喷枪英文使用
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涂装英文术语1、一般术语1.1涂装painting将涂料涂覆于基底表面形成具有防护、装饰或特定功能涂层的过程,又叫涂料施工。
1.2基材材料basis materials在其表面施涂或沉积的一种材料,又叫底材,若此材料为金属,则叫基体金属。
1.3基底substrate底材的表面,此表面或无覆盖层或有覆盖层。
1.4电沉积electrodeposition将导电工件作为电泳涂料工作槽的电极之一,在外电场的作用下进行的一种过程。
1.5自沉积auto-deposition借化学作用使某种物质沉积在物件上的过程,又叫化学沉积。
1.6电泳electrophoreses悬浮于液体介质中的微粒在外电场作用下的定向运动。
2、表面处理2.1表面预处理surface pretreatment在涂装前,除去基底表面附着物或生成的异物,以提高基底表面与涂层的附着力或赋予表面以一定的耐蚀性能的过程,又能叫前处理。
2.2机械预处理mechanical pretreatment在涂装前,使用手工工具,动力工具或喷、抛丸、粒等,以除去基底表面异物的过程。
2.3化学预处理chemical pretreatment在涂装前,使用化学方法除去基底表面异物或形成转化膜的过程。
2.4电化学预处理electrochemical pretreatment在涂装前,使用电化学方法除去基底表面异物或形成转化膜的过程。
2.5脱脂degreasing除去基底表面油污的过程。
2.6化学脱脂chemical degreasing利用化学方法除去基底表面油污的过程。
2.7电化学脱脂electrochemical degreasing利用电化学方法除去基底表面油污的过程。
2.8浸泡脱脂soak degreasing将工件浸入清洗剂进行的,不加外电流的清洗。
2.9喷淋脱脂spray degreasing将脱脂剂喷淋于工件上除去油污的过程。
2.10超声波脱脂ultrasonic degreasing借助于超场振动加速除去工件表面油污的过程。
喷漆枪的使用方法English:To use a paint sprayer, first, you need to choose the appropriate type of paint and dilute it according to the manufacturer's instructions. Then, ensure that the surface to be painted is clean, dry, and free of any dust or debris. Next, adjust the spray pattern and pressure onthe sprayer to suit the specific project and desired finish. When ready, hold the sprayer at a consistent distance from the surface and apply the paint using smooth, overlapping strokes to achieve even coverage. It's important to keep the sprayer moving at a steady pace to prevent drips or uneven application. After finishing the job, clean the sprayer thoroughly by following the manufacturer's cleaning instructions to maintain its performance and longevity.中文翻译:要使用喷漆枪,首先需要选择适当类型的油漆,并根据制造商的说明稀释。
然后,确保要喷涂的表面干净、干燥,并且没有灰尘或杂质。
Photoshop各个工具快捷键对应英文选框-Marquee(M) 移动-move(V) 套索-Lasso(L) 魔棒-Wand(W) 喷枪-injection lance (J) 画笔-Brush (B) 铅笔-pencil(N) 橡皮图章-rubbr-stamp(s) 历史记录画笔-history brush tool (Y) 橡皮擦-Erasers (S) 模糊-Blur (R) 减淡- dodge tool (O) 钢笔-pen (P) 文字-text (T) 度量-measurement (U) 渐变-Gradient (G) 油漆桶-Paint Bucket Tool (K) 吸管- suction tube (I) 抓手-hand grip (H) 缩放-Zoom (Z) 默认前景和背景色-The default foreground and background color (D) 切换前景和背景色-Switch foreground and background color (X) 编辑模式切换-Edit mode switching (Q) 显示模式切换-F Cycle through Screen Modes (F) 一、File-(文件) 1.New-(新建) 2.Open-(打开) 3.Open As-(打开为) 4.Open Recent-(最近打开文件) 5.Close-(关闭) 6.Save-(存储)7.Save As-(存储为) 8.Save for Web -(存储为Web所用格式)9.Revert-(恢复)10.Place-(置入)11.Import-(输入)-(1)PDF Image -(2)Annotations-(注释)12.Export-(输出) 13.Manage Workflow-(管理工作流程)-(1)Check In-(登记)-(2)Undo Check Out-(还原注销)-(3)Upload To Server-(上载到服务器)-(4)Add To Workflow-(添加到工作流程)-(5)Open From Workflow-(从工作流程打开)14.Automate-(自动)-(1)Batch-(批处理)-(2)Create Droplet -(创建快捷批处理)-(3)Conditional Mode Change-(条件模式更改)-(4)Contact Sheet-(联系表)-(5)Fix Image-(限制图像)-(6)Multi -(7)Picture package-(图片包)-(8)Web Photo Gallery 15.File Info-(文件简介)16.Print Options-(打印选项)17.Page Setup-(页面设置)18.Print -(打印)19.Jump to-(跳转到) 20.Exit-(退出)二、Edit-(编辑) 1.Undo -(还原) 2.Step Forward-(向前) 3.Step Backward-(返回) 4.Fade-(消退) 5.Cut-(剪切) 6.Copy-(拷贝) 7.Copy Merged-(合并拷贝)8.Paste -(粘贴)9.Paste Into-(粘贴入)10.Clear-(清除)11.Fill-(填充)12.Stroke -(描边) 13.Free Transform-(自由变形)14.Transform-(变换)-(1)Again -(再次)-(2)Sacle-(缩放)-(3)Rotate-(旋转)-(4)Skew-(斜切)-(5)Distort-(扭曲)-(6)Prespective-(透视)-(7)Rotate 180°-(旋转180度)-(8)Rotate 90°CW-(顺时针旋转90度)-(9)Rotate 90°CCW-(逆时针旋转90度)-(10)Flip Hpeizontal-(水平翻转)-(11)Flip Vertical -(垂直翻转)15.Define Brush-(定义画笔)16.Define Pattern-(设置图案) 17.Define Custom Shape-(定义自定形状)。
香港建造业常用英文词汇(十一)saddle 鞍;鞍座 safe load 安全载重;安全荷载safe operation 安全运作safe working 安全操作 safe working condition 安全操作状态 safe working practice 安全操作准则safeguard 防护装置 safeguard system 安全防护系统 safety belt 安全带safety boot 安全鞋 safety clearance 安全间隙;安全距离 safety control device 安全控制装置 safety curtain 防护幕 safety cut out switch 安全截断开关 safety fence 安全栏;防撞栏safety goggle 护目镜 safety harness 安全吊带 safety hook 安全钩safety independent check 独立安全检查 safety locking handle 安全锁柄safety margin 安全限度;安全边缘 safety measure 安全措施 safety plan 工作安全计划safety precaution 安全预防措施 safety precaution measure 安全预防措施safety protection system/device 安全保护系统/装置 safety requirement 安全规定safety switch 安全开关 safety valve 安全阀 safety visor 护目面罩safety zone 安全地带 sag 垂度 saline water 盐水;海水salt water 盐水;海水;咸水 salt water flushing system 海水冲厕系统salt water pump 海水抽水机;海水泵 salt water pumping station 海水抽水站salt water resistant material 抗咸水物料 sample 样本 sampling disturbance 取样扰动sampling rate 取样率 sand 沙 sand blasting 喷沙打磨法sand course 沙面层 sand filter 沙过滤器 sand patch test 铺沙法试验sand pit 沙池 sanding 用沙打磨 sanitary fitments 生设备sanitary fittings 卫生设施 sanitation 生设施 sash 窗扇saturated core sample (concrete) 饱含水分混凝土芯样本 saturated density 饱和密度saturation 饱和 saturation flow (traffic) 饱和通车量;饱和交通量saw blade 锯片 saw dust 锯屑 sawing machine 锯床scaffolding 棚架;脚手架;施工架 scanner 扫描器 scanning 扫描scattered light 分散光 scavenging lane 后巷 schedule 表;明细表;计划表schematic diagram 示意图 scheme 计划;方案 Schmidt hammer 混凝土测试枪;石屎枪 scoop conveyor 戽式输送机 scoring 刻痕;划痕;凹槽 scotch 止动块;制动棒;切口;浅刻痕 scrape 废料;残渣;刮;削;擦 scraper 刮刀;刮土机 scratch 刮痕;划痕;抓screeding 沙浆底层screen 遮板;屏障;筛;网罩;银幕screening plant 隔滤厂;筛石厂screw 螺旋;螺钉screw driver 螺钉起子(螺丝批)screw joint 螺纹套管接头;螺旋接合screw pile 螺旋桩screw tap 螺旋式水龙头scriber 划针;划线器sea water booster pump 海水增压泵sea water screen 海水隔滤网seabed 海床seal 封闭;密封;围封;封口sealant 密封剂sealing bar 密封棒sealing compound 绝缘胶;密封剂sealing ring 密封圈;密封环sealing rubber strip 密封胶条sealing strip 封密条sealing tape 密封带sealing washer 密封垫圈sealing wax 火漆seam 缝seat plinth 座位底座seat rim 座缘seating 基座seawall 海堤seawall 海堤;防波堤seawall opening 海堤通孔seawall trench 海堤壕沟seawater 海水seawater pump 海水泵seawater pumping station intake 海水抽水站入口 secondary access road 支路secondary meter 分表secondary treatment (of sewage) 二级处理(污水) section 截面;剖面;组;部分;区段section analysis 截面分析sectional area 截面面积sectional axonometric drawing 立体剖面图sectional elevation 立剖面;截视立面图securing dowel 紧固定位销securing hook 紧固securing nut 紧固螺帽securing plate 紧固板securing ring 紧固环securing rod 紧固连杆securing screw 紧固螺钉securing strap 紧固索带security check 保安检查security fencing 保安围栏security gate 保安闸;防盗闸sediment 沉积物seepage 渗漏;渗流seepage force 渗流力segmental launching 分段曳进法segregation 离析seismic coefficient 地震系数seismic load 地震载重;地震荷载seizure 检取self-extinguishing material 自动灭火材料self-weight (of structure) 结构自重semi-conductor 半导体semi-destructive testing 半破坏性测试semi-enclosure (noise) 半开式隔音盖罩sensing capillary 传感毛细管sensing probe 传感探头sensor 传感器separation 分隔separator 分离器;分隔器;分隔物septic tank 化粪池sequence control 程序控制sequence of operation 操作程序sequence of works 施工次序sequence