建立grub引导

Recovery Using the Ubuntu Desktop/Live CD(RECOMMENDED)IntroductionThis method will install Grub boot-loader into the Master Boot Record (MBR)of the main computer hard drive.The slight complexity of this method consists of determining whether Ubuntu Operating System installed on your computer was configured for Grub or Grub 2.If you fresh-installed Ubuntu Karmic 9.10 or newer, you are running Grub2.If you ran previous version of Ubuntu and upgraded to Ubuntu Karmic 9.10, you are running Grub Legacy by default; unless you have executed upgrade-from-grub-legacy, then you are running Grub2.If you are running Ubuntu Jaunty or Intrepid, you are running Grub Legacy.If you are not sure, follow the guide assuming you are running Grub2 -- there will be a point to make a correction.You can check the current version installed on your system via Synaptic or from the command line. Open a Terminal and enter the following:grub-install -vGRUB 2 should display a version number of 1.96 or later. Legacy GRUB is version 0.97. Create and boot from a Live CDGrub2: Download the latest version of Ubuntu Desktop edition from /GetUbuntu/download and burn your Ubuntu CD.Grub Legacy: See the dual-boot guide about recovering grubReboot your computer and boot into a live session.Mount your Ubuntu partition from Places menu. If you have multiple Ubuntu partitions (e.g., /boot, /home, /), you need to mount the /boot partition.Are you using Grub or Grub 2?Go into boot/grub directory and check for the existence of the files menu.lst and grub.cfg.Grub Legacy uses boot/grub/menu.lst .Grub 2 uses uses boot/grub/grub.cfg .If you are still not sure, view the file and check whether syntax follows Grub2 conventions.If you downloaded Ubuntu Karmic 9.10 Live CD, but your installed version of Ubuntu uses GrubLegacy, please use this guide https:///community/DualBoot/Grub#Ubuntu%209.10%20&%20earlierOverwriting the Master Boot RecordExisting MBR will be lost. In order to dual-boot your computer, we will be creating a newMaster Boot Record to include all operating systems, including Ubuntu Linux andMicrosoft Windows. This is to be expected.Your Ubuntu partition is now mounted. You will need to continue Using the Terminal.Verify if your partition is correct.mount | tail -1You should see output similar to this:/dev/sda2 on /media/0d104aff-ec8c-44c8-b811-92b993823444 type ext4(rw,nosuid,nodev,uhelper=devkit)Note the designation for the disk /dev/sda which you will be using later, and the directory in/media.Use Tab Completion in Terminal to complete the path. Hitting the <TAB> key willautomatically finish file names, directory locations, and other long or hard to type file names.To make sure this is indeed the Ubuntu boot partition, runls /media/0d104aff-ec8c-44c8-b811-92b993823444/bootBut substitute the example's UUID, 0d104aff-ec8c-44c8-b811-92b993823444, with your volume'sUUID which you found earlier. If your boot partition was a separate partition which you mountedin a previous step, use this insteadls /media/0d104aff-ec8c-44c8-b811-92b993823444In either case, the output should be something like this:config-2.6.18-3-686 initrd.img-2.6.18-3-686.bakSystem.map-2.6.18-3-686grub lost+found vmlinuz-2.6.18-3-686initrd.img-2.6.18-3-686 memtest86+.binIf what you have is not similar, unmount it and try another partition.Now that everything is mounted, we just need to reinstall GRUB by specifying the correctdirectory and the correct drive name:sudo grub-install--root-directory=/media/0d104aff-ec8c-44c8-b811-92b993823444/dev/sdaIf you get BIOS warnings try:sudo grub-install--root-directory=/media/0d104aff-ec8c-44c8-b811-92b993823444/dev/sda --recheckReplace /dev/sda with the location you want to install GRUB on.If all went well, you should see something like this:Installation finished. No error reported.This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map. Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect, fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.