张保红――文学翻译PPT课件

英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有―象胥‖（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到―译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。

‖这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。

用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。

（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。

根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是―把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来‖。

根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，―翻译‖这个中性术语是指将一种语言（―原语‖）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（―目的语‖）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。

美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。

（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。

在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：―将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。

‖（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。

但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。

翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。

季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。

前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。

英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有―象胥‖（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到―译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。

‖这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。

用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。

（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。

根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是―把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来‖。

根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，―翻译‖这个中性术语是指将一种语言（―原语‖）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（―目的语‖）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。

美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。

（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。

在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：―将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。

‖（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。

但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。

翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。

季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。

前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。

方明明文学翻译小说英译汉从土耳其来的侄儿伊利亚斯·哈里尔著去年的一天，突然响起了敲门声。

我的侄儿没打声招呼就从土耳其来了！我上一次见他时，他才到我膝盖，像蚱蜢似的小不点儿，长了一双怯生生的眼睛，两只像一双扇子的耳朵，没了俩门牙，头发短短的，和永远脏兮兮的手。

你知道，每一个侄子基本都长这样儿。

我喜欢这孩子，对他很钟爱。

用他那小不点的身高，他总是仰脸瞅着我好似在看一根电话线杆子，他的大眼睛笑着总能把我逗乐。

从短裤里露出的两条腿有点罗圈腿。

两只眼睛虽然直视着你但有点斗鸡眼。

我看着他的时候有点怜惜他······所以我从来没有对他发过火也没有打过他。

我俩说话时，他肩膀上好似放的有重重的东西，表现出防御的样子。

他要是犯错了，这个特点会更明显。

他的眼睛渐渐湿润，声音小的都听不到；颤抖的像一片叶子。

谁看见他都会以为他是一个孤儿会为之难过。

他们就想给他点儿钱或是一些糖果。

因为一些事我打过其他的侄子，但是从来没碰过他一根手指头。

我爱他还爱不够呢！在家时，不管谁惹大人生气了，我的这个小侄儿都能让自己离得远远的。

要是你跟他说话，他就不回答。

如果他回答了也是声音小小的。

你就是打他他也是安静的。

挨打的时候，叫的声音不是越来越大，而是逐渐降低。

因此，打他的那个人怒气会变成同情，于是这小男孩就逃过了更多的惩罚。

我是很久之后才总结出来，他跟其他人说话时，既不会罗圈腿也不会斗鸡眼耳朵更不会像飞落的叶子。

还有，他生气的时候，他知道怎样吵个不停。

要是他知道危险临近（要挨打了）他就会罗圈腿、斗鸡眼、耳朵拉长。

我移民加拿大之后有十五年没见到侄儿了。

现在他已经长成魁梧的大小伙儿了，英俊健壮！表示欢迎之后，我问了他一些问题，想知道他来这里的原因。

“侄儿，你想找什么样的工作啊？”“啊，蒙主的恩准，叔叔，我愿干任何的工作。

我什么都能干。

只要说得出来我就能干。

我什么都干过。

干过木匠、电工、货郎、修鞋匠、裁缝、汽车修理工；您还要吗？这些我都干过。

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张保红文学翻译作业6（小说EC）-原文Nephew from TurkeyIlyas HalilOne day last year, there was a sudden knock on the door. Without warning, my nephew had arrived from Turkey! When I had last seen him, he was knee-high to a grasshopper, with timid eyes, ears like two fans, two front teeth missing, short hair and continually dirty hands. You know, the look that fits every nephew.I liked and was closely attached to him. With that knee-high-to-a-grasshopper size, he used to look up at me as if viewing a telephone pole, his amber eyes smiling and secretly making fun of me. The legs sticking out of his short pants were a little crooked. Though his eyes were straight, he appeared a bit cross-eyed. I felt sorr y when I looked at him…and I never got angry with him or hit him. When we talked, he seemed to have a weight on his shoulders and appeared offended. When he was guilty, this attribute definitely worsened. His eyes grew moist and his voice softened to where he could hardly be heard; it trembled like a leaf. Those who saw him, thought him an orphan and felt sorry. They felt like putting their hands in their pockets and giving him some spending money or candy. In spite of my hitting my other nephews for any old thing, this one I cou ldn?t touch. I loved the little son of a gun!At home, no matter who got angry, our nephew managed to keep his distance. If you spoke to him, he didn?t reply. If he did answer, it was quietly. Even if you hit him, he was quiet. When taking a beating, instead of increasing, his wailing decreased. Thus, the anger of who ever was beating him turned to compassion and the boy was saved from further punishment.Only much later did I come to this conclusion. When talking with others I observed that our lad had neither crooked legs, cross-eyes nor big ears hanging like fig leaves. Furthermore, when he got mad, he knew how to yell his head off. It was only when he detected danger that his legs went crooked, his ears grew and his eyes crossed.I hadn?t seen my nephew for the fifteen years since I had emigrated to Canada. He had become a strapping young man, handsome and strong! After bidding him welcome, I asked a few questions about what he planned to do.“What job will you take, Nephew??