test 程序测试sequence tester 程序测试器serial link 串联接驳series connection 串联service access 维修设施用通道service area 作业地方;服务设施用地service lane 通道巷;通道;后巷service life 使用期限;服务期限;使用寿命 service reserve 公用设施专用范围service reservoir 配水库service road 辅助道路service room 水电表房;工作房;机房serviceability 可用性;适用性serviceable condition 可用状况servicing 维修;检修;保养setback 向后退入setback line 退入界setting out 放样;开线;测定;定线settle 沉淀settlement 沉降sewage disposal 污水排放sewage effluent 排放污水sewage pipe 污水管sewage pump 污水泵sewage pump house 污水泵房sewage sump 污水坑;集污槽sewage treatment 污水处理sewage treatment plant 污水处理厂sewage tunnel protection area 污水隧道保护区 sewage tunnel works 污水隧道工程sewer 污水管;污水渠sewerage reticulation system 网状污水渠系统 sewerage works 污水渠工程shackle 连结环shading effect 遮光效果shadow shield 遮光板shaft 竖井;轴;通风井shank 柄shaping machine 刨床sharp bend/turn/curve 急弯sharp edge 锐边shear key 抗剪键shear reinforcement 剪力钢筋;剪切钢筋shear strength 抗剪强度shear wall 剪力墙shearing force 剪力shearing stress 剪应力shearing test 剪切试验sheath 护套;护层sheave 滑车轮sheer leg 起重机支架sheet iron 铁片sheet pile 板桩sheet pile anchorage 板桩锚sheet pile cofferdam 板桩围堰sheet piled wall 板桩墙sheet steel 钢片shell 套管;壳shelter 遮蔽处;庇护所;收容所;避雨亭 shield 防护罩;遮护shift roster 轮班shim 薄垫片;填隙片shock load 冲击荷载shoe 落水斜口shore up 承托shoring 横撑板;撑柱short circuit 短路shot blasting 喷沙shotcrete 喷射混凝土;喷射水泥沙桨shoulder (road) 路肩shovel 铲;铲土机shrine 神龛shrinkage 收缩;收缩量shrinkage coefficient 收缩系数 shroud 保护罩shunt 分流器;分路shut off valve 关闭阀shutter 活动遮板;百叶;挡板 shuttering 模板side elevation 侧面图side pipe 旁管side road 旁路side span 旁跨;边跨sidewalk 行人道;行人路sieve 筛;滤网sight line 视sign 标志;告示牌;招牌sign gantry 标志架sign mount 标志托架signal 讯号;交通灯signal aspect 讯号示象signal gong 讯号钟signal light 讯号灯signal-controlled pedestrian crossing 交通灯控制行人过路处 signalized crossing 灯号控制过路处signboard 招牌silencer 灭声器;灭音器silent zone 静寂地带silica gel 硅胶;矽胶silicone resin 硅树胶sill 窗台;门槛sill of window 窗台silo 仓silt 淤泥;粉沙silt trap 淤泥收集器single span 单跨single stage pump 单级泵single track railway 单轨铁路single-cell box culvert 单孔盒形暗渠sink well 掘井siphon 虹吸;虹吸管site 地盘;地点site boundary 地界范围;地盘界线site clearance 地盘清理site constraint 地盘限制site coverage 上盖面积site diary 地盘工程日志site formation plan 地盘平整工程图则 site formation works 地盘平整工程site instruction 工地指令site investigation 地盘勘测;实地勘测 site layout plan 地盘设计图site measurement book 地盘量数簿site monitoring 地盘监测site operation 地盘作业site plan 地盘平面图site safety 地盘安全site supervisory staff 工地督导人员site survey 地盘测量site survey plan 地盘测量图siting 定位sitting-out area 休憩场地;休憩处sketch 草图skid resistance 防滑skid resistance test 防滑试验skid resistant surfacing 防滑面层skin friction 表面摩擦skip crane 吊斗起重机skip hoist 吊斗吊重机skirt 踢脚板skirting 墙脚线skylight 空中轮廓线(建筑物)slab 平板slag 熔渣slate 石板sleeper 轨枕sleeve 套管;套袖slewing crane 旋臂起重机;回转式吊机 slide rail/track 滑轨sliding bearing 滑动支承sliding coefficient 滑动系数sliding force 滑动力sliding friction 滑动摩擦sling 吊索slip form 滑模;活动板模slip road 连接路slope 斜坡;坡度slope failure 山泥倾泻slope formation works 斜坡平整工程slope protection works 护坡工程slope remedial works 斜坡修葺工程;修补斜坡工程 slope stability works 巩固斜坡工程slope toe 坡脚slope toe wall 坡脚墙sludge 污泥;渣滓sludge dewatering 污泥脱水sludge digestion 污泥消化sluice gate 水闸门sluice valve 泄水阀;滑动式泄水阀slump (concrete paste) 坍度(混凝土浆)slurry 泥浆smoke 烟smoke detector 感烟式探测器smoke test 通烟试验soakaway pit 渗水坑;渗水井socket 插座;套;外接头;承口socket-and-spigot joint 承插接头;承窝接合socketed pipe 套接管soffit 天花底;拱腹soffit formwork 底模板soft landscaping works 花卉树林种植工程soft wood 软质木材soil 土壤;污物;便溺污水soil anchor 入泥锚定竿soil behaviour 土壤性能soil investigation works 探土工程soil nail 泥钉soil pipe 便溺污水管soil slope 土壤斜坡soil stabilization works 土壤稳定工程;加固工程 solar energy 大阳能solder 焊料;焊锡soldier pile 企桩solenoid 螺线管solid brick 实心砖solid raft 实体筏基solid rock 坚石solid state 固态solvent 溶剂soot 煤屎;煤;灰sorter 分类机sound intensity 声强度sound-level meter 声级计space 空间space frame 空间构架spacer 钢筋定位物;隔间物spacing 间距spalling concrete 混凝土剥落span 跨距;跨度spanner 扳手(土把拿)spare capacity (road) 道路容车余量spark lighter 火花点火器special conditions of contract 特别合约条款specialist contractor 专门承造商;专门承装商 specific gravity 比重specification 规格;详细说明specimen 样品;试件speed hump 缓冲路拱speed limit 时速限制speed probe 速度探测器;车速探示器speed range 速度范围speed reducer 减速路拱speedometer 速度表spherical bearing 球形支承spigot 塞子;插口spillage 溢出物spillway 溢水道;溢洪口spindle 心轴;转轴spiral reinforcement 螺旋钢筋 spirit level 水平尺;气泡水准仪 splice 并接;镶接splice bar 并接板;鱼尾板splice joint 并合接头spline 塞缝片;槽栓sponge rubber 海棉橡胶spontaneous combustion 自燃spot welding 点焊spotlight 射灯;聚光灯spout 喷水孔spray gun 喷枪sprayed concrete 喷射混凝土spraying nozzle 喷嘴spraying painting 喷漆spread footing 扩展式基脚spread foundation 扩展式地基 spring 弹簧sprinkler system 消防花洒系统;洒水灭火系统squatter area 寮屋区squatter hut 寮屋stability 稳定性stability analyses 稳定性分析stabilization works 巩固工程;稳固工程;加固工程 stabilizing agent 稳定剂stabilizing moment 稳定力矩stack 大烟囱;排气管staggered crossing 分段横过马路处stainless mild steel plate 不软钢板stainless steel 不钢staircase 楼梯stanchion 支柱standard deviation 标准离差;均方误差standby generator 后备发电机standby water pump 后备水泵standpipe 街喉starter 起动器starting torque 起动扭矩static load 静载重;静荷载station concourse 车站大堂statistics 统计;统计资料stator 定子stay rope 系紧线;拉索;牵索steady state 稳定状态steam boiler 蒸气锅炉steam-cured concrete 蒸气养护混凝土 steel 钢steel channel 槽钢steel fabric 钢筋网steel H pile 工字钢桩steel pile 钢桩steel pipe 钢管steel pipe pile 钢管桩steel reinforcement 钢筋steel sheet pile 钢板桩steel strand 钢绞线steel structure 钢结构steel truss girder 钢桁梁steel wire 钢丝steel wire rope 钢丝绳steel wool 纲丝绒steep gradient 陡坡steep ramp 陡斜路陡坡道steering wheel 舵轮;驾驶盘step 梯级step channel 级渠step down transformer 降压变压器 step up transformer 升压变压器stepped footing 阶梯形底脚stepped foundation 阶梯形地基sterilizer 清毒器;杀菌器stethoscope 听筒;听诊器stiffener 加劲杆;硬化剂stiffening 固化stiffness 劲性;劲度stirrer 搅拌器stockpiling area 贮料区stone ware pipe 粗陶管stop cock 水掣;龙头;活塞storage area 存放区storage capacity 贮存量storage tank 贮水箱storey 楼层;层stormwater box culvert 盒形雨水渠stormwater drain 雨水渠stormwater drainage system 雨水疏导系统 stormwater main drain 雨水排放主渠stormwater outfall 雨水渠排水口stormwater overflow chamber 雨水溢流闸箱 straight edge 直尺straight ramp 直斜路;直坡道strain 应变strain capacity 应变量strainer 隔滤器strand 绞合线stranded galvanized steel 镀锌钢绞线strategic development plan 发展策略纲领strategic road 重要道路strategic road network 重要道路网stratum 地层stray current 杂散电流stray voltage 杂散电压streak 条痕;纹理stream channel 河道;河槽stream course 河道street furniture 街道装置street lighting 街道照明设备street nameplate 街名牌street refuge 街道安全岛street widening 街道扩阔strength 强度;力strength test 强度测试strengthen 加固strengthening works 加固工程stress 应力stress analysis 应力分析striking 拆除strip foundation 条形地基stripping (formwork) 脱模stroboscope 闪频观测仪stroke 冲程structural analysis 结构分析structural appraisal 结构勘测评估;结构检定 structural behaviour 结构性能structural condition survey 结构状勘测structural design 结构设计structural element 结构构件;结构元件structural