(hd0) /dev/sdaReboot, making sure to boot to your hard drive and not to the live CD. Grub should be installed and both Ubuntu and Windows should have been automatically detected and listed in the menu. The Master Boot Record will execute Grub as the initial boot-loader. The Windows boot-loader is contained within the Windows partition and will then be chainloaded by the Grub boot-loader.For Grub LegacyPlease refer to the guidehttps:///community/DualBoot/Grub#Ubuntu%209.10%20&%20earlier TroubleshootingI don't see a Grub menuIf the menu is not normally displayed during boot, hold down the SHIFT key as the computer attempts to boot to display the GRUB 2 menu. For Grub Legacy, use ESC key to display a menu. Grub comes up in shell mode with no boot menuYou may have mixed up Grub Legacy and Grub 2. This symptom is most typical when you assumed you have Grub 2, but your Ubuntu OS actually uses Grub Legacy. Follow these instructions again using Ubuntu 9.04 Live CD.If you are certain you have Grub 2 and it's still displaying shell mode by now, follow the method using chroot listed here...http://www.ubuntu-inside.me/2009/06/howto-recover-grub2-after-windows.html.What if Grub 2 does not list WindowsIf, after installing grub, Windows does not appear in the boot-menu, boot into Ubuntu and execute commandsudo update-grub2Grub 2 gives "error: no such device: xxxxx.xxxxx.xxxxx.xxxx"If at any time grub2 gives this error, boot up into Ubuntu (on hard disk if possible, otherwise with Live CD), open a terminal and run commandsudo update-grub2This should automatically detect the devices and configure grub appropriately.What if Grub Legacy misses WindowsIf, after installing grub, Windows does not appear in the boot menu, you will need to edit /boot/grub/menu.lst (That is a lowercase "L" and not the number 1 in menu.lst)Open a terminal and enter:gksu gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst Or, in Kubuntu:kdesu kate /boot/grub/menu.lstYour Windows stanza should look something like this:title Windows XP/Vista # Use any title you wish, it will appear in the grub boot menurootnoverify (hd0,0)# This is the location of the windows partition makeactivechainloader +1Note: Put your Windows stanza before or after AUTOMAGIC KERNEL LIST in the menu.lst Recovery using Microsoft Windows and Its Bootloader If you have your Linux system in a second (or third...) hard disk this method will not work. Please check Super Grub Disk's method that address this problem.This method will also fail with Grub 2. This method allows you to restore GRUB and keep the Windows boot-loader as your primary boot-loader. Thanks to Ubuntu's support for NTFS writing this method is now quite simple.The previous method puts GRUB back on the MBR (Master Boot Record) of the hard drive instead of in the root partition. Should you not wish to do so, for instance if you use a third-party boot manager like Boot Magic or System Commander, this next suggestion will be helpful. Another reason to prefer this method is for when restoring the Grub menu after a re-ghosting. In either case, use this alternative.Restoring GRUB1. Boot from a Live CD, like Ubuntu Desktop, or similar. It is recommended to use Ubuntu 9.04 or newer as this has NTFS write support.2. Open a Terminal . Open a root terminal (For non-Ubuntu live CDs type su the terminal. For Ubuntu based distros runsudo -i}Enter root passwords as necessary.3. Typegrubwhich makes a GRUB prompt appear.4. Typefind /boot/grub/stage1You'll get a response like "(hd0)" or in my case "(hd0,3)". Use the output from this command for the following commands.Note:You should have mounted the partition which has your Linux system before typing this command.(e.g. In Knoppix Live CD partitions are shown on the desktop but they're not mounted until you double-click on them or mount them manually)5. Typeroot (hd0,3)note the space between root and (hd0,3).6. Typesetup (hd0,3)into the prompt. This is key. Other instructions say to use "(hd0)", and that's fine if you want to write GRUB to the MBR. If you want to write it to your Linux root partition, then you want the number after the comma, such as "(hd0,3)".7. Typequit8. At this stage you can either restart the system and install your own boot-loader, or you can continue and tell the Windows boot-loader where to find GRUB which will handle booting Linux. Making Windows Load GRUB (and then Linux)This is taken from Dual-Boot Linux and Windows 