“Goll y, Uncle, I?ll do any jo b there is. Nothing will get away fro m me. Just say it, I?ll do it.I?ve done everything! I?ve been a carpenter, electrician, peddler, shoemaker, tailor, auto mechanic; you want more? I?ve been all of these!”“Too bad! So you didn?t get the chance to go to college?”“What kind of talk is that, Uncle! I finished law school.”“Very well, my boy, but how did you find time to do all these things? You?re only twenty-three years old! How did you manage all these jobs and still go to coll ege?”“Uncle, don?t worry about the details! Just eat the grapes and don?t ask about the vineyard! If you don?t believe me, show me a broken electric sewing machine, radio, electric shaver or a juicer and I?ll repair it. You can?t tell a suit I?ve reversed the cloth on from a new o ne. If I turn that handkerchief pocket over it will look real sharp! It?s not hard to sell old clothes for new! If it?s food you want, let me cook for you today! See if what I cook isn?t so delicious you can?t eat enough of it? The flavor will stay on your palate a hundred years! There?s nothing I don?t know,Uncle!”I saw that our boy certainly had learned “to shoot the bull.” I?ve heard of all types but never one like this. The boy was a walking trades guild! Furthermore, he had studied law! Be logical, I thought to myself. If a person spent two years learning each job, it would take fifty years to learn all these professions. “Something?s rotten in Denmark.” It?ll probably surface later!“What job can you get here? Forget law fo r now. The source of Canadi an law is not Roman law. Napoleonic Civil Law isn?t in effect here, either, ” I told him.“Napoleonic Law? What?s that? We didn?t study such law.”“You mean you don?t know who Napoleon was?”“No,” replied our nephew.“So-o-o, what kind of history did you s tudy??“Ordinary history, Uncle! Only we didn?t have a history teacher. A captain came to our class, a history buff from the nearby regiment. He gave us lots of lessons on soldiering and the repair of weapons. Because of him, I became a Number One gunsmith. Bring whatever you want! Blindfolded, I can take apart a machine gun and assemble it again, I can even repair heavy tanks. If you want, I?ll make you a pistol form a water pipe! I know lots about weapons. Our captain used t o say, “After you know weapons,you make history yourself. There?s no need to learn history someone else has made!” I don?t know who defeated whom in battle nor what year. What do I care?Would that make me powerful? It?s hot air! Nah! If this right arm is strong, OK, forget the rest!”“Very well, Nephew! Tomorrow, let?s go to the capital and register you at the embassy.”“Are we going to Washington, Uncle?”“Come on, is Washington the capital of Canada？Who taught you geography, my boy?”“O-hoh, Uncle, look at the question you asked. Gee, in a lifetime, who is going to ask me the capital of Canada? Instead of that, I learned more useful things! If your coat gets torn today will knowledge about Canada save you expense? Or is knowledge of sewing needed? Tell me, Uncle! The things our geogr aphy teacher taught us are always useful. After our school?s geography teacher, Omer Temel, left to open a grocery store, the town tailor, Kasim Effendi, who knew how to read and write, came to teach the geography class. He taught us for six years. We learned a lot! Every year, we turned the cloth on two suits of clothes. We patched and learned to press! We learned how to sew trousers. Our teacher said, “Learn this and in life you?ll never go hungry. Instead of memorizing the names of infidel foreign cities, or learning their rivers, learn something useful! What?s that knowledge good for except to climb mountains and tear up your shoes? For what God-awful reason do you learn the population of Berlin or London? Doesn?t the number change every year? Not only every year, it changes every day, every hour! Thousands of people die, are born, come and go…Don?t those geographers have any brains? They never get tired of giving false figures to the students.”“Tailor Kasim Effendi used to say, “Now see! Look at Haydar,the literature teacher?s house, then mine! Tell me now, whose knowledge is the most useful? Haydar Bey writes poetry, but he?s hungry; so what?s the use of this knowledge? Come and see whose knowledge provides more bread, butter and honey. Come and see who lives more comfortably. Pay attention to what I say! Learn what I show you and you won?t eat bread withoutbutter and honey!”I listened to my nephew in amazement. What he said was probably true. I compared my situation with his. There was a chasm between us! I was a graduate history teacher, fifty-three years old. For the past fifteen years I?ve continued at the university every winter learning new things. Every year, I realize how far behind I am! In spite of this, in the same place, like a donkey?s tail, I teach on and on, hoping for better things! With this way of life it seems I?m getting nowhere.“Very well, my boy, how?s your mathematics?” I asked.“Hot as a pistol, Uncle. Not a thing wrong with it! We learned mathematics fr om its origin. Ther e was no one better than our teacher. If you searched all of Turkey, you truly couldn?t find a better teacher. Mison came to us for math. He was the accountant for a big institution. He taught us how to count money, put the excess in the safe and to bargain.