frame 结构构架structural improvement works 结构改善工程structural integrity 结构完整程度structural investigation 结构勘查structural member 构件structural skeleton 结构骨架structural stability 结构稳定性structural stability analysis 结构稳定性分析structural steel 结构钢structural steel member 结构钢构件structural strength 结构强度structural survey 结构勘测structural use 结构用途structural works 结构工程structure 结构;建筑物;构筑物strut 支撑;支柱;压杆;对角撑stud crossing 行人辅助线;嵌钉行人横过马路线 sub-base (road) 路底基层sub-contract 分包工程合约sub-contractor 分包合约承办商;次承建商sub-grade (road) 路基sub-main 次干管sub-soil water 地下水sub-soil water drain 地下水排水渠sub-standard building 未符标准的大厦/楼宇sub-standard concrete 未符标准的混凝土sub-surface building works 地下建筑工程submarine outfall 海底沟管出口处;海底排放管;海底排污管 submerged discharge valve 淹没式泄水阀submersible sewage pump 可沉浸的水泵subsidence 沉降;下沉;塌陷subsoil 地基下层泥土substation 配电站;变电站;电力分站substrate 基底substructure 下层结构;底层结构suburban 近郊;市郊subway 隧道;地道suction 吸力suction fan 吸风机;抽风机suction main 吸水干管suction strainer 吸水口滤网suction valve 吸水阀sullage water 淤泥水sump 集水坑sump pit 集水坑sump pump 集水坑泵superelevation 超高superficial area 表面面积superstructure 上盖建筑supervise 监督;监管;督导supervision charge/fee 监督费supervision plan 监工计划书supply fan 进气扇supply pipe 供水管support 支座;支承;支撑;承托;承托物 supporting facilities 辅助设备;辅助设施 supporting frame 支承构架;承重构架supporting ground 承重土地supporting member 支承构件supporting road network 辅助道路网surface 表面;面层surface channel 排水明渠;路面排水渠surface conduit 明敷导管;明敷线管surface course (road) 道路面层surface drainage 排水明渠;路面排水系统 surface finish 表面修饰surface friction 表面摩擦surface gradient 表面坡度surface run-off 地面径流surface tension 表面张力surface texture 表面纹理surface water 地面水surface water channel 地面水渠道;排水明渠 surface water drain 地面水排水渠surface water drainage 地面水排水设施surface weather station 地面气象站surface wiring 明线surfacing 铺筑路面;表面修整surge 涌波surrounding ground 周围土地survey 勘测;测量;调查survey plan/sheet 测量图surveyor 测量师suspended ceiling 垂吊式天花板suspended truss 悬挂式桁架suspension bridge 吊桥;悬索桥swan neck fire hydrant 鹅颈消防栓switch 开关switch room 电掣房switchboard 配电盘;电掣板swivel joint 旋转接合symbol 符号symmetrical loading 对称荷载synchronizer 同步器T beam T字梁T connection T形连接T junction T字路口tachometer 转速计tachometer 转速计tack coat 黏油talc 滑石tamper 夯土机;捣固机tamper blade 捣固掌tangent point 切向点tangential force 切向力tank 油缸;容缸taper (road) 楔形路段;逐渐收窄的路段 target 目标;指标tarpaulin sheet 防水布;油布teak 柚木technical specification 技术规格tell-tale 试片temperature sensor 温度传感器temporary building 临时建筑物temporary construction 临时结构temporary occupation permit 临时占用许可证;临时入伙纸 temporary shed 临时屋棚tender 投标;标书tender assessment 投标评估;评审标书;标书评估tender document 招标文件tender drawing 招标图则tender selection criteria 选标准则tenon 雄榫tensile force 拉力tensile reinforcement 抗拉钢筋tensile strength 抗拉强度tensile stress 拉应力tension 拉力;张力term contract 定期合约terms of reference 职权范围terrace 平台;露台;台阶terraced platform 梯状平台terraced slope 梯状斜坡terrain 地形terrazzo 水磨批荡;意大利批荡test 测试test cube (concrete) 立方体试块(混凝土)test load 测试荷载test piece 试件test run 测试运行test sample 测试样本texture 纹理thermal capacity 热容量thermal expansion coefficient 热膨胀系数thermal insulation 隔热thermal property 热特性thermal transmittance value 传热值thermister 热敏电阻thermocouple 热电偶thermoplastic material 热塑材料thermoplastic road marking paint 热塑路标漆 thermosetting 热固性thermostat 恒温器thimble 套圈thinner 稀释剂;天拿水thoroughfare 大道;大街;能穿过的街道 thread 螺纹threaded bolt 螺纹栓three-phase transformer 三相变压器threshold 临界值;阈限;界限;门槛throttle 节流阀;风门through crack 贯通裂缝through traffic 直通交通thrust 推力tidal range 潮差tie 系条tie rod 拉杆;系杆tier 层级tile 瓷砖;瓦timber partition 木料间隔timber pile 木桩timber yard 木料堆置场time limit 时限time of concentration 集流时间timer 定时器tin 锡;白铁tinning 镀锡tinplate 镀锡铁皮;白铁皮tinsmith 白铁匠tipper 倾卸斗车;运泥车tipping site 堆填区toe board 周边挡板(踢脚板)toe of wall 墙脚toe wall 矮墙;脚墙tolerance 偏差容限;公差toll area 收费区toll booth 通行费缴款处;收费站;收费亭 toll plaza 缴费广场tongue 雄榫tonne (t) 公吨(质量单位)top rail 顶栏杆top storey 顶层topographic survey 地形测量topography 地形torque 转矩;扭矩;扭转torque rod 扭矩杆torsional force 扭力torsional strength 扭转强度total collapse 整体坍塌total floor area 总楼面面积total floor space 总楼面空间total load 总荷载total settlement 总沉降tower 塔tower crane 塔式吊机;塔式起重机towing cable 牵索towing force 牵力town gas 煤气town planner 城市规划师town planning 城市规划tracer 描图员tracing 描摹图;摹绘图track 轨道traction 牵引;牵引力tractor 牵引机;拖拉机trade effluent 工商业污水trade test 行业技能测验traffic actuated signal 车辆触发交通灯号 traffic aid 辅助交通设备traffic capacity 交通容量;容车量traffic control and surveillance system 交通管制及监察系统 traffic control centre 交通控制中心traffic corridor 交通走廊traffic diversion 交通改道traffic flow 交通流量traffic island 交通安全岛traffic island bollard 交通安全岛指示灯traffic lane 行车道traffic light 交通灯traffic light signal 交通灯号traffic management 交通管理traffic marking 道路交通标志traffic noise 交通噪音traffic sign 交通标志traffic signal 交通灯号traffic study 交通研究traffic survey 交通调查traffic system 运输系统traffic volume 行车量;交通容量trailer 拖车training of river channel 河道疏浚tramway 电车轨道transceiver 收发报机transfer station 转运站transformer 变压器transformer room 电力变压房transformer station 电力变压站transient load 瞬时荷载transient vibration 瞬时振动transistor 晶体管;半导体管transmission 传动;传递;传输transmission gear 传动齿轮transmission of electricity 输送电力transmit 传递transmitter 发射机transom window 门头气窗transparent lacquer 透明亮漆transport demand 运输需求transport infrastructure 基本运输建设;运输基础设施;交通基本建设 transport interchange 交通交汇处transport/transportation 运输transportation facilities 运输设施transshipment depot 中转仓库transverse wind 横向风力trap 隔气弯管;存水弯管trap outlet 隔气弯管去水口trapezoidal channel 梯形渠trapped gully 装有隔气弯管的集水沟trapping 隔气travelling crane 移动式起重机travelling derrick crane 移动式转臂起重机 traverse station 导线测量站traversing crane 桥式吊车tray 线盘tread 楼梯踏板;级面treatment 处理tremie 混凝土导管trench 喉坑;壕坑;线坑;坑道trench excavator 挖坑机trenching works 壕坑挖掘工程trend 趋势;倾向trial hole 试孔trial run 试车;操作测试triangular file 三角锉tripod 三脚架trolley 手推车trouble shooting 故障分析;故障根查trowel 灰匙truck 卡车truck crane 起重汽车trunk road 干路trunk route 干线trunk sewer 污水干管truss 桁架tube 筒管tubular fluorescent lamp 管状萤光灯tubular handrail 管状扶手tubular railing 管状栏杆tungsten filament lamp 钨丝灯tunnel 隧道tunnel cable 隧道电缆tunnel escape road 隧道太平路tunnel lining 隧道衬砌tunnel portal 隧道口tunnel ventilation fan 隧道通风风扇tunnelling works 隧道工程;开挖隧道工程 turbidity 混浊度turbine 涡轮机turbine generator 涡轮发电机turbine pump 涡轮式泵turbo-generator 涡轮发电机turbulent current 湍流turfed area 草坪turfing 铺草皮turn-around facilities 掉头设施turn-key contract 全包合约turning area 回车处turning circle 车处;车场turning lane 车道turnstile 回转栏twin box culvert 双盒形暗渠twin pipe 双管式管道twin track railway 双轨铁路twin tube tunnel 双管队道twist 扭曲twisting force 扭力two way traffic 双程行车typical road section 典型道路截面图 typical section 典型横切面。