2000/Windows XP with GRUB HOWTO which has been helping people dual boot since at least 2005.1. In Linux open a command window.2. Mount a drive which you can share with Windows. This could be a USB drive, a FAT32 partition on your hard drive, or if you are using a Linux distribution which supports NTFS writing natively (Such as Ubuntu 8.04 or later) then you can mount the actual Windows C:\ drive itself! The advantage of writing to the Windows drive is that you are going to need to put a file there eventually, so it saves time copying a file around. For example:#mkdir /tmp/windows#mount /dev/sda1 /tmp/windowsHowever, when writing directly to the C:\ drive you could also do some damage to the system if you delete or move something. If you do pick the option to write directly, go in, put the file where it belongs, and touch NOTHING else.3. Now you are going to make a copy of your boot partition. Finding out what this is called is not always completely reliable since the Linux naming conventions differ from the GRUB naming conventions. Linux labels partitions as hd[Letter][Number]or sd[Letter][Number]whereas GRUB always names them as hd[Number][Number]. If you installed GRUB on (hd0,0), then the/boot partition will be on hda1 or sda1. (Since (hd1,0) == hdb1 or sdb1, then by extension if you installed GRUB on (hd0,1) then the /boot partition will be on hda2 or sda2 and so on and so forth.) This narrows you down to two possibilities. If you now pastels /dev |grep hdit will let you know if you have that drive on your machine. If nothing comes up which matches, then that means you must have an sd drive.Note: The command df won't work as you are booted from a Live CD.4. Having determined your boot partition run this command as root by using sudosudo #dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/tmp/windows/linux.bin bs=512 count=1Looking at this example /dev/sda2 is your boot partition and /tmp/windows/ is the drive you want to copy the boot sector image to.5. If you haven't created linux.bin in the Windows drive then you need to copy it there now.6. Next, reboot your computer and boot into Windows. Open C:\boot.ini in Notepad, and add a new line at the bottom:c:\linux.bin="Linux"This file might be write protected. If that is so, you need to enable writing to the file. To do so, right click, and from the context menu select Properties. Then uncheck the box that says "File is read only". Make sure to put that checkmark back afterwards.Next, make sure that at the top of the boot.ini file there is a timeout set, i.e timeout=5 or some such number.Do not edit this file from the Live CD, even if you have NTFS write support. Linux and Windows represent line breaks in different ways, so even though you can edit the file, it won't adda new line.7. That's it, reboot and you will be given the option of booting into Linux, selecting that will chainload GRUB and this will let you boot into your Linux distro.Source: /showpost.php?p=121355&postcount=5Recovery Using the Unofficial RescatuxNote about grub2: Rescatux can be used to restore either Grub (Ubuntu 9.04 and previous versions) or Grub2 (Ubuntu 9.10 and later versions)Download Rescatux∙Burn the Rescatux ISO in a cdrom∙Make your PC boot from the cdrom∙At Debian Live Boot screen just press ENTERSelect Restore grub / Fix Linux Boot option and click on OK buttonSelect the partition where your Ubuntu is and click on OK buttonSelect the hard disk where you want Grub to be installed (usually the first one)Grub was installed OK confirmation / Grub was not installed error will appearLook for System -> Shutdown in the top tray in order to halt your machineRecovery Using the Unofficial "Super Grub Disk"Note about grub2: The methods regarding "Super Grub Disk" described here do not work with grub2 but with grub legacy. That means that you should not use them for fresh Ubuntu 9.10 install or Ubuntu newer versions.From within WindowsDownload Auto Super Grub DiskDouble-click auto_super_grub_disk_1.7 icon, install it, and reboot.On the next boot, select the UNetbootin-supergrubdisk menu entry; this will launch the AutoSuper Grub Disk.∙Do nothing till you see your Grub menu again.