“He impressed on us the fine points of addition and subtraction. For example: when buying a product, addition is one thing when selling, something else. It?s the same with subtraction! Not everyone knows these fine points. Mison is a man who gives the government the run-around. He prepares tax returns every year and it?s impossible to find a mistake in them. The government offered him thousands of lira: …Come and be our Minister of Finance!?He didn?t accept. …I?m just a servant t o free principles!? he replied. Truly, he was a modest man. It?s too bad we couldn?t learn multiplication and division form him. But never mind, I?ll handle the situation with addition and subtraction. Thank God, I haven?t been cheated yet.”“All right, so n, didn?t you have diff iculty in college with such a two-bit education??“What difficulty, Uncle? The teachers had the difficulty from us. It was really easy for us. At this time I learned auto repair. In the second year of law, our professor of International Law was sick and di dn?t come to class the whole year. During those class periods, I went to the garage across from the university and worked. I did auto repairs. American tourists used to bring their cars to the garage. So I learned foreign money and exchange in addition to improving my knowledge of English. That year I earned as much as a professor.”I was becoming more and more interested. This was a philosophy of education unfamiliar to me. They were educating students in an atmosphere conforming to the goings-on in the world.“OK, son, what did you learn carpentry in place of??“I didn?t learn it in place of anything, Uncle! When our professor of Civil Law suddenly died at the beginning of the school year, I worked at a carpentry shop to fill my spare time. Uncle, I have no regrets that I learned this. I built our house. Foundation, walls, ceiling, furniture----I made everything. Too bad I didn?t stay there longer.“Six months later, a teacher came to our college of Medicine, a specialist in internal medicine. From him, I p icked up many facts related to civil law. He?d been in the College of Medicine when one of his teachers died; a professor of Civil Law then came to teach them. So that?s how he learned a great deal about law. That year he also increased our knowledge of health. If someone gets sick at home, I understand their condition, more or less.I know how to administer aspirin and quinine. Working on cruise ships, I measured blood pressure for two seasons and made lots of money. I was just ab out to become a doctor!”M y nephew?s treasury of knowledge knew no bounds. He had learned something about everything. In Canada, he worked on and off… He couldn?t hold a job anywhere. Everything he did was third-rate, so they gave him the gate. One day, we found that he?d packed up his stuff and returned to Turkey. According to our latest news, in one year the boy became a millionaire.We correspond. In every letter he says, “Work hard on your university courses, Ha!”The Lemon LadyKatitiWe called her the "Lemon Lady" because of the sour-puss face she always presented to the public and because she grew the finest lemons we had ever seen, on two huge trees in her front garden. We often wondered why she looked so sour and how she grew such lemons ----but we could find out nothing about her. She was an old lady----at least 70 years of age, at a guess, perhaps more.One day we answered an advertisement for a flat to rent, as we had been asked to leave ours as soon as we could, and when we went to the address given, it was the house of the Lemon Lady.She didn't "unfreeze" during the whole of our interview. She said the flat would not be ready for occupation for about a month; that she had 45 names on her list and might add more before it was ready and then she would just select the people to suit her best. She was not antagonistic, just firm and austere, and I gathered that we were not likely to be the ones selected.As my husband and I were leaving, I said, "How do you grow those wonderful lemons?" She gave a wintry smile, which transformed her whole expression and made her look sweet and somehow pitiful."I do grow nice lemons," she replied. We went on to tell her how much we had always admired them every time we had passed, and she opened up and told us quite a lot about this fruit.“You know the general theory of pruning, I suppose?" She asked."Oh," said my husband, "I understand about pruning fruit trees and roses, but you must not prune lemons, or so I understand." He added these last words when he saw from the Lemon Lady's expression that he had said the wrong thing."No," said the Lemon Lady, "you must not prune lemons unless you want them to grow like mine. What is the reason for pruning?""Well, to cut off dead or diseased wood; to prevent one branch chafing another; to let the sunlight into the center of the bush and to promote the growth of the more virile buds.""Very nicely put," said the Lemon Lady. "And why do you think that lemons are better with dead or diseased wood on them; why should you not let sunlight into them; why should allowing many sickly buds to develop make it a healthier tree?""I hadn't thought about it at all," confessed my husband rather shame-facedly, as he prides himself on being an original thinker, and here he was allowing an old lady to out-think him. "Everyone here said you mustn't prune lemons, so I thought it must be right."We thanked her for the information and left, on much better terms with her than we would have ever thought possible. We even felt quite a degree of