丝印:Net Printing产品:Products大件喷柜:Spraying booth塑胶无尘涂装生产线:Plastic Dust-free Painting Production Line无尘生产车间:Dust-free Painting Workshop产品:Products工人正在喷涂电视机外壳:The worker is spraying the Television outer shell供风系统:Dust-free painting starts with air purification排风系统:Painting Room Gas Treatment打磨:Burnish; rubbing; sanding丝印:Net Printing喷嘴:nozzle施工粘度Working viscosity喷涂压力:spray pressure喷枪距离:spray distance喷涂轨迹:spray track雾化:atomization挥发速度:volatilizate speed喷枪口径: spray gun caliber手动除尘:The worker is doing away with the dust无尘喷涂室:Dust-free spray booth水转印:Water Transfer PrintingUV固化线:Automatic UV Light Drying Equipment各类塑胶产品喷涂展示:The plastics rubber springs the product of the paint电视机外壳:TV set casing提供机械性能测试报告:Provide mechanical test report低温跌落测试:Cold drop test常温跌落测试:Normal drop test检验电性能:Check electrical performance涂层:coating涂料:coating涂膜: film coating闪光 flashing 起霜花 frosting 爆孔 popping 沉淀 settling有粗粒 seed涂装工艺英语稀释剂Thinner返粗 pig ski丙烯酸Acrylic发花 floating树脂 Resin浮色 flooding丙烯酸Acrylic Resin起气泡 bubbling环氧树脂 Epoxy Resin针孔 pin-holes聚酯树脂 Polyester Resin起皱 wrinkling氨基树脂 Amino Resin橘皮 orange skin聚氨酯polyurethane发白 blushing醇酸树脂 Alkyd Resin流挂 runs; sags; curtains丝纹 ropiness热固型和热塑性丙烯酸树脂 Thermosetting & Thermoplastic Acrylic有机和无机颜料Orgasmic & Inorganic Pigment发浑 clouding铝粉浆 Aluminum Paste原漆变色 discoloration of paints or varnish 铜金粉(浆) Bronze powder(Paste)增稠 thickening色浆Colorant变稠 fattening蜡粉(浆)Wax powder(Dispersion)絮凝 flocculation玻璃珠 Glass Bead胶化 gelling流平剂 Leveling Agent结皮 skinning硅类消泡剂Deformer相容性 compatibility附着力促进剂Adhesion Promoter颜料分散剂 Dispersing Agent(dispersant)助剂 adjuvant; aidsUV固化涂料 UV-curing Paints卷材涂料Coil Coating组份 component;粘合剂 Adhesives塑胶材料Plastic material耐磨性 abrasive resistance金属材料Metal material配方formulation耐冲击性 resistance to shock性能Performance耐磨性 Abrasion performance耐冲刷性abrasion resistance喷涂性 Applicability附着力 Adhesion耐醇性alcohol resistance硬度Hardness表干Touch Dry耐腐蚀corrosion resistance硬干hard Dry固体份 NON-Volatile耐热性heat resistance 比重Specific Gravity粘度Viscosity耐寒性freeze resistance 细度Fineness注塑机:Injection 批号Batch. NO检测Back-check喷油:Spraying底漆 Primer丝印:Net Printing溶剂 Solvent 脆化 embitterment丝状腐蚀 fibril corrosion针孔状腐蚀 corrosion pin-holes生白锈 white-rusting生锈 rusting长霉 mildew-growing粉化 chalking剥落 peeling龟裂crack;map cracking;tear;worming ,crocodilian :龟裂形成:crack formation龟裂增大: crack growth深裂 deep cracks小裂 crazing细裂 checking微裂 hair-cracking开裂 cracking起泡 blistering软化 softening溶胀 swelling变白 whitening失光 loss of gloss起霜 blooming破坏 perishing ;failure漂白 bleaching漆膜变色 discoloration of film刷痕 brush mark收缩 shrinkage缩孔 cratering厚边 fat edge漏涂区 miss coating接痕 lapping defect咬底 lifting渗色 bleeding不盖底(露底) non-hiding。
牙科器械及用语中英文对照一、牙科器械1、牙钻(Dental Drill)这是用于去除龋齿组织、修整牙齿形状等操作的工具。
2、洁牙机(Dental Scaler)主要用于去除牙齿表面的牙结石和牙菌斑。
3、拔牙钳(Dental Extraction Forceps)用于拔除牙齿的工具,有不同的型号和形状,以适应不同位置和类型的牙齿。
4、口腔镜(Oral Mirror)帮助医生观察口腔内部难以直接看到的部位。
5、牙髓针(Dental Pulp Needle)用于牙髓治疗时的操作。
6、牙周探针(Periodontal Probe)测量牙周袋的深度和评估牙周状况。
7、咬合纸(Occlusal Paper)用于检查牙齿的咬合情况。
8、光固化灯(Light Curing Lamp)用于固化补牙材料等。
9、根管锉(Root Canal File)在根管治疗中,用于清理和修整根管。
10、托盘(Dental Tray)用于制作印模时盛装印模材料。
11、高速手机(Highspeed Handpiece)提供高速旋转动力,以进行快速的牙齿修整等操作。
12、低速手机(Lowspeed Handpiece)通常用于低速的精细操作,如安装牙冠等。
13、喷枪(Airwater Syringe)用于清洁口腔和牙齿。
14、正畸钳(Orthodontic Forceps)在牙齿正畸治疗中使用。
15、种植工具(Dental Implant Tools)包括种植钻、种植体安装工具等,用于牙齿种植手术。
二、牙科用语1、龋齿(Dental Caries)牙齿硬组织被细菌破坏的疾病。
2、牙髓炎(Pulpitis)牙髓组织的炎症。
3、牙周炎(Periodontitis)牙周组织的慢性炎症。
4、牙龈炎(Gingivitis)牙龈的炎症。
5、牙本质过敏(Dentin Hypersensitivity)牙齿受到刺激时产生的短暂疼痛。
6、智齿(Wisdom Tooth)人类口腔内牙槽骨上最里面的第三颗磨牙。
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市场上很多美甲产品都只有英文,没有中文标识,以下先介绍一些基本的产品名称中英文指甲油 nail lacquer[’lækə]; nail polish ['pɔli∫]洗甲水 polish remover [ri’mu:və]指甲油稀释液polish thinner['θinə]烘甲机 nail dryer ['draiə]底油 base [beis] coat快干亮油 quick[kwik] dry[drai] top coat/ fast finish['fini∫]] top coat指甲彩绘油 nail art [ɑ:t] colors油性彩绘油 lacquer base nail art colors水性彩绘油 water ['wɔ:tə] base nail art colors压克力彩绘颜料 acrylic colors; Acrylic polymer ['pɔlimə]emulsion [ɪ’mʌl∫(ə)n] colors指甲彩绘刷 nail art brush [brʌ∫]刷子清洁罐brush cleaning [’kli:niŋ] jar[dӡɑ:]]水晶粉 acrylic [ə’krɪlɪk] powder ['paudə]普通水晶粉的颜色: 粉红 pink [piŋk], 透明 clear [kliə],钻石白 Diamond ['daiəmənd ]white [wait],自然色 natural ['næt∫ərəl]最近普通水晶粉有出一些可以修正自然甲甲床的水晶粉,可以在视觉上延长某些客户的比较短小的甲床,达到漂亮的比例,共有5种颜色,根据客户不同的肤色应用:表层粉红 cover [’kʌvə] pink, 蜜桃色 cover peach[pi:t∫]], 深粉红 deep[di:p] pink,极度粉红 intense[in’tens] pink, 柔和桃色 soft[sɔft] pink 有色水晶粉:colored powder雕花粉 sculpture[’skʌlpt∫ə] colored acrylic水晶套装 acrylic kit, acrylic collection [kə’lek∫ən]指托 disposable [dis’pəuzəbl] nail form。
涂装专业英文术语1 、一般术语1.1 涂装 painting将涂料涂覆于基底表面形成具有防护、装饰或特定功能涂层的过程,又叫涂料施工。
1.2 基材材料 basis materials在其表面施涂或沉积的一种材料,又叫底材,若此材料为金属,则叫基体金属。
1.3 基底 substrate底材的表面,此表面或无覆盖层或有覆盖层。
1.4 电沉积 electrodeposition将导电工件作为电泳涂料工作槽的电极之一,在外电场的作用下进行的一种过程。
1.5 自沉积 auto-deposition借化学作用使某种物质沉积在物件上的过程,又叫化学沉积。
1.6 电泳 electrophoreses悬浮于液体介质中的微粒在外电场作用下的定向运动。
2 、表面处理2.1 表面预处理 surface pretreatment在涂装前,除去基底表面附着物或生成的异物,以提高基底表面与涂层的附着力或赋予表面以一定的耐蚀性能的过程,又能叫前处理。
2.2 机械预处理 mechanical pretreatment在涂装前,使用手工工具,动力工具或喷、抛丸、粒等,以除去基底表面异物的过程。
2.3 化学预处理 chemical pretreatment在涂装前,使用化学方法除去基底表面异物或形成转化膜的过程。
2.4 电化学预处理electrochemical pretreatment在涂装前,使用电化学方法除去基底表面异物或形成转化膜的过程。
2.5 脱脂 degreasing除去基底表面油污的过程。
2.6 化学脱脂 chemical degreasing利用化学方法除去基底表面油污的过程。
2.7 电化学脱脂 electrochemical degreasing利用电化学方法除去基底表面油污的过程。
2.8 浸泡脱脂 soak degreasing将工件浸入清洗剂进行的,不加外电流的清洗。
2.9 喷淋脱脂 spray degreasing将脱脂剂喷淋于工件上除去油污的过程。
Comparison of a Laboratory and a Production Coating Spray Gun With Respect to Scale-upSubmitted:January 5,2006;Accepted:July 13,2006;Published:January 19,2007Ronny Mueller 1and Peter Kleinebudde 11Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,Heinrich-Heine-University,Universitaetsstr.1,40225Duesseldorf,GermanyA BSTRACTA laboratory spray gun and a production spray gun were investigated in a scale-up study.Two Schlick spray guns,which are equipped with a new antibearding cap,were used in this study.The influence of the atomization air pressure,spray gun-to tablet bed distance,polymer solution viscos-ity,and spray rate were analyzed in a statistical design of experiments.The 2spray guns were compared with respect to the spray width and height,droplet size,droplet velocity,and spray density.The droplet size,velocity,and spray densi-ty were measured with a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer.A successful scale-up of the atomization is accomplished if similar droplet sizes,droplet velocities,and spray densities are achieved in the production scale as in the laboratory scale.This study gives basic information for the scale-up of the settings from the laboratory spray gun to the production spray gun.Both spray guns are highly