∙Next time you boot Windows, click yes when asked to remove UNetbootin-supergrubdisk to remove the Super Grub Disk menu entry.As a standalone cd/floppy/usbDownload Super Grub Disk∙Burn into a cdrom (better) or a floppy∙Boot from itSelect: GRUB => MBR & !LINUX! (>2) MANUAL |8-)∙Select the Linux or Grub installation you want to restore.∙You see the message: SGD has done it!∙Reboot∙You're done.Preserving Windows BootloaderThe method shown above puts GRUB back on the MBR (Master Boot Record) of the hard drive instead of in the root partition. If you use a third-party boot manager like Boot Magic or System Commander you probably won't want to do that. This method could also be used to restore the Grub menu after a re-ghosting. If this is the case, use this alternative.NOTE: This alternative, used without a third-party boot manager, will not cause Ubuntu to boot. This method will let you boot your second hard disk Linux installations from Windows while the Using the Ubuntu Desktop/Live CD. Preserving Windows Boot-loader instructions will not.Either:Download Super Grub Disk∙Burn into a cdrom (suggested) or a floppy∙Boot from itOr:Download UNetbootin Super Grub Disk Loader (Windows .exe version)∙Run the installer and reboot when once done installing.∙On the next boot, select the "UNetbootin-supergrubdisk" menu entry; this will launch the Super Grub Disk interface.Then:Pick the Super Grub Disk (WITH HELP) :-))) option∙Select your language from the listChoose WindowsSelect: Windows chainloads Grub!∙Select the Linux or Grub installation you want to restore to its own partition.You see the message: SGD has done it!∙Reboot∙Job completed.Recovery Using the Ubuntu Alternate/Install CDThis section explains how to rescue Grub, using the Ubuntu Alternate/install CD.1Enter your computers BIOS to check computer can boot from CD ROM. If you can boot from CD, insert CD ROM into drive. Exit the BIOS (if needed save your settings to make sure the computer boots from the CD ROM).When the Ubuntu splash screen comes up with the boot: prompt, type in rescue and press enter.1Choose your language, location (country) and then keyboard layout as if you were doinga fresh install.1Enter a host name, or leave it with the default (Ubuntu).At this stage you are presented with a screen where you can select which partition is your root partition (there is a list of the partitions on your hard drive, so you are required to know which partition number Ubuntu is on). This will bedev/discs/disc0/partX, where the X is a partition number.1you are then presented with a command prompt (a hash).1type$ grub-install /dev/XXXwhere XXX is the device of your Ubuntu install. (eg: grub-install /dev/""hda"" or grub-install /dev/""sdb"" ). Note: newer 2.6.xx kernels call all hard disks ""sdx"" now but not sure if grub does.The GUI Way: Using the Alternate/Install CD and Overwriting the Windows bootloaderAgain, this is for Grub legacy, not for Grub2. So, do not try with Ubuntu 10.04 or more recent unless you have deliberately installed Grub legacy and managed to get it working in the past. After re-initializing your mount points and other options, and after writing the changes to disk, system files are automatically installed. Each time I have tried this an error is thrown that busybox-initramfs could not be installed (I assume because a newer version exists - but I don't know. This error MIGHT be avoided if one has internet access, again, I don't know). The error aborts the installation of system files, and returns you to the menu. If you then select to install the grub boot-loader, it too, errors-out because the installation of system files did not complete. You are stuck in a loop. Unless you know some bash-magic to bypass this impasse, your only alternative (you will be unable to boot into your system now), is to return to the partitioner, reformat, and reinstall from scratch.1Boot your computer with the Ubuntu CD1Go through the installation process until you reach "[!!!] Disk Partition"1Select Manual Partitiono Mount your appropriate linux partitions:/o/booto swapo...DO NOT FORMAT THEM.1Finish the manual partition1Say "Yes" when it asks you to save the changes1It will give you errors saying that "the system couldn't install ....." after that。