affection towards her.In the course of the next three weeks we saw several places that might have been to let but which for various reasons we could not get. Eventually we got a place that suited us very welland I returned to tell the Lemon Lady that we would not be needing her flat.She was very nice and gave me afternoon tea. She said in her precise and careful style, "I'm glad you have a house for your own sake and for the sake of your little boy, because a flat is no place for a child, especially a boy. But for my own sake, I'm very sorry.I had decided to let you have the flat because I think we could have got on very well together and because you liked my lemons."As I left, she handed me a bag with two huge lemons in it. They were the most magnificent I have ever seen----huge and without blemish, and two were all the load I would care to carry. As I looked back from the gate and saw her sweet smile, I wondered why we had called her the Lemon Lady.As my husband said to me afterwards, "No one could do anything so well as she grew those lemons, without being very proud of the accomplishment, and our touching on them was a goodpoint in psychology." We have used that idea to good effect several times since then.At the house we did rent was a decayed, dying old lemon tree with the woodlice playing havoc with the remnant of its body. My husband shook his head sadly as he gazed at it. "Too late for treatment, I'm afraid," he said, but he set to and pruned it ruthlessly. We were in that house for four years and from the second year onward, we each had the juice of a lemon every morning, and when we left we took with us two 60-pound cases of lemons from the tree, and after we left a friend wrote and asked why we had not picked the lemons before we left.We still call her the Lemon Lady, but the term is now one ofpure affection.Hate(Excerpt)Hendrik Willem Van LoonSuddenly the war was over, and Hitler was captured and brought to Amsterdam. A military tribunal condemned him to death. But how should he die? To shoot or hang him seemed too quick, too merciful. Then someone uttered what was in everybody's mind: the man who had caused such incredible suffering should be burned to death."But," objected one judge, "our biggest public square in Amsterdam holds only 10,000 people, and 7,000,000 Dutch men, women and children will want to be there to curse him during his dying moments."Then another judge had an idea. Hitler should be burned at the stake, but the wood was to be ignited by the explosion of a handful of gunpowder set off by a long fuse which should start in Rotterdam and follow the main road to Amsterdam by way of Delft, The Hague, Leiden and Haarlem. Thus millions of people crowding the wide avenues which connect those cities could watch the fuse burn its way northward to Herr Hitler's funeral pyre.A plebiscite was taken as to whether this was a fitting punishment. There was 4,981,076 yeas and one nay. The nay was voted by a man who preferred that Hitler be pulled to pieces by four horses.At last the great day came. The ceremony commenced at four o'clock on a June morning. The mother of three sons who had been shot by the Nazis for an act of sabotage they did not commit set fire to the fuse while a choir sang a solemn hymn ofgratitude. Then the people burst forth into a shout of triumph.The spark slowly made its way from Rotterdam to Delft, and on toward the great square in Amsterdam. People had come from every part of the country. Special seats had been provided for the aged and the lame and the relatives of murdered hostage.Hitler, clad in a long yellow shirt, had been chained to the stake. He preserved a stoical silence until a little boy climbed upon the pile of wood surrounding the former Fuhrer and placed there a placard which read, "This is the world's greatest murderer." This so aggravated Hitler's pent-up feelings that he burst into one of his old harangues.The crowd gaped, for it was a grotesque sight to see this little man ranting away just as if he were addressing his followers. Then a terrific howl of derision silenced him.Now came the great moment of the day. About three o'clock in the afternoon the spark reached the outskirts of Amsterdam. Suddenly there was a roll of drums. Then, with an emotion such as they had never experienced before, the people sang the Wilhelmus, the national anthem. Hitler, now ashen-gray, futilely strained at his chains.When the Wilhelmus came to an end, the spark was only a few feet from the gunpowder; five more minutes, Hitler would die a horrible death. The crowd broke forth to a shout of hate. A minute went by. Another minute. Silence returned. Now the fuse had only a few inches to go. And at that moment the incredible happened.A wizened little man wriggled through the line of soldiers standing guard. Everybody knew who he was. Two of his sons had been machine-gunned to death by parachute troops; his wife and three daughters had perished in Rotterdam's holocaust.Since then, the poor fellow had seemed deprived of reason, wandering aimlessly about and supported by public charity—an object of universal pity.But what he did now made the crowd turn white with anger. For he deliberately stamped upon the fuse and put it out."Kill him! Kill him!" the mob shouted. But the old man quietly faced the menacing populace. Slowly he lifted both arms toward heaven. Then in a voice charged with fury, he said:"Now let us do it all over again!"因为有了那个信箱林荣芝近来小镇治安有点乱。