comparable with re-spect to the droplet size and velocity.The scale-up of the droplet size should be performed by an adjustment of the atomization air pressure.The scale-up of the droplet velocity should be performed by an adjustment of the spray gun to tablet bed distance.The presented statistical model and surface plots are convenient and powerful tools for scaling up the spray settings if the spray gun is changed from lab-oratory spray gun to the production spray gun.K EYWORDS :Atomization,film coating,spray gun,scale-up,design of experiments RI NTRODUCTIONThe atomization of the coating dispersion is an important step during film coating.Many film defects can be ascribed by wrong settings of the atomization process.A general charac-terization of the atomization process was given by Lefebvre.1The influence of formulation factors such as density,sur-face tension,viscosity,and process factors such as spray rate,atomization air pressure,distance from spray gun,spray shape,spray gun design,and liquid nozzle diameter on drop-let size,droplet velocity,and spray density was described by Aulton and Twitchell.2The polymer dispersion viscosity is one of the most important formulation variables.The ef-fects of different parameters (spray rate,gun-to-tablet bed distance,atomization air pressure,spray shape,and spray gun design)on the film coat quality were examined for dif-ferent spray guns.3In addition to the atomization process,a combination of many other process and formulation variables is necessary for a good coating result.4In film coating,many different spray guns are used.Two-component jets are the most commonly used spray guns in film coating.The scale-up of film coating processes is an important issue in the pharmaceutical industry.The key concept of scale-up in film coating is ensuring that the spray characteristics,tablet dynamics,and drying dynamics are all equivalent,and that these 3elements are combined,so that the system dynamics are equivalent.A scale-up of the drying process in order to achieve equivalent thermodynamic conditions was described.5,6A comprehensive overview of scale-up ap-proaches for a pan coating process was given by Porter.7The quality and specifications of the coated tablets pro-duced in the laboratory scale should be transferred into the production scale.In scale-up,the settings for the laboratory spray gun should be carefully transferred to the production spray gun in order to achieve equivalent spray character-istics.Many parameters have to be taken into consideration.Scale-up includes changes in the spray rate,gun-to-tablet bed distance,nozzle diameter,spray gun model,and,conse-quently,a change in air flow rate for atomization and pat-tern air.In this study,the influence of the atomization air,gun to bed distance,spray rate,and solution viscosity on the droplet size,droplet velocity,and spray density were inves-tigated for both,a laboratory spray gun and a production spray gun.Two spray guns from Schlick (Duesen-Schlick GmbH,Untersiemau/Coburg,Germany),both equipped with a new antibearding cap (ABC),were used in this inves-tigation.The new geometry of the antibearding cap leads to a reduction in buildup of medium and less clogging.The established spray gun cap in horn-design (A)and the new AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8(1)Article 3().E1Corresponding Author:Peter Kleinebudde,Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,Heinrich-Heine-University,Universitaetsstr.1,Duesseldorf,D-40225,Germany.Tel:+49-211-8114220;Fax:+49-211-8114251;E-mail:Kleinebudde@uni-duesseldorf.despray gun cap with antibearding design (B)are illustrated in Figure 1.A detailed characterization of the new air cap was given by Gerstner.8These 2Schlick spray guns are fre-quently used in pan coaters of different machine suppliers.The droplet size,droplet velocity,and spray density were measured with a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer.Further-more,the width and height of the flat spray ellipse were also determined since the geometry of the flat spray cone was crucial for scale-up.M ATERIALS AND M ETHODSSpray SolutionsAqueous solutions of different viscosities based on hydroxy-propylmethylcellulose (HPMC)(Pharmacoat 606,Syntha-pharm GmbH,Muelheim an der Ruhr,Germany)were used for all spray trials.HPMC used concentrations were 1.6%,7.7%and 9.5%.Preparation of HPMC SolutionsThe exact amount of HPMC was weighted and suspended in well-stirred hot (95-C)tap water.After the whole powder was wetted,cool water was added to the end volume.Then,the solution was cooled down to 25-C.Viscosity of HPMC SolutionsThe HPMC solutions of 1.6%,7.7%,and 9.5%were tested in a rotational viscometer at 25-C with a coaxial cylinder system M45(Rotovisco RV20,Haake,Karlsruhe,Germany).At a shear rate of 300seconds −1the viscosities were deter-mined to be 4,88,and 175mPa •s,respectively.Spray Guns and Nozzle DiameterThe spray guns Schlick model 970/7-1S75ABC (Schlick,Untersiemau/Coburg,Germany)with a nozzle diameter of 1.0mm as a laboratory spray gun (lab)and the Schlick model 930/7-1S35ABC with a nozzle diameter of 1.5mm as a production spray gun (prod)were investigated.A peri-staltic pump with 2pump heads (model 505Di,Watson-Marlow,Falmouth,UK)was used.Determination of Width and Height of the Spray Zone The spray gun was mounted at the predetermined distance to an absorptive blue paper.The solution was sprayed onto the paper.The width and height of the spray zone were mea-sured with a ruler (Figure 2).Determination of Droplet Size,Droplet Velocity and Spray Density With a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA)is an optical tech-nique to measure the size and velocity of spherical particles simultaneously.The PDPA is an extension of LaserDopplerFigure 1.