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专题04阅读理解之主旨大意学与练-备战2021高考英语复习阅读理解分类练习Part 1 整体感知主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大意的选项。
考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。
篇章主旨是针对全文主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。
主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。
一、选项特征1.正确选项特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
2.干扰选项特征1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
二、主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：1.The main idea/key point of this passage is that _____.2.The passage is mainly about_____.3.The best title/headline for this passage is ______.4.The topic/subject discussed in this passage is ______.5.From the passage we can learn/conclude that_____.6.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______.7.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?8.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?Part 2 方法指导1.明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1.概括性——准确而有简短；2.针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3.醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
阅读表达之主旨大意题I 命题特点：本题型考查的是考生从整体上把握文章主题和中心思想的能力。
通常要求考生能准确写出文章的主要意思、作者的主要目的或直接要求考生写出文章的标题。
此类题型常见的提问方式有以下几种：① What is the best title of the passage?② What is the passage mainly about?③ What does the writer mainly discuss in the passage?④ What does the passage mainly deal with?⑤ What is the purpose of the writer in writing the passage?II 答题技巧：解答此类题目的基本方法如下：首先，找到文章的主题句，抓住全文的中心思想。
这类问题要求考生归纳文章的要点，了解题目，速读全文，了解大意和主题，概括中心思想，考查考生对文章内容的整体把握能力。
其次，注意各种提问方式的不同回答模式。
一般要求标题中的实词要首字母大写，虚词的首字母不大写。
标题要简洁，涵盖文章的主线。
文中标题格式可以是完整的句子，简洁的短语，也可以用问题的形式，同时要注意字数要求；另外，其他提问方式的回答语言在简练的同时还应该保证符合具体要求，例如，如果问的是作者的写作目的，那么，我们的回答就应该是“T o do….”.这样的结构。
并且必须保证语法上是正确的。
III 典型例题2009年山东[1] Hello. It’s one of the first words we learn as babies, yet it’s one of the last ones we think to use as adults. That’s unfortunate, because saying hello is more than just saying hello—it is recognition of another’s worth. How might the world change—how might we change—if we mastered this word? T o find out, I spent one month saying hello to every person I met. Here’s what I’ve learned.[2] It can boost （促进）productivity. In one of the few studies ever done on this subject, Allan Allday, an assistant professor of special education at Oklahoma S tate University, had middle school teachers greet their students individually each morning. This exchange of gree tings raised the kids’ productivity. School went from impersonal to personal, and that resulted in more class participation and better grades.[3] Environments influence friendliness, One study found that people in the city were kiss likely to one hands with a stranger than those in the countryside. And researchers say, pleasure environments generally encourage more smiles and hellos than unpleasant ones. My experience was similarly. Whatever the reason, my urban hellos were answered far less often than my rural one. Similarly, people in vacation spots, like the Jersey Shore, were far friendlier than those hurrying work downtown.[4] It’s a form of universal health insurance. It’s impossible to say hello without smiling. And smiling has been shown to lower blood pressure, relieve stress and boost happiness. Apparently, a smile creates a similar effect in the recipient （接受者）。
第二讲主旨大意题【技法指导】主旨大意题要求考生认真阅读分析原文，根据其内容正确判断文章主旨大意。
1.寻找主题确定文章大意因为主题是文章主旨大意的充分体现，所以寻找主题可以快速准确地确定文章大意。
选择文章的标题时应注意以下几点：(1)要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系；(2)再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，看题目是过大还是过小；(3)要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够( 多表现为部分代整体，从而导致不能全面概括文章大意度概括 ( 多表现为标题概括内容超出了文章大意) ；③以事实、细节替代抽象、具体的大意。
) ；②过【设题类型】1．概括文章 /段落大意；2．选出最佳题目(标题 ) ；3．概括人物特点。
【设问形式】1．标题类常见的题干：(1)The best title / headline for this passage might be________.(2)The text (passage) could be entitled ________.(3)What is the best title for the passage?(4)Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?2．大意类常见的题干：(1)This passage chiefly deals with ________.(2)What ’ s the topic of the article?(3)What is the subject discussed in the text?【典例精析】原文：(2012 ·新课标卷阅读理解 B 篇第一段 )Honey from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper — a little bird called a honey guide.试题： What can be the best title for the text ？(63 题)A. Wild BeesB. Wax and HoneyC. Beekeeping in AfricaD. Honey- Lover's Helper解析：选 D 。
