些形容词或者副词起到了加重语气从而使选项的叙述程度甚至方向发生了改变脱离原文语言风格叙述。

注意：做细节题必须定位，切忌凭自己阅读后的总体感觉不定位某句话而做题。

2. 托福阅读的事实否定题解法：定位题干关键词回原文。

正确选项应具备：a. 原文未提及的. 与原文叙述矛盾的;3. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时，优先选择明显矛盾的选项。

所以，在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。

3. 托福阅读的推论题(Inference)解法：提取题干中的关键词回文定位所有出现关键词的句子，综合各句提取结论性的信息。

该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来，通常是言外之意。

错误选项的特征与细节题的错误选项特征基本相同。

一般对于推论题来说，更保险的方法是用排除法做题。

如果能排除3个错误选项，即使正确选项找不到定位点也可以把题目做出来。

但是使用排除法前提是必须阅读理解到足够多的信息。

这对阅读能力的要求是相对较高的。

4. 托福阅读的修辞题解法：关键词回文定位。

先阅读定位词所在的句子，然后读其下面的句子。

如果发现后面在叙述中出现了两个事物，或者多个事物之间的比较，类比关系。

托福阅读题型分类练习之句子简化题在托福阅读中，对很多学生来说也许找到句子的主干是一个难点。

因为，在目前的情况中，托福阅读难度加深内容加长，想要抓住重点，节省阅读的时间，并非会是你想象中的那么容易。

所以，在托福阅读的答题过程中，简化题也是会比较费时的一种题型。

那么，在以下内容中，我们就为大家带来一些托福阅读句子简化题实例练习，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

托福阅读题型分类练习之句子简化题托福阅读句子简化题：Nineteenth-Century Politics【Paragraph 6】In some ways the social makeup of the two parties was similar. To be competitive in winning votes, Whigs and Democrats both had to have significant support among farmers, the largest group in society, and workers.Neither party could win an election by appealing exclusively to the rich or the poor. The Whigs, however, enjoyed disproportionate strength among the business and commercial classes. Whigs appealed to planters who needed credit to finance their cotton and rice trade in the world market, to farmers who were eager to sell their surpluses, and to workers who wished to improve themselves. Democrats attracted farmers isolated from the market or uncomfortable with it,workers alienated from the emerging industrial system, and rising entrepreneurs who wanted to break monopolies and open the economy to newcomers like themselves. The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.(Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.○Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.○The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control of the market economy.○The Democrats' power wa s greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.托福阅读句子简化题答案：4托福阅读句子简化题：Swimming Machines【Paragraph 7】One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. It is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing water resistance.(Swimming Machines)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○These fishes often have a probl em opening their mouths while swimming.○The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.○The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.○Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.托福阅读句子简化题答案：1托福阅读句子简化题：Artisans and Industrialization【Paragraph 2】The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, andmasters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.(Artisans and Industrialization) Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.○Masters who trained members of their own family asapprentices demanded excellence from them.托福阅读句子简化题答案：2托福阅读句子简化题：Aggression【Paragraph 7】The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively. (Aggression)Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not○People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.○People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.○People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.托福阅读句子简化题答案：2。

托福阅读十大题型之句子简化题摘要：托福阅读十大题型中还有一类题型叫句子简化题，考查重点是对长难句的理解。

这类题的解答同样也需要掌握一定的答题技巧，考生平时还要多做阅读多练习，结合自己的分析总结一些好的方法，这样对于我们答题会有很大的帮助！句子简化题的出题方式: Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.考查重点是对长难句的理解。

正确选项是提到原句的主要信息，一般省去一些次要信息。

做题的技巧一般分为两种情况。

第一种情况是原句有明显的逻辑关系，那做题的步骤可以分为三步：1、找出原文句中逻辑关系，比如因果关系because,cause,consequently..转折关系: but,however,although比较关系contrary to,最高级maximum,minimum否定关系not,fail to2、寻找有同样逻辑关系的选项，优先看。

3、看看选项的逻辑内容是否符合原句：比如因对因，果对果。

例题：Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature.Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.我们看这个例题中的句子有明显的逻辑关系词why，表示因果。

托福阅读句子简化题例子解析面对托福阅读部分来说，对于考试的题型，无论是题型特点还是解题技巧，我们都是需要我们掌握的，今天我们就通过实例来进行详细的解析，帮助大家更好地来备考。

托福阅读句子简化题例子解析句子简化题是托福阅读必考题目，每篇一题，主要考察考生对复杂句子的主干信息的把握。

所谓主干信息，要分清主句和从句，尤其是主句的语法主干：即主语谓语和宾语。

除此以外，还有注意常考的几种信息类型，如反面或负面信息，表示比较或对比的信息等等。

做到这些还不够。

此题的正确选项特点是：对原句的主干信息进行同义替换，即用词汇或语法手段替换原句的主干信息。

因此，如果你发现有的选项包括和原句长相非常相似的词汇，千万当心!来看下面的例子：Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by somearbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.原句的主要信息点包括：因果关系since, 否定信息not, 强调信息only。