(A)Spray gun with a horn cap and (B)spray gun with antibeardingcap.Figure 2.Experimental configuration.AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8(1)Article 3().E2anemometry,and the fundamental principles were explained by Ruck.9A further detailed description using PDPA was given in the literature.10The droplet size,the velocity of the droplets,and the spray density were measured with a PDPA (with a Coherent In-nova 70-5Argon Ion Laser System wavelength λ=514.5nm,Laser Innovations [Santa Paula,CA],transmitting optics -fiber flow,Dantec Dynamics [Royal Portbury,UK],receiv-ing optics detector 58N81and processor P60,Dantec Dy-namics).The scattering angle ϕof the detector was 30-(Figure 2),and the focal lens length was 500mm.Experimental ConfigurationA low-power laser beam is split into 2beams that then intersect again at a point referred to the probe volume (Figure 2).The droplets pass the probe volume and the scattered light is an-alyzed by the detector.The left part of Figure 2shows a com-mon configuration of a PDPA,and the right part depicts the experimental configuration of the spray gun.Depending on the width of the spray,5until 9positions (in Figure 2:outer rim positions are Position 1and 5,center is Position 3)within the spray were measured.For this purpose,the position of the spray gun was adjusted in vertical direction by a motor.For each setting according to the experimental plan (section statistical design)particles were determined until a maximum measurement time of 60seconds or several 50000particles were reached.The droplet velocity was only measured along the y-axis (Figure 2).Data Analysis and Pretreatment Droplet VelocityThe median of the droplet velocity distribution (v 50%)was used for the statistical evaluation of the droplet velocity.Close to the spray rim,negative droplet velocity values were observed (Figure 3).Droplets with negative velocity were eliminated prior to further evaluation.Examples of the drop-let velocity distributions for the spray center and spray rim are shown in Figure 3.The median droplet velocity for the spray rim was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the val-ues for the 2outer measurement points (Figure 2).Homogeneity of Droplet Velocity Within the Spray The standard deviation of the droplet velocity (s v 50%)across the spray was calculated according to Equation 1in order to characterize the full spray with respect to the droplet velocity distribution.The median droplet velocity as a function of the distance from the spray center is depicted in Figure 4.s v 50%¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi∑n i ¼1ðv 50%i −v 50%Þ2n −1s ð1Þwhere v 50%is the median of the velocity in the position iwithin the spray;v 50%is the average of all median veloci-ties;and n is the number of measured points in the spray (n =5,7,or 9).Droplet SizeThe median volume diameter (MVD)was used for the sta-tistical evaluation of the droplet size.The droplet diameters are evaluated in a range of 0.1to 120µm.The MVD for the spray rim was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the values for the 2outer measurement points (Figure 2).Homogeneity of Droplet Size Within the SprayThe standard deviation of the MVD (s MVD )across the spray width was used to express the variation in droplet size within the spray.The MVD subject to the distance fromtheFigure 3.Raw data velocity distributions for droplets at the spray center and spray rim (with and without droplets of negativevelocity).Figure 4.Examples of 2velocity distributions in the spray (9positions are measured).AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8(1)Article 3().E3spray center is depicted in Figure 5.The standard deviation within the spray was calculated according to Equation 2.s MVD¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi∑n i ¼1ðMVD i−MV D Þ2n −1s ð2Þwhere MVD i is the median volume diameter in position iwithin the spray;MV D is the average of all median vol-ume diameters;and n is the number of measured points in the spray (n =5,7,or 9).Determination of Spray DensityThe spray density in cm³/cm²/s of the droplets could be mea-sured with respect to a reference cross-sectional area.A de-tailed mathematical description to determine the spray density by PDPA was given in the literature.11Statistical DesignFor this study,a central composite face-centered design (CCFD)with 2additional repetitions on the zero level and a total num-ber of 27runs was used.The variables including atomization air pressure (AA),spray rate (SprR),gun-to-tablet bed distance (ie,nozzle to laser beam distance,Dis),and solution viscosity (Vis)were investigated on 3levels.Two CCFDs were created to investigate the 2models of Schlick spray guns.The levels for the CCFDs with the laboratory spray gun and production spray gun are listed in Table 1.The results were evaluated with the program Modde 7(Umet-rics,Umea,Sweden)using multilinear regression.The re-sponse variables were the droplet size expressed as the MVD (µm),the droplet velocity expressed as the median droplet velocity (m/s),the width and the height of the spray zone(cm),the spray density (cm³/cm²/s),and the standard devia-tion of all measured points within the spray for the MVD,the median velocity,and the spray density.The response Y was described as a regression model of the 4independent vari-ables (AA,SprR,Dis,and Vis)given by the general formula (Equation 3):Y ¼β0þβ1AA þβ2SprR þβ3Dis þβ4Visþβ5AA ÂSprR þβ6AA ÂDis þβ7AA ÂVis þβ8SprR ÂDis þβ9SprR ÂVis þβ10Dis ÂVis þβ11AA 2þβ12SprR 2þβ13Dis 2þβ14Vis 2where β1…..β14were the regression coefficients and β0was the regression constant.When the equation is presented with coded values,the magnitude of the coefficient specifies the change in response variable if the variable is altered from the lower level to zero or from zero to the upper level and the sign indicates the direction of the change.The model was simplified with a backward regression,which means that some terms were removed stepwise from the model if their P values were higher than .05in order to increase the coefficient of determination (R 2adj ).First,the term with the highest P value was removed.A main factor was only eliminated if none of its interactions was significant.Surface plots were used for the graphical illustration of the results.R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONThe results for the 2CCFDs are summarized in Table 2.The regression constants and regression coefficients includ-ing the 95%confidence intervals for all response variables are given in Table 3.Adjustment of the Pattern AirThe pattern air (PA)was adjusted to obtain an appropriate ellipsoid spray cone.Thereby,the pattern air was adjusted that a maximal spray width was obtained without formingaFigure 5.Examples of the distributions of the median volume diameter within the spray for 2settings for the laboratory spray gun (distance 20cm,spray rate 10g/min).Table 1.Variables for the Laboratory and Production Spray Gun CCFD*Variable −10+1Spray gun Lab Prod Lab Prod Lab Prod AA (bar) 1.00 1.00 1.75 2.00 2.50 3.00SprR (g/min)10503010050150Dis (cm)101515252035Vis (mPa •s)488175*CCFD indicates central composite face-centered design;Lab,laboratory spray gun;Prod,production spray gun;AA,atomization air;SprR,spray rate;Dis,gun-to-tablet distance;and Vis,viscosity.