文学阅读理解专题复习之主旨大意题型解题技巧主旨大意题是文学阅读理解中常见的题型。
解答这种题型需要我们对文章进行全面理解，并准确捕捉到文章的中心思想。
以下是几种解题技巧供参考：1. 理解文章主题：在解答主旨大意题之前，首先要全面理解文章的主题。
通过阅读文章的标题、导语和段落开头，可以对文章的主题有一个初步了解。
理解文章主题：在解答主旨大意题之前，首先要全面理解文章的主题。
通过阅读文章的标题、导语和段落开头，可以对文章的主题有一个初步了解。
2. 整体把握中心思想：阅读全文，仔细观察作者的写作意图，注意经常出现的关键词和重要的描述。
通过这些关键信息，我们可以捕捉到文章的中心思想。
整体把握中心思想：阅读全文，仔细观察作者的写作意图，注意经常出现的关键词和重要的描述。
通过这些关键信息，我们可以捕捉到文章的中心思想。
3. 注意段落结构：段落结构能够帮助我们理解文章的逻辑结构和内容组织方式。
特别要注意段落开头和结尾的句子，它们通常包含着段落的主旨。
注意段落结构：段落结构能够帮助我们理解文章的逻辑结构和内容组织方式。
特别要注意段落开头和结尾的句子，它们通常包含着段落的主旨。
4. 关注语气变化：作者在表达自己观点或态度时可能会使用不同的语气。
我们要关注这些语气变化，因为它们通常与文章的主旨和中心思想有关。
关注语气变化：作者在表达自己观点或态度时可能会使用不同的语气。
我们要关注这些语气变化，因为它们通常与文章的主旨和中心思想有关。
5. 排除干扰信息：在解答主旨大意题时，可能会出现一些与文章无关或只是文章的细节的选项。
要学会排除这些干扰信息，抓住文章的中心。
排除干扰信息：在解答主旨大意题时，可能会出现一些与文章无关或只是文章的细节的选项。
要学会排除这些干扰信息，抓住文章的中心。
最后，做题时要多练，熟悉各种类型的文章和题目。
通过持续的研究和总结，我们能够提高解答主旨大意题的准确性和效率。
> 注意：以上解题技巧仅供参考，实际解题时需要根据具体文章和选项情况进行判断和分析。
阅读理解之主旨大意题【备考策略】这类题主要是测试学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。
一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题标题或目的设题。
常见的设题方式有：(1) Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?(2) What is the writer trying to tell us?(3) Which of the following is the best title for the passage?(4) The purpose of the passage is.(5) The main (general) idea of the passage is.(6) The passage is mainly about.(7) What is mainly discussed in the passage?这类题通常围绕一个中心思想展开，一些文章一开头便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是内容的梗概，同时又表达了中心思想，也有一些文章的中心思想贯穿全文，并没有用一句话明确表达出来，这就要求学生学会归纳概括。
每个段落往往也由一个主题句或几个陈述句构成，它们在句中的位置不同，有时在开头, 首先点明本段大意; 有时在结尾, 总结本段大意。
做这类题，首先要找出文章的主题句。
找出文章的主题句，也就明确了文章要讲什么，再通过速读全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。
主题句在整个语段中起着通领全段的作用，其它句子都是用来阐述、解释、支持或发展主题句所表达的主题思想的，其位置一般位于段首，也见于段尾或段中。
另外在许多文段中，设有可以概括全段意义的主题句，必须根据文章中所提供的事实细节，进行全面分析，然后归纳成一般概念。
但必须注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。
这就需要进一步加工概括了。
期末阅读理解专题训练------主旨大意题解题指导及训练一.做主旨大意题容易犯的错误：1.以偏概全。
干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。
2.断章取义。
干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。
3. 主题扩大。
干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。
4. 张冠李戴。
命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。
考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。
5. 无中生有，似是而非。
有的干扰项中的关键词语好似在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。
二.主旨大意题的出题类型.1). 主题型(topic、subject、main idea、general idea)主旨大意题的题干表现形式:The main idea of the passage is…The passage is mainly about…Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2). 目的(purpose)类主旨大意题The passage is meant to ….The purpose of this article is to …3). 标题(topic 或title)类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might be…三．方法指导在做主题型试题时，可先寻找主题句。
一般情况下，主题句出现在文章的开头或结尾。
但有时也可能不会出现主题句，需要读者自己去概括或归纳。
四．练习巩固Passage 1：Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey. Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel (擅长) at recalling information from their brain's files (helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects)....Q : The author aims to tell us that __________.A. women’s minds perform better than men’sB. men’s minds decline more with ageC. everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get olderD. a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently.Passage 2：Boston---- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI (美国联邦调查局) and the museum officials said.The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan.......William Bobinson, of Hardvard University's Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?A. A Theft Took Place in BostonB. Artworks stolen by ThievesC. Major WorksD. Investigation into the TheftPassage 3:Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it takes practice. A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other. A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精确), without thinking. Tennis players call that “ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity’ (自动性).Q: The first paragraph tells us _______.A. what automaticity isB. how accuracy is acquired (获得)C. how a child learns to walkD. how an athlete is trained.五．突破难点: 如何做没有主题句的主旨大意题?做此类题目时，首先要搞清是问某一段还是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉，进行综合归纳，概括文章的主题。