ð3ÞAAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8(1)Article 3().E4dumbbell pattern.The settings for the pattern air pressure in bar and in norm cubic meter per hour(Nm3/h)for the pro-duction spray gun and the laboratory spray gun are listed in Table4.A lower air flow ratio of atomization and pattern air was observed for the laboratory spray gun.For the labo-ratory spray gun,a relative high amount of pattern air was required to form an appropriate spray cone compared with the production spray gun.Air to Liquid Mass RatioBased on the density and the volume flow of air,the mass flow of atomization air was calculated.The air to liquid mass ratio was calculated as the ratio of the mass flow of atomi-zation air to the mass flow of polymer solution.The cal-culated results are shown in Table5for both CCFDs.The air to liquid mass ratio for a spray rate of10g/min was clearly higher than the other settings(Table5).An increase in air to liquid mass ratio up to a value of around4leads to a reduction in droplet size.However,a further increase in the ratio is unlikely to result in any reduction in droplet size.2 Droplet SizeDifferent droplet diameters for the evaluation of atomiza-tion processes were described by Aulton and Twitchell.2 The median volume diameter,the sauter mean diameter,or the length mean diameter were often used as mean diam-eters.In this study,the MVD was used for the evaluation of droplet size.Figures6and7show the surface plots for the influence of the atomization air and spray rate on the MVD.The absolute droplet size for all trials with the labo-ratory spray gun ranged from13to33µm in the spray center (Figure6B).The highest MVD of33µm at the spray cen-ter was determined for a viscosity of175mPa•s,a spray rate of50g/min and an atomization air of1.0bar.The ad-ditional atomization effect of the pattern air in the spray center was probably a reason for these small droplets pro-duced by the laboratory spray gun.A higher pattern air re-duced the droplet size in the spray center for both Schlick spray guns.12The laboratory spray gun used a lower atomi-zation air/pattern air ratio(Table4)than the production spray gun to produce a flat spay cone.The higher pattern air mass flow could have caused smaller droplets for the laboratory spray gun.Since the droplets were already small, it was difficult to reduce the size further by an increase of atomization air.In contrast,the production spray gun produced a maximum droplet size of55µm(Table2).For this spray gun,an in-crease in atomization air pressure resulted in a remarkable reduction in droplet size.For the same air to liquid mass ratio the droplet size at the spray center was slightly bigger (~5-15µm)for the production spray gun than for the labo-ratory spray gun.An often described equation13for predict-ing droplet sizes produced by pneumatic atomization is given in Equation4in adapted form:D s¼585⋅103⋅σ0:5þ1683η0:45⋅½σ⋅ρ −0:225⋅1000J1:5where D s is the surface mean diameter also referred to as the sauter mean diameter[µm];v is the velocity of air rel-ative to liquid at the nozzle exit[m/s];σis the liquid surface tension[N/m];ρis the liquid density[kg/m³]for HPMC solution~1020kg/m³;ηis the liquid viscosity[Pa•s];and J is the air to liquid volume ratio[dimensionless].The droplet diameter after atomization depends on the phys-icochemical properties of the liquid(density,surface tension,Table2.Results of the Study,Range of Yield Values*CCFD Unit Production Spray Gun Laboratory Spray Gun Spray width cm11.0-24.07.00-30.0 Spray height cm 4.0-10.0 3.0-8.0MVD centerµm15.9-55.312.8-33.1 MVD rimµm15.5-93.512.2-72.1v50%center m/s9.8-31.713.3-35.0v50%rim m/s 1.3-6.60.7-3.6 Spray density center cm³/cm²/s0.016-0.1000.0180-0.076 Spray density rim cm³/cm²/s0.0007-0.02750.00023-0.0285s MVDµm0.4-19.30.5-18.8s v50%m/s 3.2-11.9 4.6-15.9Standard deviation spray density cm³/cm²/s0.00589-0.039800.00710-0.06222 *CCFD indicates central composite face-centered design;MVD,median volume diameter;v50%,median droplet velocity;s MVD,standard deviation of the MVD;and s v50%,standard deviation of the median droplet velocity.ð4ÞAAPS PharmSciTech2007;8(1)Article3().E5T a b l e 3.R e g r e s s i o n C o n s t a n t s a n d R e g r e s s i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s W i t h 95%C o n f i d e n c e I n t e r v a l i n P a r e n t h e s e s f o r A l l E v a l u a t e d R e s p o n s e V a r i a b l e s *g u n C o n s t A AS p r R D i s V i sA A •S p r R A A •D i s A A •V i s S p r R •D i s S p r R •V i s D i s •V i sA A ²S p r R ²D i s ²V i s ²R ²a d jM V D (c e n t e r ,µm )L29.446(0.847)–0.528(0.607)†2.267(0.607)1.000(0.607)4.772(0.774)———0.938(0.644)—————–7.254(1.361)0.959P36.682(0.967)–5.444(0.645)3.856(0.646)1.698(0.654)7.093(0.890)—–1.350(0.685)———1.152(0.779)2.853(1.500)——–6.398(1.941)0.979M V D (r i m ,µm )L58.285(3.403)–5.818(2.473)9.164(2.442)—13.608(3.112)——3.389(2.945)——————–14.331(5.472)0.917P75.689(5.605)–11.325(4.022)9.479(4.074)—15.131(5.126)————–6.165(4.851)————–14.835(9.012)0.853s M V D (µm )L13.912(2.049)–2.295(1.470)2.386(1.470)—3.338(1.874)—————————–4.548(3.293)0.688P15.743(1.933)–2.235(1.387)2.196(1.405)—2.946(1.768)————–2.570(1.673)————–4.275(3.108)0.722v 50%(c e n t e r ,m /s )L 21.121(0.292)3.772(0.205)–1.017(0.205)–4.935(0.205)0.751(0.233)–0.275(0.218)–0.894(0.218)—0.284(0.218)————1.591(0.355)—0.994P18.249(0.332)5.401(0.233)–0.924(0.233)–4.415(0.236)0.159(0.265)†—–0.909(0.247)—0.277(0.247)—0.291(0.281)——1.070(0.404)—0.994v 50%(r i m ,m /s )L1.859(0.276)0.579(0.338)–0.368(0.338)————————————0.374P1.740(0.433)0.476(0.304)–0.485(0.304)–0.832(0.308)0.364(0.346)–0.686(0.322)————–0.508(0.367)——1.290(0.526)—0.797s v 50%(m /s )L8.396(0.458)1.877(0.324)–0.583(0.324)–2.553(0.324)——–0.742(0.344)——————0.888(0.561)—0.946P6.943(0.127)2.089(0.153)–0.245(0.153)–1.901(0.155)——–0.536(0.163)————————0.984S p r a y d e n s i t y (c e n t e r ,c m ³/c m ²/s )L0.057(0.005)—0.0213(0.0036)–0.0042(0.0036)–0.0018(0.005)†—————————–0.0147(0.0108)0.760P0.072(0.007)—0.0207(0.0049)–0.0156(0.0049)0.0016(0.0063)†—————————–0.0227(0.0111)0.843S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s p r a y d e n s i t y (c m ³/c m ²/s )L0.0280(0.0036)—0.0106(0.0044)–0.0057(0.0044)———————————0.539P0.0270(0.0028)—0.0069(0.0020)–0.0071(0.0020)————–0.0023(0.0021)———–0.0074(0.0035)——0.835S