如有标题，标题中的蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。
另外，任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。
抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。
习题精选1. It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries. While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform acrosshealth services. Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.The crux of Mr. Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS (National Health Service) a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases ...Q: The author of this passage intends to tell us______.A. the NHS should be reformed right away.B. more and more people are dying from diseases.C. the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.D. the criticism of Mr. Brown's proposals.2. In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.Q: The text is mainly about________.A. LexicoB. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.3. As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself” (DIY) trend in the U.S. continues to grow. ……John and Jim are not unusual people. Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living. If you want to become a “do-it-yourself’, you can go to DIY classes. And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.Q: What would be the best title for the text?A. The Joy of DIYB. You can Do it Too!C. Welcome to Our DIY Course!D. Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY4．You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyesmove and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health. They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.Q: What does the passage mainly tell us?A. How people stay healthyB. How sleep is necessaryC. Why dreams are importantD. When people remember their dreams5. In America we have Halloween. In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”. This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died. They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat. But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hangingaround. They also have many candy skulls to eat.Q: What does the story mainly tell ?A.What holidays are likeB. What Halloween is like in MexicoC. What happens during Todos SantosD. What we do on Halloween六．定时训练Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don't always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend.No two people are the same. Sometimes friends don't get along well. That doesn't mean that they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will make up and go on being friends.Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We miss them very much. But we can't call them and write to them. It could be that we will even see them again. And we can make new friends. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them.Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. Many places are named after men and women who have been friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way. So are some schools. We think of these people when we go to these places.There's more good news for people who have friends. They live longer than people who don't. Why? It could be that they are happier. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares. If someone cares about you, you take better care of yourself.46. The first paragraph tells us ______.A. nobody needs friendsB. we always need friends aroundC. making friends is a need in people's livesD. we never need to be alone47. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. People are not happy when their friends leave them.B. People will never see their friends after their friends move away.C. People can know their friends in different waysD. People like their friends very much if they get to know them.48. Which of the following is most probably the place people name afterfriendly people?.A. A city.B. A room.C. A town.D. A library.49. Why do people who have friends live longer than people who don't?.A. They feel happier.B. They take better care of themselves.C. Their friends care about them.D. All of the above.50. The main idea of this passage is ______.A. that people are all friendsB. that people need friends.C. how to get to know friendsD. how to name a place 51-55 CCDDB。