p r a y w i d t h (c m )L12.564(0.804)–1.615(0.980)3.347(0.980)1.667(0.967)2.626(1.100)–1.438(1.026)—–1.282(1.167)—1.352(1.167)—————0.805P14.533(1.148)–2.165(0.834)1.194(0.823)3.111(0.823)2.348(1.050)——–1.026(0.993)——————4.248(1.845)0.830S p r a y h e i g h t (c m )L4.935(0.372)—0.889(0.262)0.835(0.265)0.317(0.297)———0.375(0.277)—0.426(0.316)—–0.504(0.453)——0.807P5.710(0.630)——1.833(0.452)0.214(0.576)†—————————2.019(1.013)0.768*C o n s t i n d i c a t e s r e g r e s s i o n c o n s t a n t ;A A ,a t o m i z a t i o n a i r ;S p r R ,s p r a y r a t e ;D i s ,g u n -t o -t a b l e t d i s t a n c e ;V i s ,v i s c o s i t y ;M V D ,m e d i a n v o l u m e d i a m e t e r ;L ,l a b o r a t o r y s p r a y g u n ;P ,p r o d u c t i o n s p r a y g u n ;s M V D ,s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n o f t h e M V D ;v 50%,m e d i a n d r o p l e t v e l o c i t y ;a n d s v 50%,s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e m e d i a n d r o p l e t v e l o c i t y .†N o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t 95%c o n f i d e n c e l e v e l .AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8(1)Article 3().E6and viscosity),the velocity of the air relative to the liquid at the atomization nozzle exit,and the air flow to liquid volume ratio.The higher the ratio is,the smaller the diameter of the droplets.The droplet size at the spray center was significantly in-fluenced by all main variables(Table3).Both spray guns resulted in large linear and quadratic coefficients for the viscosity.A higher viscosity led to larger droplets for both spray guns,whereas the coefficient for the production spray gun was higher than the laboratory spray gun at the spray center(Table3).The absolute higher distance interval for the production spray gun might be the reason because a higher gun to bed distance intensified the influence of the viscosity on the droplet size,which could be seen from the interaction viscosity to distance(Table3).The influence of the atomization air on the droplet size was different for both spray guns as already discussed.In addition,the droplet size at the spray center increased with increasing distance and spray rate.These results co-incided with the results reported in literature.2With in-creasing distance,the droplet size increased because of the collision and coalescence.The droplet size at the spray rim was clearly bigger than in the spray center(Figure7A and B).The change in droplet size at the spray rim was obviously more influenced by the variables than in the spray center.An increase in viscosity and spray rate led also to an increase in the droplet size,as the magnitude of the coefficient was twice as high for both spray guns at the spray rim compared with the spray center. As expected,a higher atomization air pressure resulted in a reduction in droplet size,and the influence of the atomi-zation air on the laboratory spray gun was clearly higher than at the spray center.The bigger droplet size(up to72µm) might be the reason for the influence of atomization air on the droplet size of the laboratory spray gun at the spray rim. These bigger droplets disintegrated easier with increasing atomization air than the small droplets(maximum33µm)in the spray center.An influence of the distance on the droplet size at the spray rim was not observed for both spray guns.The MVD at the spray rim was independent of the gun-to-bed distance,and the absolute value of the coefficient for the gun to bed dis-tance at the spray center was low(less than2µm).Hence, it could be assumed that the factor gun to bed distance was negligible for the scale-up of the droplet size for both spray guns.Therefore the droplet size should be scaled up by adjusting the atomization air and considering the spray rate.However,the droplet velocity and spray density were af-fected by the distance that is described in the following sec-tions.Surface plots for the influence of viscosity and distance on the MVD at the spray center are shown in Figure8.Table4.Settings for the Air Pressure,the Corresponding Air Flow,and the Ratio of the Air Flow*Production Spray Gun Laboratory Spray GunCCFD AA PA AA/PA AA PA AA/PA Levels Bar Nm/h Bar Nm/h Bar Nm/h Bar Nm/h–1 1.07.8 1.0 4.7 1.7 1.0 3.1 1.5 3.60.9 0 2.012.0 2.07.1 1.7 1.75 4.3 2.0 4.3 1.0 +1 3.016.0 3.09.3 1.7 2.5 5.3 2.8 5.3 1.0 *CCFD indicates central composite face-centered design;AA,atomization air and PA,pattern air.Table5.Calculated Air-to-Liquid Mass Ratios for Laboratory and Production CCFD*Laboratory CCFD Production CCFD Atomization Air Bar 1.00 1.75 2.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 Nm3/h 3.1 4.3 5.37.812.016.0 Spray Rate(g/min)Air-to-Liquid Mass Ratio10 6.28.610.6———30 2.1 2.9 3.5———50 1.2 1.7 2.1 3.1 4.8 6.4 100——— 1.6 2.4 3.2 150——— 1.0 1.6 2.1 *CCFD indicates central composite face-centered design.AAPS PharmSciTech2007;8(1)Article3().E7Homogeneity of Droplet Size Within the SprayFor a good coat quality it is necessary that the droplets are all of a consistent size or have a small size range.The stan-dard deviation from all measurement points of the MVD across the spray is an indicator for the uniformity of the droplet size within the spray.An increase in viscosity and spray rate led to a higher standard deviation of MVD for both spray guns (Table 3).Both spray guns are in good agree-ment with respect to these parameters.The standard devia-tion decreased with increasing atomization air.Droplet VelocityThe median of the velocity distribution was used to evalu-ate the droplet velocity.The droplet velocities were nor-mally distributed at the spray center.The main trajectory of the droplets at the spray center was in y-direction (Figure 2).In contrast,the trajectory of the droplets at the spray rim was in y-and x-direction.In this study,the PDPA only measured the velocity along the y-axis that led to a slightly lower measured absolute velocity at the spray rim,as thecorrectFigure 6.Response surface plots for median volume diameter at the spray center (viscosity =88mPa •s,distance =15cm).(A)Production spray gun (B)Laboratory spray gun.MVD indicates median volumediameter.Figure 7.Response surface plots for median volume diameter at the spray rim (viscosity =88mPa •s,distance =15cm).(A)production spray gun (B)laboratory spray gun.MVD indicates median volume diameter.AAPS PharmSciTech 2007;8(1)Article 3().E8。